843 resultados para Salt-tolerance
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Soil salinity affects rhizobia both as free-living bacteria and in symbiosis with the host. The aim of this study was to examine the transcriptional response of the Lotus microsymbiont Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 to salt shock. Changes in the transcriptome of bacterial cells subjected to a salt shock of 10% NaCl for 30 min were analyzed. From a total of 7231 protein-coding genes, 385 were found to be differentially expressed upon salt shock, among which 272 were overexpressed. Although a large number of overexpressed genes encode hypothetical proteins, the two most frequently represented COG categories are "defense mechanisms" and "nucleotide transport and metabolism". A significant number of transcriptional regulators and ABC transporters genes were upregulated. Chemotaxis and motility genes were not differentially expressed. Moreover, most genes previously reported to be involved in salt tolerance were not differentially expressed. The transcriptional response to salt shock of a rhizobium with low ability to grow under salinity conditions, but enduring a salinity shock, may enlighten us concerning salinity stress response mechanisms.
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‘SDX-1’ originated as an open-pollinated chance seeding in an old green of ‘Adalayd’ seashore paspalum (US Plant Patent 3939) surrounded by an undefined local ecotype of the same species. ‘SDX-1’ was finer textured and had a denser, more prostrate growth habit than its putative parents which are ‘Adalayd’ (maternal) and an undefined parental genotype growing among the surrounding local ecotype. ‘SDX-1’ was compared with other promising seedlings discovered similarly at the same time, and was selected on the basis of its dwarf growth habit, tolerance of low cutting height, turf density, fine-textured growth, and apparent salt tolerance under field conditions. Breeder: Stewart T Bennett, Paul H Tillman, Michael DePew, Enviro Turf LC, Terkonsha, MI, USA. PBR Certificate Number 3660, Application Number 2006/160, granted 16 December 2008.
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‘SI98’ was selected from a worldwide collection of 300 accessions of seashore paspalum collected by Dr Ronny R. Duncan, primarily from seashore paspalum plantings on golf courses as variants in growth habit, leaf texture, and level of salt tolerance, having potential for improved turf type selections. ‘SI98’ was selected as a finer textured genotype with a denser, more prostrate growth habit than the surrounding wild ecotype. The original samples were vegetatively propagated and evaluated first in the greenhouse at Griffin, GA, USA, and later expanded to field evaluations at Griffith under mowing heights ranging from 4.8 mm to 50 mm. Extensive further evaluations were undertaken between 2002 and 2007. Breeder: Dr Ronny R. Duncan, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA. PBR Certificate Number 3648, Application Number 2008/073, granted 16 December 2008.
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野大豆群体3和群体4属盐渍群体,其个体有的是抗盐的,有的是敏感的,有的是中等抗盐的,本文通过随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)和DNA扩增指纹(DAF)分析野大豆群体抗盐性与分子标记之间的关系,从而更好地研究野大豆群体的盐适应机理。通过12个RAPD引物和3个DAF引物扩增发现:引物OPF05,OPF19和OPH02的扩增产物中有与抗盐性可能相关的特异标记,分别是OPF05_(213);OPF19_(4361);OPF19_(1727);OPF19_(1400);OPF19_(700);OPH02_(1350)。这些特异标记在所研究的抗盐植株中都存在;在敏感型植株中都不存在;在中等抗盐植株中有的存在,有的不存在。以上表明野大豆群体的抗盐性与RAPD分子标记有一定的相关性。为进一步研究抗盐性的特异标记,本文对栽培大豆抗盐品种Morgan和文丰七号的特异DAF标记片断8-27_(240) (Zhong et al., 1997)进行了克隆测序,测序结果通过BLASTn程序与基因库中的基因序列进行同源比较,发现上的DNA序列中的19组(每组大约二十到三十个碱基)序列与基因库中的其它基因相应序列有很高的同源性,几乎全部100%同源。尤其目的序列第15个碱基到第33个碱基(共19个碱基)之间的序列与基因库中的25个基因的相应序列的同源性全部是100%,并且与之相比的基因大多来自动物和人。因而推测其有可能是保守区,而不是编码区。进一步用DNASIS软件分析其碱基组成(A/T含量是64.9%,G/C含量是35.1%)并进行翻译,结果同样表明此序列可能是一调控序列并非编码区。至于这段序列是否与抗盐紧密相关,这有待于以后把此序列转到敏感型植株中然后检测其抗性来验证。 本文还通过RAPD分析野大豆群体3和群体4的多态性,发现群体3的多态性明显高于群体4。野大豆群体3的抗盐性大于群体4早已通过生理指标的鉴定,至于多态性与抗盐性之间是否有必然联系,还需进一步研究讨论。利用RAPD数据,通过MEGA软件中的NJ计算遗传距离的方法对群体3和4进行聚类分析,研究野大豆群体间及群体内个体间的亲缘及进化关系,探讨野大豆群体盐适应机理的分子起源。
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胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)是干旱荒漠风沙前治地区唯一分布的乔木树种,具有极强的抗逆性,突出地表现出较强的耐盐碱能力。由于胡杨在繁殖上存在问题,种子采后极易丧失生活力和无性扦插繁殖难以生根,加之人们对胡杨耐盐抗逆机制缺乏了解,应而极大地制约了这一珍贵抗逆种质资源的开发和利用,现有资源的保存也受到严重危胁。试验首先利用植物细胞工程技术开展了胡杨体细胞再生植株的系统研究,并在分子水平上就愈伤组织的培养和器官发生过程中表达的特异蛋白开展了深入工作。其次,对胡杨耐盐机制进行了研究,分析了胡杨细胞盐胁迫响应蛋白,开展了盐胁迫条件下细胞对离子吸收和分配特性以及与耐盐有关的形态结构的研究。这一工作的开展对于有效地保存、开发和利用胡杨种质资源,对于荒漠化治理,以及深入认识胡杨耐盐性、丰富和发展木本植物耐盐理论,具有十分重要的意义。 研究取得的主要结果如下: 1.较好地解决了胡杨试管培养中黄萎和退化等难以克服的问题,通过全面和系统的比较研究和对培养条件的优化,首次获得了高频率的和成熟的胡杨体细胞再生植株体系。胡杨愈伤组织、离体叶片和离体茎段不定芽再生频率分别可达82.9%、100%和83%,试管苗生根为86.2%。 2.提出了以愈伤组织表达蛋白状况作为判定其器官发生能力的观点,确定了三类愈伤组织和器官发生中三个不同分化阶段的蛋白分子标记。利用SDS-PAGE和IEF-SDS-PAGE对胡杨不同类型愈伤组织和愈伤组织分化不定芽过程的蛋白进行了研究。结果表明:不同类型愈伤组织中表达的蛋白存在着一定差异。在光下和BA/NAA为1诱导产生的具有较强器官发生能力的茎基愈伤组织,其蛋白组分明显地少于其它类型的愈伤组织,表明其分化程度较低。经过黑暗和BA/NAA为0.5的继代培养,愈伤组织产生了特异的24。5KD和58.6KD的标记蛋白,并且也表达了其器官发生时表达的19KD和31KD蛋白。说明愈伤组织经过继代培养其器官发生能力下降是与细胞分化程度增加相关的。茎基愈伤组织在光下和BA/NAA为5的条件下进行器官发生诱导,随着愈伤组织形成分生细胞团块和不定芽原基明显地表达了20KD和55KD蛋白带,并且20KD蛋白中包含有特异的pI为5。5-6.5的蛋白。43KD和pI为6.5-7.5的蛋白为器官发生前期蛋白。本文不愈伤组织表达蛋白状况与器官发生能力间关系进行了讨论。 3.分离和鉴定了胡杨细胞盐胁迫响应蛋白,从蛋白表达上证实盐胁迫对胡杨细胞产生的影响明显地分为渗透胁迫和离子伤害胁迫两种效应。对悬浮培养的胡杨细胞进行NaCL和PEG(6000)胁迫处理,SDS-PAGE分析表明:NaCL和PEG胁迫处理的细胞均明显地表达了28KD和59KD蛋白带,表明28KD和59DK蛋白是与渗透胁迫有关的。66KD和60KD蛋白带仅在高水平盐胁迫细胞中显著表达,应而是与盐胁迫中离子伤害有关的蛋白。进一步证实胡杨细胞中28KD和66KD蛋白带表达受ABA诱导。通过IEF-SDS-PAGE证实,28KD蛋白包含有pI为8.0-9.0的蛋白,渗透胁迫和离子胁迫相关的分离和鉴定为通过蛋白途径克隆与渗透胁迫和离子胁迫相关基因,为深入认识胡杨耐盐机制奠定了基础。 4.通过X-射线细胞微区分析以及与毛白杨细胞比较发现,胡杨细胞对培养介质中高浓度的盐离子具有较强的拒吸作用和一定的忍耐性。胡杨细胞中液泡不具有积聚离子的功能,细胞分室性渗调节作用不明显。胡杨细胞膜对离子进入具有选择功能,表现在培养介质中Na和CL离子进入细胞和由细胞质进入液泡不以等摩尔数形式进行,进入的CL离子比Na离子约高50%,说明了二者通过质膜是由不同机制控制的,是分开进行的,也说明胡杨细胞拒Na离子强于拒CL离子。另外胡杨细胞受到盐胁迫时还表现出比较强的维持细胞内离子平衡的功能。正是由于上述特性,才赋予了胡杨细胞具有较强的耐盐性。 5.利用电子显微镜和光学显微镜中相差和微分干涉等技术,对胡杨细胞和组织结构进行了观察。与毛白杨细胞相比,胡杨细胞中具有较丰富的线粒体和质体,盐胁迫和渗透胁迫均明显地提高了细胞质中线粒体数和质体数,并使质体中内含体增多,细胞质中和液泡内缘出现明显的嗜饿物质。研究还发现,胡杨细胞膜与细胞壁之间呈齿状结合,说明了膜与壁之间结合的牢固性和稳定性,解释了胡杨细胞在胁迫中不易发生质壁分离的原因。胡杨细胞在受到盐或渗透胁迫时,细胞内出现明显的丝状结晚,细胞核变大,核仁明显。在器官和组织结构方面,胡杨根系具有发达的根冠和根内皮层,根毛较多,叶片输导组织不发达等。这些结构的存在与胡杨的抗逆性是密切相关的。文中从形态结构上阐述了胡杨的耐盐碱特性。
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当前分子生物学的方法以惊人的速度渗透到生命科学研究的各个领域。植物对不断变化的环境逐步适应的过程中,积累了丰富的遗传多样性。与此同时,人类活动空间的不断扩大已经严重威胁到其他生命的生存和繁衍,越来越多的物种以越来越快的速度在我们还没有来得及认识它们时就已经永远地消失了。加快物种鉴定和保护的步伐就必须发展更多能充分揭示物种遗传多样性的实验技术,从具有丰富遗传多样性的野生资源中寻找到更多能够服务于人类可持续发展的基因资源。本文以杨树杂交后代过氧化物同工酶和RAPD分析为基础,论证了我们改进的RAPD方法用于遗传分析的可行性。在前期工作的基础上,进一步测定了野大豆自然群体的耐盐性变异,并且用微卫星和RAPD分析的方法研究分子标记与DXA变异、植株耐盐性之间的关系。对四个可能与抗盐性有关的RAPD片段进行克隆、测序,并进行序列比较。由此得出以下结论: 1、在本文的实验条件下,杨树同工酶和RAPD分析均表明,RAPD标记在亲本及其杂交后代中性状比例符合孟德尔遗传规律,尽管有时也会出现遗传负载等机制引起的基因分布扭曲现象。 2、初步研究了个体发育阶段和环境条件对植株耐盐性的影响。结果表明,植物耐盐性不仅仅与外界的盐度有关,而且受发育阶段和其它环境条件(如,温度)的影响。但也发现了某些个体在各种条件下都具有较高的耐盐性,而且,不易受到其它环境条件的影响。 3、微卫星标记的结果表明,10对引物中的8对引物共检测到时17个等位基因,平均每对引物2.125个等位基因。本文的实验条件下,双核苷酸和三核苷酸的引物对扩增产物都没有出现“ghosts"条带或“打滑”现象。 4、有4个RAPD标记可能与野大豆群体的耐盐性有关,分别是OPCO8460bp、OPCO8213bp、OPCO2690bp、以及OPCO5270bp。测序结果与GenBank中的序列作同源性比较,结果显示,OPCO2_(690bp)与小麦、松树等植物的吉普赛性的逆转录转座子的部分区域(24--53)有很高的同源性(86-89%)。此外,OPCO2690bp与栽培大豆胞质谷氨酰胺合成酶(gs15)基因的启动子有高达95%的同源性。 5、本文实验条件下,RAPD扩增产物在限制性内切酶消化后,消化产物的多态性未见增大,也没有发现与耐盐性相关的多态位点。 6、野大豆自然群体DNA变异的研究中也可以应用SWAPP方法。
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本研究是以植物起源于海洋的系统进化理论和植物细胞的全能性理论为依据的。 对芹菜(Apium graveolensL.)、油菜(B. rapa, chinese group)、叶用甜菜(Beta vulgaris(L.)Koch, Cicla group)、甘蓝(B. oleraceae, acephala group)、豆瓣菜(A'asturtiumofficinale R.Br*.)、番杏(Tetragonla expansa Ait.)、菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)等蔬菜种类进行大规模种质资源筛选和鉴定, 从芹菜、油菜、叶用甜菜等植物中筛选出20多种能够耐受l%NaCI或1/3海水盐度的蔬菜品系。在耐盐蔬菜品种资源筛选的基础上,为了证明用生物技术提高盐敏感蔬菜耐盐性的可行性,本研究以植物体外培养细胞体系为操作平台,对盐敏感的蔬菜一一豆瓣菜进行了生物技术改造。一方面,筛选豆瓣菜的耐盐细胞变异体并使得耐盐细胞再生植株,获得了耐1/3海水的豆瓣菜变异体;另一方面,通过将盐生植物山菠菜(Atriplex hortensisL)的耐盐相关基因,甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因转入豆瓣菜,使得BADH基因在豆瓣菜中过量表达和积累甜菜碱,提高了豆瓣菜的渗透调节能力,从而提高了豆瓣菜的耐盐性。同时,本研究还将所获得的多种抗盐、耐海水蔬菜材料以海水无土栽培的方式进行生产和应用, 取得了很好的效果。 本文的结果证明了在陆地淡水栽培的蔬菜和野生蔬菜资源中,存在着部分耐盐性较强的蔬菜种质;通过生物技术改造能够提高盐敏感蔬菜的耐盐性,并获得抗盐、耐海水的蔬菜新品系。对这些抗盐、耐海水蔬菜材料进行1/3海水无土栽培应用的成功结果表明,某些陆地蔬菜具有重新适应海洋生境的潜能。
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甜菜碱是植物在盐、干旱或其它胁迫下在细胞中迅速积累的一种相容性有机小分子化合物,它在细胞中的积累与植物抗盐性的提高密切相关。甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)催化甜菜碱醛转化为甜菜碱。我们将来源于耐盐植物山菠菜(Atriplx hortensis L.)的BADH基因通过农杆菌介导法导入‘百丽春’番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum L. ‘Bailichun’)中,并获得15株转化植株,PCR、Southern和Northern检测表明,其中的6株有外源BADH基因的整合,5株中BADH基因能够正常表达,但不同植株间BADH基因的表达水平和BADH酶活力有较大差异。对叶片电导率的测定表明,转基因植株比野生型的耐盐性有较大提高。T1代分析表明,检测的两个转基因株系后代遵循孟德尔分离规律,90mmol/L NaCl胁迫下种子发芽率提高了2~4倍,幼苗的苗高、根长和须根数三个指标均明显优于对照。部分T1代植株在水培条件下能够耐受180mmol/L NaCl胁迫。 植物耐盐的另一机理就是利用液泡膜上存在的转运蛋白将细胞内的有毒离子区域化。我们将已转入编码转运蛋白基因AtNHX1的番茄品种‘Moneymaker’(L. esculentum‘Moneymaker’)株系X1OEA1通过农杆菌介导法转入山菠菜BADH基因,以期获得转双基因耐盐番茄。目前已获得转基因植株,PCR结果证明部分抗性幼苗中已整合了BADH基因,其它各项分子检测正在进行中。
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近年来,植物耐盐生物技术研究取得了可喜的进展,特别是通过抗盐基因转化在一定程度上使植物的耐盐性得到了提高。然而,植物的耐盐性是一个多基因控制的复杂性状,依赖于多个基因之间的相互作用。因此,只是将单个基因导入植物获得的抗逆性还是远不能达到满意的效果。一般认为,将多个与耐盐相关的基因转入到同一个植物(即所谓的“复合基因转化”)将会大大提高转基因植物的耐盐能力。 渗透调节是植物抵御盐胁迫的主要方式。植物渗透调节的方式分为两类:一是在细胞中吸收和积累无机盐,如通过离子通道、Na+/H+逆向运输蛋白和ATP酶/H+泵;二是在细胞中合成有机溶质,如脯氨酸和甘氨酸甜菜碱。 我们通过农杆菌介导法向转AtNHX1(拟南芥Na+/H+逆向运输蛋白编码基因)的番茄(Lycopersicum esculentum L. ‘Moneymaker’)株系X1OEA1自交二代植株(T2)中转入山菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因(BADH)。PCR、Southern、RT-PCR和甜菜碱含量分析结果证明,BADH已经整合到目标植物基因组,并在转基因植株中转录和翻译表达。叶绿素荧光(Fv/Fm)、相对电导率(Rc/Rc’)、叶绿素含量(Chla+b)、叶绿素a/b比(Chla/b)和光合速率(Pn)测定结果表明,在200 mM NaCl 胁迫下,二次转化的番茄植株各项生理指标均优于转单基因AtNHX1的番茄。初步证明“复合基因转化”有助于进一步提高植物的耐盐性。同时对番茄的转化系统进行了优化,结果表明使用抗生素‘特美汀’作为抑制农杆菌的抗生素的转化效率明显高于使用头孢霉素。
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盐角草(Salicornia europaea L.)是世界上最抗盐的高等植物之一。应用蛋白质组学方法对其抗盐性进行研究,对于我们理解植物抗盐机理和改进作物耐盐性都有重要意义。双向电泳是蛋白质组学的核心技术,样品制备是双向电泳的关键步骤。盐角草是一种聚盐的真盐生高等植物,其体内除含有多种次生代谢物质外还含有大量盐分,而盐离子的存在严重干扰等电聚焦的进行,其蛋白质提取较其他植物更为困难。因此,在进行蛋白质组学研究之前,有必要对其蛋白质提取方法进行摸索,建立一个高效的双向电泳体系。 比较了三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀法(TCA)、三氯乙酸沉淀法(E-TCA)和酚抽法(Phe)三种方法对盐角草蛋白的提取效果。提取700mM处理2d的盐角草幼苗蛋白时,三种方法分别得到579,343和535个蛋白点;TCA和E-TCA法所得图谱均存在严重的横向纹理,Phe法所得图谱则背景干净,基本上没有纹理。说明Phe法不仅能很好地提取盐角草蛋白,而且能有效去除样品中的盐分。对200mM处理90d的盐角草蛋白的提取也证实了这一点。比较了不同沉淀剂对Phe法蛋白提取效果的影响,结果表明,甲醇不能代替乙酸铵甲醇溶液。对Phe法的提取液进行了改进,所得图谱背景更加清晰,蛋白点数增加。此外,还对聚焦时间,上样量和染色方法进行了改进优化,建立了盐角草双向电泳体系。 本研究表明,Phe法适合于盐角草双向电泳样品的制备,这为其他盐生植物以及嗜盐微生物蛋白质的提取提供了重要参考。
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盐角草(Salicornia europaea L.)是一种叶片退化而茎肉质化,不具有盐腺和盐囊泡的真盐生植物,可以在1020 mM NaCl下生存。其特殊的形态适应特点使其成为研究植物抗盐性的良好实验材料。但目前与盐角草抗盐机理相关的生理和分子方面的研究还非常有限。本文以盐角草为材料,首先探讨了盐分和渗透胁迫对其光合作用和渗透平衡的影响,在此基础上进一步克隆了盐角草类胡萝卜素合成途径中的两个关键酶,八氢番茄红素合成酶(SePSY)和番茄红素β-环化酶(SeLCY)基因,并进行了功能分析。该研究对于了解类胡萝卜素在植物抗盐性中所起的作用具有重要意义。 盐分和渗透胁迫对其光合作用和渗透平衡影响的实验结果表明:200 mM NaCl是盐生植物盐角草生长的最适盐浓度,在该盐度下盐角草中叶绿素a/b的比值和光饱和点升高,植株的光合作用表现出增强的效应,植株生长最佳。而27% PEG-6000所模拟的渗透胁迫显著降低了盐角草中叶绿色a/b的比值,抑制其光合作用和生长。200 mM NaCl下,Na+的含量显著增加,但脯氨酸含量保持不变,说明Na+对盐角草渗透平衡的作用要强于脯氨酸。同时盐角草中液泡H+-ATPase(V-H+-ATPase)活性增强,而盐角草Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因(SeNHX1)在盐分和渗透胁迫下却表现为组成型表达;我们因此推断在盐分胁迫下,Na+的吸收是由于液泡H+-ATPase活性的增强,而不是诱导SeNHX1基因的表达。同时Na+的吸收可能进一步诱导了与光合作用相关基因的表达。 盐分对植物的影响涉及植物体内包括光合作用和活性氧代谢在内的多个代谢过程。在植物中,类胡萝卜素是植物捕光天线复合体(LHC)和光系统反应中心叶绿素结合蛋白的重要组成部分。植物体内类胡萝卜素能够清除植物叶绿体,线粒体和过氧化物体在电子传递过程中产生的活性氧。同时类胡萝卜素是植物激素ABA的前体。200 mM NaCl虽然增加了盐角草细胞的渗透势,但并没有对其造成氧化胁迫和离子毒害,相反提高了其光合能力。类胡萝卜素作为植物活性氧的淬灭剂和光系统的组成成分,可能在盐角草抗盐机理中发挥着比较重要的作用。在过去的十年中,类胡萝卜素研究大多集中在其生物合成和提高作物中类胡萝卜素含量方面,可是,在植物对非生物逆境(如氧化和盐分胁迫)的适应机制中,类胡萝卜素合成途径究竟发挥什么作用目前还不是很清楚。为了了解盐角草中类胡萝卜素合成途径在植物逆境的适应机制中所发挥的作用,本文采用RACE的方法克隆了盐角草类胡萝卜素合成途径中的两个关键酶基因 SePSY和SeLCY,将它们构建到植物表达载体SN1301中,转化拟南芥,并对它们进行了初步的功能分析。 研究发现盐角草SePSY基因全长1655 bp,编码419个氨基酸,推测分子量为47.2 kDa,等电点为8.92。其蛋白在1-65个氨基酸处有一个信号肽。在1-19和242-264氨基酸处有2个跨膜区。盐角草SeLCY基因全长1937 bp,编码498个氨基酸,推测分子量为56.1 kDa,等电点为8.41。其蛋白在1-37个氨基酸处有一个信号肽。在79-96,367-385和454-474氨基酸处有3个跨膜区。SePSY和SeLCY基因过量表达均促进转基因拟南芥的生长,转SePSY基因拟南芥次生根数目比野生型拟南芥明显增多。SePSY和SeLCY基因的过量表达还使转基因拟南芥对百草枯的抗性得到提高;SePSY基 因的过量表达增强了植株体内抗氧化保护酶过氧化物酶(POD),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,但过氧化氢酶 (CAT)的变化不显著;转SeLCY基因株系POD,SOD,CAT的活性都有所增强,但转SePSY基因株系中POD活性明显高于 转SeLCY基因株系。转SePSY和SeLCY基因拟南芥叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和H2O2含量均降低,但转SePSY基因株系中MDA和H2O2含量明显低于转SeLCY基因株系。说明转基因拟南芥对氧化胁迫的抗性得到了提高,同时使得光系统II(PSII)和细胞膜的结构和功能不被破坏。而转SePSY基因株系对盐分和氧化胁迫的抗性明显高于转SeLCY基因株系。SePSY和SeLCY基因的过量表达还提高了转基因拟南芥的光合效率,气孔导度和Fv/Fm比值。 SePSY和SeLCY基因转化拟南芥及其功能分析的初步结果表明,SePSY和SeLCY基因的过量表达提高了转基因拟南芥对体内活性氧(ROS)的清除能力,增强了拟南芥的光合能力,进而提高了拟南芥的抗盐性。
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土壤的盐碱化问题已经严重影响到世界范围内许多重要作物的生产。培育耐盐作物是解决这一问题的最有效途经。利用耐盐相关基因的转化可以在不改变或很少改变植物其它性状的情况下提高植物的耐盐性,因此基因工程方法对于改良植物耐盐性及其机理的研究具有重要的意义。目前植物耐盐基因工程从调控渗透调节物质和盐离子区隔化两个方面开展了较多的研究。已经获得一些耐盐性提高的转基因植物。 本研究拟用耐盐性较强植物山菠菜中的甜菜碱合成关键基因BADH和盐生植物盐角草的液泡膜Na+/H+ anitiporter基因SeNHX1对模式植物烟草进行转化,以确定其各自在耐盐性方面所起的作用。同时,现有的研究表明植物的耐盐性是多基因控制的复杂性状,因此拟把SeNHX1和BADH 这两个涉及不同耐盐机理的基因构建到同一个植物表达载体上,以比较单基因转化和双基因转化在提高植物耐盐性方面的优劣。除此之外,并对已经转入BADH基因番茄的耐盐性和遗传稳定性分析进行了研究。 转BADH基因番茄已经稳定遗传到T4世代。通过对5个转BADH基因番茄株系在T0世代、T3世代和T4世代的分析,表明除了株系T4-3由T0世代的3个拷贝变为1个拷贝外,其余各株系拷贝数均没有发生变化。外源基因编码的酶活性和最终催化产物甜菜碱在盐分胁迫下都能较容易的检测到,说明外源基因在番茄基因组中的遗传是稳定的,没有发生丢失。在连续2个世代的耐盐性鉴定中,各转基因株系的耐盐性较为一致,均比野生型有了较大的提高。其中株系T4-5连续2年表现出了较低的减产率,株系T4-8也在连续的2年中表现出了最高的单株产量。盐分胁迫下转BADH基因各个株系比野生型有较高的K+和Ca2+含量,较低的Na+含量,转基因株系较野生型有较低的脐腐病果率。 通过SeNHX1、BADH单独转化以及构建双价载体共转化的方法获得了3种类型的转基因烟草。Southern和Northern 检测结果表明,外源基因已经整合到烟草基因组中,并得到了正确的表达。转BADH基因烟草在盐分胁迫下能检测到明显的BADH酶活性和甜菜碱含量。转基因烟草T0代对盐分胁迫、氧化胁迫的抗性均较野生型对照有较大的提高。转基因株系在200 mM NaCl胁迫下较野生型有较高的光合速度。百草枯处理过的野生型叶盘比转基因株系积累了更多的丙二醛,表明野生型受到了更大的氧化胁迫。 已经获得3种转不同基因烟草的T1代,且T1代具有较强的耐渗透胁迫能力。转基因烟草的T0种子均能在含100 mg/L 卡钠霉素培养基上发芽和正常生长,其中部分种子能够在含200 mM NaCl 培养基上发芽并能较好的生长,而野生型根本不能发芽。从200 mM甘露醇胁迫1周后,又转移到营养液中的生长1周的情况来看,转基因烟草能较快的恢复正常的生长,有新的叶子和根长出,而野生型却不能,同时转基因株系比野生型具有更大的单株鲜重。 转BADH基因番茄在遗传上是稳定的,并且其耐盐性有了较大的提高。双基因转化烟草的抗盐性要好于单基因转化,但SeNHX1基因转化要好于BADH基因转化。说明SeNHX1基因在提高植物耐盐性方面要比BADH基因有更强的功能,同时,也表明多基因转化在植物的耐盐改良方面可能是一个更为有效的方法。
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Studies were undertaken to evaluate the quality changes in freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii during various storage conditions of handling and preservation and producing safe and quality products. The samples kept in ice immediately after catch with head-on and head-less condition were found to be acceptable for 6 days and 7 days, respectively. Delaying of icing considerably shortened the shelf-life. The pH value increased from 6.36 to 8.0 after 10 days in ice. The initial average TVB-N value of sample increased from below 10 mg/100 g to 25 mg/100 g with the lapse of storage period. The Ca++ ATPase activity in presence of 0.1M KCl slightly decreased at the end of 10 days of ice storage. Immediately after harvest, initial aerobic plate count (APC) was 2.88x10^6 CFU/g which gradually increased to 1.12x10^8 CFU/g after 6 days in ice storage and showed early signs of spoilage. Initial bacterial genera in the prawn iced at 0 hours were comprised of Coryneform (22.21 %), Bacillus (7.40%), Micrococcus (11.11 %), Achromobacter (48.14%), Flavobacterium/Cytophaga (7.40%), Pseudomonas (3.70%) and Aeromonas (3.70%). During ice storage Coryneforms and Bacillus were always dominating along with less prominent ones - Micrococcus, Achromobacter and Flavobacterium. Studies were conducted on the stability of myofibrillar protein of M. rosenbergii under different storage and pH conditions. The influence of a wide range of pH on the remaining Ca++ ATPase activity of M. rosenbergii muscle myofibrils after storage at -20°C for 2 days, at 0°C for 2 days and at 35°C for 30 minutes demonstrated that ATPase activities were lower in acidic and alkaline pH regions and the activity remained relatively high. Mg++ ATPase activities both in presence and absence of Ca++ remained high at neutral pH compared to those of acidic and alkaline region. The solubility of myofibrillar protein decreased gradually both in acidic and alkaline pH regions. The study also examined the bacteriological quality of freshly harvested M. rosenbergii, pond sediment and pond water from four commercial freshwater prawn farms at Fulpur and Tarakanda upazilas in the district of Mymensingh. The study included aerobic plate count (APC), total coliform count, detection, isolation and identification of suspected public health hazard bacteria and their seasonal variation, salt tolerance test, antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates and washing effect of chlorinated water on the bacterial load in the prawn samples. APC in sediment soil and water of the farm and gill and hepatopancreas of freshly harvested prawns varied considerably among the farms and between summer and winter season. The range of coliform count in water, gill and hepatopancreas ranged between 6 - 2.8x10^2 CFU/ml, 1.2x10^2 - 3.32x10^2 CFU/g and 1.43x10^2 - 3.89 x10^3 CFU/g, respectively. No coliform was detected in pond sediment sample. Suspected health hazard bacteria isolated and identified from pond sediment, water, gill and hepatopancreas included Streptococcus, Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Klebsialla, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Aeromonas. Bacillus, Salmonella and Staphyloccus [sic], and were found to be highly salt tolerant and capable of growing at 10% NaCl. The antibiotic discs with different concentration of antibiotics were used for the sensitivity test. The organisms were found to be most sensitive against Tetracyclin and Gentamycin.
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土壤是人类赖以生存的自然环境和农业生产的重要资源,目前土壤受到干旱和盐胁迫的危害越来越严重。杨树具有适应性强、生长快和丰产等特性,本论文以青杨组杨树为模式植物,研究杨树对土壤干旱和盐胁迫的生态生理及蛋白质组学反应,研究成果可为我国干旱半干旱地区营造人工林、防止沙漠化提供理论依据,也为恢复与重建盐污染地区退化生态系统提供科学指导。主要研究结果如下: 1 青杨不同种对逐步干旱胁迫的响应差异 将来自喜马拉雅山东缘高海拔的康定杨和低海拔的青杨枝条扦插在温室中,用来检测它们对逐步干旱胁迫的响应。研究结果表明来自不同海拔的杨树对逐步干旱胁迫的适应性反应是不一样的。株高、叶片发育、叶片相对含水量、丙二醛、过氧化氢等指标的显著性变化在青杨中比在康定杨中来得早些,而且随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,这些参数的变化越来越明显,尤其是当青杨受到严重干旱胁迫的时候;而可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、抗氧化酶活力变化在康定杨中来得早一些。与青杨相比,在干旱胁迫下,康定杨仍能保持较好的植株生长和叶片发育;康定杨也能在逐步干旱条件下积累更多的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸及抗氧化酶活力,但是在丙二醛和过氧化氢含量方面增加的更少些。而且,我们的研究结果表明高海拔的康定杨有更强的耐干旱能力,杨树对干旱胁迫的适应能力与干旱发生的速度、强度、持续时间及两种杨树的海拔有关。 2 干旱胁迫下青杨不同种的蛋白质组学分析 来自青杨和康定杨雌株的枝条扦插在温室中,用来研究它们对干旱胁迫的蛋白质组学反应。采用TCA-丙酮/酚提取法提取总蛋白,并进行双向电泳分析。在每个处理的重复图像中都能检测到1,000 个以上的蛋白点。在青杨中有58 个蛋白在干旱处理后发生显著变化,其中22 个蛋白通过肽指纹图谱成功鉴定。康定杨中有69 个蛋白的表达量发生了显著变化,其中有25 个蛋白通过肽指纹图谱成功鉴定。这些被鉴定的蛋白主要参与了光合作用、氧化还原平衡、信号传导、能量代谢、蛋白质合成等过程。尽管被鉴定的蛋白只占叶片总蛋白的很少一部分,但这些被鉴定的干旱响应蛋白可能对维持植株内部平衡方面有重要作用。 3 青杨的盐胁迫响应 青杨植株分别用 0、50 和100 mM NaCl 溶液进行处理。叶片相对含水量、叶绿素a、b 含量、CO2 同化速率和气孔导度的降低表明叶绿体受到了盐胁迫的影响。过氧化氢、丙二醛含量及电导率的升高表明细胞受到了伤害。可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶含量的上升增加了植株耐盐胁迫的能力。在每个处理的重复图像中都能检测到1,000 个以上的蛋白点。其中有38 个盐响应蛋白被成功鉴定,有16 个蛋白(点4、10、11、14、15、21、24、26、27、28、33、34、35、36、37 和38)出现在盐胁迫的植株中;3 个蛋白(点10、11 和35)只出现在重度盐胁迫处理中;而1 个蛋白(点1)只出现在对照处理中。2 个蛋白(点1 和2)表达量下降,其余蛋白点表达量都增加。被鉴定的蛋白一部分参与了生理生化反应,而另一部分则在信号传导、蛋白质合成等方面有重要作用。盐胁迫下的生理生化变化及蛋白质组学的联合研究有利于青杨对盐胁迫的适应性分析。 Soil is the indispensable environment for human survival and important resource for agriculture development. Nowadays soil is threatened by drought stress and salt stress. Poplars (Populus spp.) possess some characters such as strong acclimilation, fast growth and great production of biomass. In this study, different species of Populus section Tacamahaca spach were used as model plants to investigate the ecophysiological and proteomic responses to drought stress and salt stress. Our results can provide theoretical evidence for the afforestation and prevention of desertification in the arid and semi-arid areas, and also can supply scientific direction for the reconstruction and rehalibitation of ecosystems contaminated by salinity. The results are as follows: 1 Adaptive responses to progressive drought stress in two contrasting poplar species originating from different altitudes Cuttings of Populus kangdingensis C. Wang et Tung and Populus cathayana Rehd., originating from high and low altitudes in the eastern Himalaya, respectively, were examined during one growing season in a greenhouse to determine the effects of progressive drought stress. The results manifested that the adaptive responses to progressive drought stress were different in these two species from different altitudes. Significant changes in height increment, leaf development, relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) appeared earlier in P. cathayana than in P. kangdingensis, whereas changes in soluble protein, soluble sugar, free proline and antioxidant enzymes appeared earlier in P. kangdingensis. In addition, changes in these parameters became more and more significant when the drought stress progressed, especially under severe drought stress in P. cathayana. Compared with P. cathayana, P. kangdingensis was able to maintain a superior height increase and leaf development under drought stress. Also, P. kangdingensis possessed greater increments in soluble protein, soluble sugar, free proline and antioxidant enzymes, but lower increments in MDA and H2O2 than did P. cathayana when the cuttings were exposed to progressive drought stress. Our results suggest that P. kangdingensis originating from the high altitude has a better drought tolerance than does P. cathayana originating from the low altitude. Furthermore, this study manifested that acclimation to drought stress are related the rapidity, severity, duration of the drought event and the altitude of two contrasting species. 2 Proteomic responses to drought stress in two contrasting poplar species originating from different altitudes The cuttings from a female clone of P. kangdingensis and P. cathayana were used to determine proteomic response to drought stress, respectively. Total proteins of the leaves were extracted by a combination of TCA-acetone and phenol, and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. More than 1,000 protein spots were reproducibly detected on each gel. 58 differentially expressed spots were detected under drought stress in P. cathayana and 22 drought-responsive proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprint. 69 differentially expressed spots were detected under drought stress in P. kangdingensiss and 25 drought-responsive proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprint. The identified proteins are involved in several processes, i.e., signal transduction, protein processing, redox homeostasis, CO2 fixation and energy metabolism. Although the proteins identified in this investigation represent only a very small part of the poplar leaf proteins, some of the novel drought-responsive proteins identified here may be involved in the establishment of homeostasis in response to drought stress in the woody plants. 3 Responses to salt stress in P. cathayana Cuttings from a female clone of P. cathayana were treated by Hoagland’s solution: 0, 50, 100 mM NaCl, respectively. Salinity significantly decreased the relative water content of leaves, the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, CO2 assimilation rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) in both salt stress treatments,which suggested the chloroplast was affected by salt stress. The observed increases of H2O2 and malondialdehyde contents and electrolyte leakage suggested that salinity caused cellular damage, whereas the increases in compatible solutes and in the activities of antioxidant enzymes enhanced the salt tolerance. More than 1,000 protein spots were reproducibly detected on each gel, and 38 salt-responsive proteins were successfully identified by peptide mass fingerprint (PMF). 16 spots (spot 4, 10, 11, 14, 15, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 and 38) absent in the control sample were induced by the salt treatment, and three spots (spot 10,11 and 35) were present only in the severely salt-stressed treatment. The %vol of the differentially expressed proteins generally increased with progressing salt stress, except for the decreased %vol of two proteins (spot 1 and 2) under salt stress and the presence of spot 1 only in the control sample. Some of the novel salt-responsive proteins identified here may be involved in physiological, biochemical response to salt stress in P. cathayana, the other identified proteins play a role in numerous cellular functions, including signal transduction and protein processing. An integrated physiological, biochemical and proteomic approach was used here to systematically investigate salt acclimation in poplar.