Erityistä tukea tarvitsevan taaperon päiväkotiryhmään sopeutuminen : Monitapaustutkimus vuorovaikutussuhteista ja niiden rakentumisesta

How toddlers with special needs adjust to the daycare setting A multiple case study of how the relationships with adults and children are built The aim in this study is to describe how toddlers with special needs adjust to daycare. The emotional well-being and involvement in daycare activities of toddlers are especially investigated in this study. The relationship and how it is built between an adult and a child, a child and a child is examined. The daycare is examined through the socio-cultural theory as a pedagogical institution, where the child adapts by participating in social and cultural activities with the others. The development of the child is the result of the experiences that are gained through the constant relationship between the child, the family and social context. By the attachment theory the inner self-regulation, that allows the child safely adapt to new situations, develops most in the relationship between the child under 3years of age and the attending adult. The relationships between toddlers in daycare are usually built by the coincidental encounters in play and daily activities. In these relationships, the toddler gets the information of themselves and the other children. The complexity of the rules in the setting that organize the social action is challenging for the children and they need constant support from the adults. The participants of the study were five toddlers with special needs. When applying to daycare they were less than three years old and they got the specialist statement for their special needs, and the reference for daycare. The children were observed by recording their attending in the daycare once in the 3-4 months from the first day in daycare. Approximately 15 hours of material that was analysed with the Transana-program. The qualitative material was analysed by first collecting a descriptive model that explains and theorises the phenomenon. By the summery of the narrative it is placed a hypothesis that is tested by quantitative methods using correlations and variance analyses and general linear modeling that is used to count the differences between repeated measures and connections between different variables. The results of the study are built theoretically for the consistent conception between the theory and the findings in research. The toddlers in the study were all dependent on the support given by the adults in all the situations in the daycare. They could not associate with the other children without the support of the adults and their involvement in activities was low. The engagement of an adult in interaction was necessary for the children’s involvement in activities, and the co-operation with the other children. The engagement of teachers was statistically significantly higher than the engagement of other professions.

Sikiöaikana päihteille altistuneiden lasten kasvuympäristö ja kehitys

Life of children exposed to alcohol or drugs in utero This study focused on the growth environment, physical development and socio-emotional development of children, aged 16 and under, who had been exposed to alcohol (n=78) or drugs (n=15) in utero. The aim of the study was to obtain a comprehensive picture of the living conditions of these children and to examine the role of the growth environment in their development. The study was carried out using questionnaires, written life stories and interviews. Attachment theory was used as a background theory in the study. Over half of the children exposed to alcohol were diagnosed with foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), one quarter was diagnosed with foetal alcohol effects (FAE), and one fifth had no diagnosis. Most of the children exposed to drugs had been exposed to either amphetamines or cannabis, and a smaller number to heroin. Some of the children exposed to alcohol were mentally handicapped or intellectually impaired. The children exposed to drugs did not exhibit any serious learning difficulties but a considerable number of them had socio-emotional development problems. Language and speech problems and attention, concentration and social interaction problems were typical among both the children exposed to alcohol and those exposed to drugs. Only one child had been placed into long-term foster care in a family immediately after leaving the maternity hospital. In biological families there had been neglect, violence, mental health problems, crime and unemployment, and many parents were already dead. Two of the children had been sexually abused and four were suspected of having been abused. From the point of view of the children's development, the three most critical issues were 1) the range of illnesses and handicaps that had impaired their functional capacity as a result of their prenatal exposure to alcohol, 2) child's age at the time of placement on a long-term basis, and 3) the number of their traumatic experiences. The relationship with their biological parents after placement also played a role. Children with symptoms were found in all diagnosis categories and types of exposure. Children with the smallest number of symptoms were found among those who had never lived with their biological parents. Almost all children were exhibiting strong symptoms at the time of placement in foster care. In most cases, they were behaving in a disorderly manner towards others, but some children were withdrawn. The most conspicuous feature among those with the most severe symptoms was their disorganized behaviour. Placement in a foster family enhanced the children's development, but did not solve the problems. The foster parents who brought these children up did not receive as much therapy for the children and support for the upbringing as they appear to have needed. In Finland, transfer to long-term custody is based on strict criteria. The rights of children prescribed in the child protection law are not fulfilled in practice. Key words: FASD, FAS, FAE, alcohol exposure, drugs exposure, illegal drugs, early interaction, child development, attachment

Nd3+螯合物的含氢有机溶液光谱性能研究

Tris-thenoyltrifluroacetonate of Nd3+ has been prepared and dissolved in DMF solation with very high concentration, and the contained hydrogen has not been substituted by deuterium. The absorption spectrum, emission spectrum, and fluorescence lifetime of the solution were measured. Very obvious characteristic fluorescence peaks were observed at 898 and 1058 nm. Based on Judd-Ofelt theory, three intensity parameters were obtained: Omega(2) = 4.9 x 10(-20) cm(2), Omega(4) = 5.1 x 10(-20) cm(2) and Omega(6) = 2.5 x 10(-20) cm(2). Line strengths S-cal, oscillator strengths f(cal), radiative transition probabilities A(ed), radiative lifetimes tau(r) and branch ratios beta were calculated too. The measured lifetime tau of 1058 nm peak is 460 mu s, and that of 898 nm 505 mu s. Comparison between theoretically computed radiative lifetime tau(r)(682 mu s) and the measured lifetime indicates that the non-radiative transition probability of the solution is very low and the fluorescence quantum efficiency very high. High values of three intensity parameters prove the high asymmetric surroundings of Nd3+, which is important for Nd3+ to absorb the excitation energy. Spectropic quality factor Omega(4)/Omega(6) > 1 makes radiation at 898 nm stronger than at 1058 nm.

Making Sense of Leaving Care: The contribution of Bridges Model of Transition to Understanding the Psycho-social process.

This paper is based on research into the transition of young people leaving public care in Romania. Using this specific country example, the paper aims to contribute to present understandings of the psycho-social transition of young people from care to independent living by introducing the use of Bridges (2002) to build on existing theories and literature. The research discussed involved mixed methods design and was implemented in three phases: semi-structured interviews with 34 care leavers, focus groups with 32 professionals, and a professional-service user working group. The overall findings confirmed that young people experience two different, but interconnected transitions - social and psychological - which take place at different paces. A number of theoretical perpectives are explored to make sense of this transition including attachment theory, focal theory and identity. In addition, a new model for understanding the complex process of transitions was adapted from Bridges’ (2002) to capture the clear complexity of transition which the findings demonstrated in terms of their psycho-social transition. The paper concludes with messages for leaving and after care services with an emphasis on managing the psycho-social transition from care to independent living.

Mothers, Fathers, Families and Child Development

Summary This chapter reviews the main tenets of attachment theory—one of the most popular and traditional approaches to conceptualising the relationship between caregivers and child development—in the light of recent research evidence. It highlights the limitations of attachment theory in achieving a holistic understanding of child development in current societal structures and considers the advantages of taking an ecological approach to the development of practice and policy. An ecological perspective that is child-centred contributes to a holistic understanding of how families, in all their variety of forms, influence child development and support child-centred practice and policy. The quality of the family environment is a key factor for the healthy adjustment, development and wellbeing of children.

Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms might be destroying your intimacy : a test of mediational models in a community sample of couples

The present research focused on the pathways through which the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may negatively impact intimacy. Previous research has confirmed a link between self-reported PTSD symptoms and intimacy; however, a thorough examination of mediating paths, partner effects, and secondary traumatization has not yet been realized. With a sample of 297 heterosexual couples, intraindividual and dyadic models were developed to explain the relationships between PTSD symptoms and intimacy in the context of interdependence theory, attachment theory, and models of selfpreservation (e.g., fight-or-flight). The current study replicated the findings of others and has supported a process in which affective (alexithymia, negative affect, positive affect) and communication (demand-withdraw behaviour, self-concealment, and constructive communication) pathways mediate the intraindividual and dyadic relationships between PTSD symptoms and intimacy. Moreover, it also found that the PTSD symptoms of each partner were significantly related; however, this was only the case for those dyads in which the partners had disclosed most everything about their traumatic experiences. As such, secondary traumatization was supported. Finally, although the overall pattern of results suggest a total negative effect of PTSD symptoms on intimacy, a sex difference was evident such that the direct effect of the woman's PTSD symptoms were positively associated with both her and her partner's intimacy. I t is possible that the Tend-andBefriend model of threat response, wherein women are said to foster social bonds in the face of distress, may account for this sex difference. Overall, however, it is clear that PTSD symptoms were negatively associated with relationship quality and attention to this impact in the development of diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols is necessary.

La thérapie conjugale en milieu naturel: Étude du lien entre attachement amoureux, satisfaction conjugale, mandat thérapeutique et résultat de la consultation

L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’examiner le lien entre l’attachement amoureux des conjoints, la satisfaction conjugale, le mandat thérapeutique et le résultat de la thérapie conjugale telle que conduite en milieu naturel. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, des couples se présentant en thérapie conjugale ont d’abord complété une batterie de questionnaires comprenant l’Échelle d’ajustement dyadique (Spanier, 1976) et le Questionnaire sur les expériences d’attachement amoureux (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). Les thérapeutes ont par la suite indiqué le mandat thérapeutique poursuivi avec chaque couple (réconciliation ou résolution de l’ambivalence), suivant la classification de Poitras-Wright et St-Père (2004). À la fin de la consultation, le jugement du thérapeute a été utilisé pour classer chacun des cas comme ayant abandonné ou complété le traitement. Les couples ayant complété la thérapie ont rempli l’Échelle d’ajustement dyadique au post-traitement. Dans le premier des articles composant cette thèse, le lien entre l’attachement amoureux et la satisfaction conjugale a été examiné auprès d’un échantillon de 172 couples en détresse débutant une thérapie conjugale, de même qu’auprès de 56 couples non en détresse débutant également une thérapie conjugale, pour fins de comparaison. Les résultats ont démontré que l’évitement de la proximité semble être une caractéristique distinctive des couples en détresse et que cette dimension de l’attachement est fortement liée à l’insatisfaction conjugale de ce même groupe. Dans le deuxième article, le mandat thérapeutique, l’attachement amoureux et la satisfaction conjugale ont été examinés en tant que prédicteurs de l’abandon de la thérapie conjugale, auprès de 141 couples. Les résultats ont notamment démontré qu’un mandat de résolution de l’ambivalence augmente les probabilités d’abandon de la thérapie conjugale. De plus, les prédicteurs du résultat de la thérapie ont également été examinés dans ce second article. Les résultats obtenus au moyen d’analyses acteur-partenaire ont démontré que la satisfaction conjugale pré-traitement apparaît comme le meilleur prédicteur de la satisfaction conjugale post-traitement, et ce, malgré l’inclusion de l’attachement amoureux parmi les variables investiguées. Considérés dans leur ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que l’insécurité d’attachement serait fortement associée à l’insatisfaction des couples en détresse, mais ne nuirait pas pour autant à l’obtention d’un résultat positif en thérapie conjugale. En somme, cette thèse contribue à l’avancement des connaissances en se penchant sur l’utilité de la théorie de l’attachement en thérapie conjugale et en soulignant la nécessité de tenir compte des mandats thérapeutiques dans les futures études en thérapie conjugale. Les implications cliniques des résultats et des recommandations pour la recherche clinique sont présentées dans la conclusion de l’ouvrage.

La relation d’activation père-enfant, les problèmes intériorisés et l’anxiété chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire.

La relation d’activation père-enfant est une nouvelle théorisation du lien d’attachement au père faisant référence au pôle exploration. Cette relation se développe dès la deuxième année de l’enfant et principalement à travers les jeux physiques. La relation d’activation met prioritairement l’accent sur l’ouverture au monde et permet alors de répondre avant tout au besoin de l’enfant d’être stimulé et de se surpasser, venant compléter ses besoins de sécurité premiers. L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’étudier les liens entre la relation d’activation au père et le développement socio-affectif des enfants à l’âge préscolaire, plus précisément en matière de problèmes intériorisés (PI) et d’anxiété. Deux articles empiriques composent cette thèse. Le premier a été réalisé avec un échantillon de convenance composé de 51 dyades père-enfant. Les analyses démontrent les liens anticipés entre la sous-activation et les PI : les enfants sous-activés ont significativement plus de PI que les enfants activés. Également, l’association initialement observée entre le score d’activation et les PI reste significative même après avoir contrôlé pour certaines variables comme le sexe et le tempérament de l’enfant ainsi que les comportements parentaux. Plus les enfants étaient activés positivement dans leur relation avec leur père, moins ils présentaient de PI. Enfin, l’exploration des liens entre la relation d’activation et les sous-échelles des PI a révélé un lien unique avec l’anxiété. Le deuxième article a été réalisé avec 49 familles issues d’une population clinique (c.-à-d. service de pédopsychiatrie). Il est le premier à mettre en lien l’activation au père, l’attachement à la mère et l’anxiété chez l’enfant d’âge préscolaire. Les analyses confirment les résultats déjà existants en matière d’attachement mère-enfant et d’anxiété; ce sont les enfants insécurisés, plus précisément les enfants insécurisés-ambivalents et insécurisés-désorganisés-contrôlants du sous-type caregiving qui présentent le plus d’anxiété. Les hypothèses concernant les liens entre l’anxiété et l’activation ne sont quant à elles pas confirmées. Enfin, un effet de modération de la relation d’activation père-enfant est mis en évidence sur l’association entre l’attachement à la mère et l’anxiété chez l’enfant; la relation d’activation peut être considérée comme un facteur de protection ou de risque. Les résultats de la présente thèse sont discutés à la lumière de la théorie de l’attachement et de deux modèles étiologiques de l’anxiété (c.-à-d. modèle de psychopathologie développementale et modèle évolutionniste). Cette thèse pourrait mener au développement de programmes de prévention et d’intervention qui prendraient en considération les deux figures parentales.

Coincidence properties for maps from the torus to the Klein bottle

The authors study the coincidence theory for pairs of maps from the Torus to the Klein bottle. Reidemeister classes and the Nielsen number are computed, and it is shown that any given pair of maps satisfies the Wecken property. The 1-parameter Wecken property is studied and a partial negative answer is derived. That is for all pairs of coincidence free maps a countable family of pairs of maps in the homotopy class is constructed such that no two members may be joined by a coincidence free homotopy.

Maskrosbarn : En litteraturstudie om barn i riskzon

Syftet med denna studie är att nå en djupare förståelse om hur samhället ska kunna stödja barn som växer upp under ogynnsamma förhållanden på ett bättre sätt. Studien baseras på en litteraturstudie på sex stycken självbiografier som valts ut efter vissa kriterier. Dessa självbiografier har sammanställts utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och ett antal teman som svarar på våra forskningsfrågor identifierades. Utifrån studiens syfte och frågeställningar har teorier om risk- och skyddsfaktorer, KASAM, skam, resiliens samt anknytning valts ut. Tidigare forskning visar på att utsatta barn och social barnavård är ett eftersatt forskningsområde. Vårt resultat av denna studie visar på brister inom såväl socialtjänsten som samhället i övrigt. Det finns ett omfattande behov av att ständigt uppmärksamma och tydliggöra vilket stöd dessa barn kan få.

Det handlar om anknytning : En kvalitativ studie om socialsekreterares resonemang om anknytningens betydelse för en gynnsam utveckling

The aim of this study was to receive a rapt understanding of how child-welfare officer’s reasons about the meaning of attachment theory, from the child´s best, in placements of a child. The aim was also to examine the possibilities child-welfare officer´s feel they have to work with the child´s best and attachment in focus. The study has a qualitative approach and the empirical material is collected thru semi-structured interviews. The theoretical framework used is attachment theory, the child´s best and street-level bureaucracy. The result of the study shows that child-welfare officers have equivalent knowledge, experiences and thoughts about the meaning of attachment theory for a favorable development in foster children. The study concludes is that more knowledge about attachment theory is necessary and child-welfare officers demands methods to better assess attachment patterns in children. The child-welfare officers express frustration when they talk about matters in the "grey area" and situations where different perspectives clashes and the child´s best end up in the background.

Apego: evolução da relação e discriminação do objeto

A presente investigação constitui um estudo específico de parte dos achados da pesquisa "Influência das Condições de Atendimento das Creches no Desenvolvimento Cognitivo e Emocional das Crianças" (Almeida, L.S. de; Colinvaux, D.; Pardal, M.V.; e Penna, M.M.S., 1985). 'Teve como hipótese geral a existência de uma relação entre o desenvolvimento da noção de objeto e a evolução do comportamento de apego dirigido à figura principal de cuidados em crianças de creche. Fundamentou-se, teoricamente, nas postulações de J. Piaget sobre o desenvolvimento cognitivo e mais especificamente ainda sobre o conceito de objeto e de J. Bowlby sobre o comportamento de apego. O estudo foi conduzido em uma amostra de 39 crianças, na faixa etária de 6 a 24 meses, que frequentavam creche externato em regime integral. Todas as crianças foram testadas na serie "busca do objeto desaparecido" da escala "As Etapas da Inteligência Sensório-Motora da Criança de Zero a Dois Anos" (I.Casati & I. Lezine, 1968) e participaram de uma situação experimental adaptada da "situação do estranho" (M. Ainsworth & B. Wittig, 1969). Não foi estabeleci da uma relação significativa entre as variáveis em estudo. Contudo, os dados coletados evidenciaram uma tendência para essa correlação. A autora sugere, portanto, que outras investigações acerca dessas variáveis sejam conduzidas em amostras com um número significativamente maior de crianças. Propõe, ainda, que a variável noção de permanência de pessoa também seja considerada em futuras pesquisas nessa área.