A genomewide survey of developmentally relevant genes in Ciona intestinalis - V. Genes for receptor tyrosine kinase pathway and Notch signaling pathway

In the present survey, we identified most of the genes involved in the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Notch signaling pathways in the draft genome sequence of Ciona intestinalis, a basal chordate. Compared to vertebrates, most of the genes found in the Ciona genome had fewer paralogues, although several genes including ephrin, Eph and fringe appeared to have multiplied or duplicated independently in the ascidian genome. In contrast, some genes including kit/flt, PDGF and Trk receptor tyrosine kinases were not found in the present survey, suggesting that these genes are innovations in the vertebrate lineage or lost in the ascidian lineage. The gene set identified in the present analysis provides an insight into genes for the RTK, MAPK and Notch signaling pathways in the ancient chordate genome and thereby how chordates evolved these signaling pathway.

Making developmental biology relevant to undergraduates in an era of economic rationalism in Australia

This report describes the road map we followed at our university to accommodate three main factors: financial pressure within the university system; desire to enhance the learning experience of undergraduates; and motivation to increase the prominence of the discipline of developmental biology in our university. We engineered a novel, multi-year undergraduate developmental biology program which was student-oriented, ensuring that students were continually exposed to the underlying principles and philosophy of this discipline throughout their undergraduate career. Among its key features are introductory lectures in core courses in the first year, which emphasize the relevance of developmental biology to tissue engineering, reproductive medicine, therapeutic approaches in medicine, agriculture and aquaculture. State-of-the-art animated computer graphics and images of high visual impact are also used. In addition, students are streamed into the developmental biology track in the second year, using courses like human embryology and courses shared with cell biology, which include practicals based on modern experimental approaches. Finally, fully dedicated third-year courses in developmental biology are undertaken in conjunction with stand-alone practical courses where students experience first-hand work in a research laboratory. Our philosophy is a cradle-to-grave approach to the education of undergraduates so as to prepare highly motivated, enthusiastic and well-educated developmental biologists for entry into graduate programs and ultimately post-doctoral research.

Learner engagement in the construction of a relevant curriculum: the project RRC

International Conference: A Child's World - Next Steps, 25 June 2012 - 27th June 2014.

Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: Identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals

The impact of effluent wastewaters from four different hospitals: a university (1456 beds), a general (350 beds), a pediatric (110 beds) and a maternity hospital (96 beds), which are conveyed to the same wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), was evaluated in the receiving urban wastewaters. The occurrence of 78 pharmaceuticals belonging to several therapeutic classes was assessed in hospital effluents and WWTP wastewaters (influent and effluent) as well as the contribution of each hospital in WWTP influent in terms of pharmaceutical load. Results indicate that pharmaceuticals are widespread pollutants in both hospital and urban wastewaters. The contribution of hospitals to the input of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters widely varies, according to their dimension. The estimated total mass loadings were 306 g d− 1 for the university hospital, 155 g d− 1 for the general one, 14 g d− 1 for the pediatric hospital and 1.5 g d− 1 for the maternity hospital, showing that the biggest hospitals have a greater contribution to the total mass load of pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, analysis of individual contributions of each therapeutic group showed that NSAIDs, analgesics and antibiotics are among the groups with the highest inputs. Removal efficiency can go from over 90% for pharmaceuticals like acetaminophen and ibuprofen to not removal for β-blockers and salbutamol. Total mass load of pharmaceuticals into receiving surface waters was estimated between 5 and 14 g/d/1000 inhabitants. Finally, the environmental risk posed by pharmaceuticals detected in hospital and WWTP effluents was assessed by means of hazard quotients toward different trophic levels (algae, daphnids and fish). Several pharmaceuticals present in the different matrices were identified as potentially hazardous to aquatic organisms, showing that especial attention should be paid to antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, azithromycin and clarithromycin, since their hazard quotients in WWTP effluent revealed that they could pose an ecotoxicological risk to algae.

Relevant elderly gait features for functional fitness level grouping

Locomotor tasks characterization plays an important role in trying to improve the quality of life of a growing elderly population. This paper focuses on this matter by trying to characterize the locomotion of two population groups with different functional fitness levels (high or low) while executing three different tasks-gait, stair ascent and stair descent. Features were extracted from gait data, and feature selection methods were used in order to get the set of features that allow differentiation between functional fitness level. Unsupervised learning was used to validate the sets obtained and, ultimately, indicated that it is possible to distinguish the two population groups. The sets of best discriminate features for each task are identified and thoroughly analysed. Copyright © 2014 SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. All rights reserved.

Planeamento e controlo da instalação e manutenção de sistemas AVAC

Atualmente a elaboração de plano de trabalhos (utilizando a ferramenta Microsoft Project) é prática corrente em muitas empresas, como são o caso das empresas de construção civil, como meio de auxílio para o estabelecimento de prazos e articulação com as diversas subempreitadas que uma qualquer obra tem ao longo da sua execução. O presente trabalho visa demonstrar a importância da elaboração de um plano de trabalhos para o planeamento e controlo de uma instalação de Aquecimento, Ventilação e Ar Condicionado (AVAC). Recorrendo ao uso do software Microsoft Project foi elaborado um modelo de planeamento e controlo, utilizando dados reais, para o planeamento e controlo de uma instalação de AVAC. Foi ainda elaborado, através do Microsoft Excel, um plano anual de manutenções preventivas para os contratos de manutenção em vigor. No final, são indicadas as principais conclusões e as vantagens da utilização deste modelo na obtenção de melhores resultados no cumprimento de prazos e redução de custos com o pessoal afeto à empresa. São ainda perspetivados futuros desenvolvimentos utilizando essa ferramenta. Com o modelo criado, a empresa tem meios para planear e controlar uma série de parâmetros, como os prazos de entrega dos equipamentos a instalar, o número de trabalhadores necessários para desempenhar uma determinada função, os custos associados à mão-de-obra e/ou equipamento, o cumprimento de prazos estabelecidos pela empresa de construção civil e outros dados que possam vir a ser relevantes para a melhoria da rentabilidade dos projetos.

Collaborative web applications

Trabalho apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Informática, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

O auditor interno e a gestão do risco empresarial

O objetivo central deste estudo consiste em demonstrar de que forma o trabalho do auditor interno contribui no processo de gestão de riscos empresariais. Neste sentido, faz-se uma abordagem sobre o conceito de Auditoria Interna, sendo uma atividade destinada a acrescentar valor à organização na medida em que a auxilia na consecução dos seus objetivos, proporcionando-lhe informações oportunas e relevantes para a tomada de decisão. Faz também considerações ao Controlo Interno, no sentido de que as organizações vão sentir diferentes necessidades de controlo interno dependendo da sua dimensão e complexidade do negócio. O controlo interno é um processo desenvolvido pelos Orgãos de Gestão com o propósito de garantir uma segurança razoável no cumprimento dos objetivos estabelecidos. Cabe ao auditor interno auxiliar nesse sentido, ou seja, debruçar-se sobre a avaliação da adequação e eficiência do Sistema de Controlo Interno. Por fim é abordada a importância da Gestão do Risco, neste contexto as organizações têm como compromisso prioritário a implementação de mecanismos de avaliação e gestão dos riscos que possam afetar as suas operações e o cumprimento dos objetivos estratégicos definidos. A Auditoria Interna vai fornecer segurança acerca da eficácia das atividades de gestão do risco das organizações para assegurar que os principais riscos de negócio estão a ser geridos de forma apropriada bem como os sistemas de controlo interno estão a funcionar eficazmente. Ainda na gestão do risco é abordado o modelo COSO ERM, instrumento importante para as organizações na medida em que melhoram a performance e o desempenho dos controlos internos implementados e progridem para um processo de gestão do risco. Faz-se também uma breve referência sobre a Lei Sox, que veio promover uma profunda reforma na elaboração dos relatórios financeiros, no detalhe minucioso sobre os aspetos do controlo interno nas organizações e na transparência das informações divulgadas pelas organizações.

Exposição a fungos dos trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscina

RESUMO - Os trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscinas apresentam maior prevalência de lesões fúngicas, como a Tinea pedis e a onicomicose, devido às características intrínsecas da sua actividade profissional, pois apresentam mais horas por dia de exposição à contaminação fúngica das superfícies. Esta situação verifica-se não só por serem os que mais frequentam os locais possíveis de estarem contaminados, como é o caso de balneários, vestiários e zona envolvente às piscinas, mas também porque algumas das actividades desenvolvidas são realizadas com os pés descalços. Além disso, a utilização de roupa sintética e de calçado ocluso, que retêm a sudação excessiva, favorece o desenvolvimento fúngico. Constituiu objectivo deste trabalho conhecer o risco de infecção e/ou lesão (Tinea pedis e onicomicose) nos trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscina e a sua eventual relação com a exposição à contaminação fúngica (ar e superfícies) dos locais de trabalho. Foram descritas as variáveis ambientais e biológicas que influenciam a infecção e/ou lesão fúngica em ambiente profissional e exploradas eventuais associações entre essas mesmas variáveis. Foram também conhecidas as diferenças da contaminação fúngica das superfícies entre as duas principais estações do ano (Verão e Inverno) e entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção. O estudo realizado possui uma componente transversal, em que se pretendeu descrever os fenómenos ambientais e biológicos da contaminação fúngica em ambiente profissional e explorar eventuais associações entre variáveis; uma componente longitudinal, em que foram conhecidas as diferenças sazonais da contaminação fúngica das superfícies; e, ainda, uma componente quase experimental, em que foi analisada a distribuição fúngica nas superfícies antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção. Na vertente transversal foi considerada uma amostra de 10 ginásios com piscina e outra amostra de, pelo menos, 10 profissionais de cada estabelecimento, perfazendo um total de 124 trabalhadores (75 Homens - 60,48% e 49 Mulheres - 39,52%). Foram realizadas 258 colheitas biológicas aos pés dos trabalhadores, efectuada a avaliação ambiental da contaminação fúngica dos estabelecimentos através de 50 colheitas de amostras de ar e 120 colheitas de amostras de superfícies (60 antes e 60 depois da lavagem e desinfecção) e efectuados os respectivos processamento laboratorial e identificação fúngica. Foram também avaliadas as variáveis ambientais temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar, preenchidas 10 grelhas de observação, com o objectivo de efectuar o registo de informação sobre as variáveis que xx influenciam a exposição ocupacional às espécies fúngicas e, ainda, completadas 124 grelhas de observação inerentes à colheita de material biológico, de modo a realizar o registo dos profissionais com lesão e outras informações pertinentes para a análise laboratorial. Todos os 124 trabalhadores responderam a um questionário, em simultâneo à realização das colheitas biológicas, de modo a conhecer algumas das variáveis individuais e profissionais com pertinência para o presente estudo. Num dos estabelecimentos, foram também estudadas as diferenças da contaminação fúngica das superfícies entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção e, ainda, entre as duas estações do ano (Verão e Inverno). Nesse estabelecimento, foram realizadas 36 colheitas de superfícies antes e 36 colheitas depois da lavagem e desinfecção, em 6 dias diferentes da semana, durante 6 semanas sequenciais em cada estação do ano, completando um total de 72 colheitas de superfícies. Foi ainda criado e aplicado um método para estabelecer um padrão de exposição profissional a fungos nas superfícies, de modo a permitir definir níveis semi-quantitativos de estimação do risco de infecção fúngica dos trabalhadores dos ginásios com piscinas. Para o critério da Gravidade, considerou-se que a gravidade da contaminação e, consequentemente, da possível lesão, está intimamente relacionada com a espécie fúngica envolvida. Foram calculadas as médias da contaminação fúngica por cada estabelecimento antes da lavagem e desinfecção, de modo a estabelecer os níveis de Frequência e, em relação à Exposição, foram estabelecidos intervalos para agrupar as horas semanais de trabalho. Dos 124 trabalhadores que participaram no estudo, 58 (46,8%) possuíam lesões visíveis. Nesses 58, as Leveduras foram as mais isoladas (41,4%), seguidas dos Dermatófitos (24,1%) e de Fungos Filamentosos Não Dermatófitos (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis e Rhodotorula sp. foram as Leveduras mais frequentemente isoladas (20,2%); no caso dos Dermatófitos, Trichophyton rubrum foi a espécie mais frequente (55,5%) e, relativamente aos Fungos Filamentosos Não Dermatófitos, Penicillium sp. foi o mais isolado (15,6%), seguido do género Fusarium (12,5%). No que concerne à contaminação fúngica das superfícies, 37 fungos filamentosos foram isolados. Fusarium foi o género mais frequente, antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção (19,1% - 17,2%). Em relação aos fungos leveduriformes, 12 leveduras diferentes foram identificadas, tendo sido os géneros Cryptococcus (40,6%) e Candida (49,3%) os mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção, respectivamente. Em relação à contaminação fúngica do ar, foram identificados 25 fungos filamentosos diferentes, em que os 3 géneros mais frequentemente isolados foram Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) e Aspergillus (10,2%). Relativamente às leveduras, foi identificado o género xxi Rhodotorula (87,5%) e as espécies Trichosporon mucoides e Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Verificou-se associação, ao nível de significância de 5%, entre lesão visível e horas semanais e entre lesão visível e tempo de profissão, comprovando a influência da duração da exposição ao factor de risco (contaminação fúngica do ambiente profissional), para a presença de lesão visível nos trabalhadores expostos (Tinea pedis e onicomicose), ficando demonstrada a relação entre a exposição ao factor de risco em estudo – exposição profissional a fungos – com os efeitos para a saúde. As variáveis ambientais avaliadas (temperatura, humidade relativa e velocidade do ar) não influenciaram a contaminação fúngica do ar e das superfícies, não tendo sido evidenciada nenhuma relação estatisticamente significativa (p>0,05). Contudo, verificou-se influência do número de ocupantes que frequentaram cada um dos estabelecimentos nas médias das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado nas superfícies antes da lavagem e desinfecção. Não se verificou correlação entre os resultados quantitativos da contaminação fúngica do ar e a das superfícies dos 10 estabelecimentos monitorizados. No entanto, verificaram-se diferenças significativas, ao nível de significância de 10%, entre a contaminação fúngica das superfícies e a contaminação fúngica do ar (p<0,1), tendo-se constatado que apesar de 50% dos valores mais baixos terem sido superiores na contaminação fúngica do ar, a contaminação fúngica das superfícies apresentou-se com maior variabilidade quantitativa. Em relação às diferenças significativas na contaminação fúngica das superfícies nos 10 estabelecimentos entre antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção, apenas se verificou redução significativa (p<0,05) da contaminação fúngica depois da lavagem e desinfecção nos balneários e vestiários masculinos em relação aos fungos leveduriformes. No estabelecimento seleccionado, verificou-se que a relação entre a contaminação fúngica e a temperatura e humidade relativa não foi significativa (p>0,05) em ambas as estações do ano e também não se constatou influência dos ocupantes nos valores médios das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado das superfícies antes da lavagem e desinfecção em ambas as estações de ano. Em quase todas as situações em que se verificaram diferenças significativas entre as duas estações do ano, verificou-se um aumento das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado no Inverno, com excepção do total das unidades formadoras de colónias por metro quadrado antes da lavagem e desinfecção nos balneários e vestiários masculinos em que se verificou aumento no Verão. Constatou-se também que apenas ocorreu redução da xxii contaminação fúngica depois da lavagem e desinfecção nas escadas de acesso no Inverno e nos balneários e vestiários masculinos no Verão. Com a aplicação do método para estabelecer um padrão de exposição profissional a fungos nas superfícies obteve-se, nos 10 estabelecimentos, com Nível de Risco Mínimo 65 locais (54,2%), com Nível de Risco Médio 23 locais (19,2%) e com Nível de Risco Elevado 32 locais (26,6%). Próximo do jacuzzi e junto ao tanque foram os locais com mais classificações de Nível de Risco Elevado. No estabelecimento seleccionado verificou-se que, no Verão, depois da lavagem e desinfecção, ocorreu um maior número de locais classificados no Nível de Risco Elevado e, no Inverno, constatou-se a situação inversa, tendo sido observado maior número de locais com Nível de Risco Elevado antes da lavagem e desinfecção. Junto ao tanque e nas escadas de acesso à zona envolvente ao jacuzzi e tanque foram os locais com mais classificações de Nível de Risco Elevado, no Verão e no Inverno. Foram isolados nas superfícies fungos comuns aos isolados nos trabalhadores. Antes da lavagem e desinfecção, 30,3% dos fungos foram isolados nas superfícies e nos trabalhadores e depois desses procedimentos 45,5% dos fungos foram também isolados comummente. As Leveduras foram as mais isoladas comummente e as que se verificaram mais frequentes antes e depois da lavagem e desinfecção da superfícies e, também, nos resultados das colheitas biológicas realizadas aos trabalhadores, foram o género Rhodotorula e a espécie Candida parapsilosis, permitindo confirmar que a infecção fúngica dos trabalhadores está relacionada com a contaminação fúngica das superfícies. Concluiu-se que é necessária a intervenção em Saúde Ocupacional no âmbito da vigilância ambiental e da vigilância da saúde, com o intuito de diminuir a prevalência das infecções fúngicas. Para a prossecução desse objectivo, sugere-se a implementação de medidas preventivas, nomeadamente: o controlo da contaminação fúngica das superfícies mediante procedimentos de lavagem e desinfecção eficazes, de modo a minimizar a contaminação fúngica das superfícies; a identificação precoce da infecção através da realização de colheitas biológicas periódicas aos trabalhadores, inseridas num protocolo de vigilância da saúde; e, ainda, a sensibilização para a aplicação de medidas de higiene pessoal e o tratamento das patologias. A aplicação do método criado para estabelecer um padrão de exposição profissional a fungos nas superfícies servirá não só para a estimação do risco de infecção fúngica dos trabalhadores de ginásios com piscinas, mas também para facilitar o estabelecimento de valores fúngicos de referência, a implementação de medidas correctivas adequadas e imediatas e, ainda, a prevenção de infecções fúngicas, não só nos ginásios com piscina, mas também noutros contextos profissionais. ------------ SUMMARY - Gyms with swimming pools workers have higher prevalence of fungal injuries, such as Tinea pedis and onychomycosis. This is due to their work intrinsic characteristics, since they have more hours per day of exposure to surfaces fungal contamination. This occurs not only because they attend sites most likely to be contaminated, such as showers, changing rooms and pool surrounding area, but also because some of the activities are done barefoot. Furthermore, synthetic clothing and occluded footwear use, which retain the excessive sweating, promotes fungal development. The aim of this study was to know gymnasiums with swimming pool workers infection and/or injury (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis) risk, and its possible relationship with exposure to workplace fungal contamination (air and surfaces). This study describes environmental and biological variables that influence infection and/or fungal injury in a professional setting and explored possible associations between these variables. Differences in surfaces fungal contamination between the two main seasons (summer and winter), as well between before and after cleaning and disinfection were known. It was developed a study with an cross-sectional perspective, that aimed to describe the biological and environmental phenomena of fungal contamination in a professional environment and explore possible associations between variables; an longitudinal perspective in which were known surfaces fungal contamination seasonal differences; and also with an almost experimental perspective that analyzed surfaces fungal distribution before and after cleaning and disinfection. The cross-sectional perspective comprised 10 gyms with swimming pool sample, and another sample of, at least, 10 professionals in each establishment totalling 124 workers (75 men – 60,48%, and 49 women – 39,52%). Were performed 258 biological samples at workers feet, environmental fungal contamination evaluation from the establishments through 50 air samples and 120 surfaces samples (60 before and 60 after cleaning and disinfection) and conducted their laboratory processing and fungal identification. Were also evaluated environmental variables, such as temperature, relative humidity and air velocity completed 10 observation grids, in order to obtain data about variables that affect occupational exposure to fungal species, and also completed 124 observation grids inherent to biological material collection, in order to know the professionals with injury and other relevant information for laboratory analysis. All 124 workers answered to a questionnaire at the same time that occur biological samples collection, in order to xxv obtain information about some of the individual and professional variables with relevance to this study. In one of the establishments were also studied differences concerning surfaces fungal contamination between before and after cleaning and disinfection, and also between two main seasons (summer and winter). In this setting, there were performed 36 surfaces samples before and 36 surfaces samples after cleaning and disinfection on 6 different week days for 6 sequential weeks in each season, totalling 72 surfaces samples. It was also created and implemented a method to establish a pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, in order to help define semi-quantitative levels estimation to fungal infection risk in gyms with swimming pools workers. For Gravity criterion it was considered that contamination severity and, thus, the possible injury are closely related to implicate fungal species. Was calculated fungal contamination average by each establishment prior cleaning and disinfection, in order to establish Frequency levels. Regarding Exposure, were established weekly hours group intervals spent in professional activity. From the 124 professionals tested, 58 (46,8%) had visible injuries. In the 58 workers, Yeasts were the most isolated (41,4%), followed by Dermatophytes (24,1%) and Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. were the most frequently isolated Yeasts (20,2% for each), from Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated species (55,5%) and from Other Filamentous Fungi Besides Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. was the most frequent (15,6%), followed by Fusarium genera (12,5%). Regarding surfaces fungal contamination, 37 filamentous fungi were isolated. Fusarium genera was the most frequent, before and after cleaning and disinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Considering yeasts, 12 different yeasts were identified, being Cryptococcus (40,6%) and Candida (49,3%) genera the more frequent before and after cleaning and disinfection, respectively. In relation to air fungal contamination, 25 different filamentous fungi were identified and the 3 most frequently isolated genera were Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) and Aspergillus (10,2%). For yeasts, were identified Rhodotorula genera (87,5%), and also the species Trichosporon mucoides and Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). Was found association with 5% significance level, between visible injury and weekly hours and between visible injury and occupation time, confirming exposure duration influence to risk factor (work environment fungal contamination) for the visible injury presence in exposed workers (Tinea pedis and onychomycosis), being confirmed the relation between the study exposure risk - occupational exposure to fungi - with health effects. xxvi Environmental variables evaluated (temperature, relative humidity and air velocity) did not affect air and surfaces fungal contamination and wasn’t found no statistically significant relation (p>0,05). However, there was evidence that occupant’s number influence surfaces colony forming units mean per square meter before cleaning and disinfection. There was no correlation between quantitative data from air fungal contamination and surfaces fungal contamination from the 10 establishments monitored. However, there were significant differences with 10% significance level, between surfaces and air fungal contamination (p<0,1), and despite 50% of the lowest rates were higher in air fungal contamination, it was found that surfaces fungal contamination had more quantitative variability. Regarding differences from the 10 establishments surfaces fungal contamination, between before and after cleaning and disinfection, there was only a significant reduction (p<0,05) in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection in male changing rooms for yeasts. In the selected establishment, it was found that relation between fungal contamination and temperature and relative humidity was not significant (p>0,05) in both seasons, and also there wasn’t no influence observed from occupants in surfaces colony forming units mean per square meters before cleaning and disinfection in both seasons. In almost all situations where significant differences between the two seasons were shown, there was a colony-forming units per square meter increase in winter. There was an exception in total colony forming units per square meter before cleaning and disinfection in male changing room’s exception, where there was an increase in summer. Furthermore, was found that only occur a reduction in fungal contamination after cleaning and disinfection, on access stairs in winter, as well as in male changing rooms in summer. With application from the method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, it was obtained, in the 10 establishments, 65 sites with Low Risk Level (54,2%), 23 sites with Average Risk Level (19,2%) and 32 sites with High Risk Level (26,6%). Near swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications. In the selected establishment, was found that in the summer, after cleaning and disinfection, there were a greater number of sites classified as High Risk Level, and in winter it was found the opposite situation, being noted more places with High Risk Level before cleaning and disinfection. Next to swimming pool and access stairs to swimming pool and jacuzzi were the places with more High Risk Level classifications in Summer and Winter. Were isolated common fungi in surfaces and in workers. Prior to cleaning and disinfection 30,3% of fungi were isolated on surfaces and workers, and after 45,5% of fungi were also xxvii commonly isolated. The Yeasts were the most commonly isolated and the most frequent before and after surfaces cleaning and disinfection, and also in workers biological samples, were Rhodotorula genera and Candida parapsilosis, allowing confirming that workers fungal infection is related with surfaces fungal contamination. It was concluded that Occupational Health intervention it is necessary, in environmental monitoring and health surveillance perspective, in order to reduce fungal infections prevalence. To achieve this objective, preventive measures implementation it’s recommended, including: surfaces fungal contamination control, through effective cleaning and disinfecting in order to minimize surfaces fungal contamination; early infection identification by performing periodic biological sampling from workers, included in a health surveillance protocol; and also personal hygiene and diseases treatment awareness. Application of the created method to establish pattern for surfaces fungal occupational exposure, will be useful not only for estimating workers from gymnasiums with swimming pools fungal infection risk, but also to facilitate fungal reference values stipulation, effective and corrective measures implementation, and also, fungal infections prevention, not only in gymnasiums with swimming pool, but also in other professional settings.----------------- RÉSUMÉ - Les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines présentent souvent des infections fongiques, telles que Tinea pedis et aussi des onychomycoses, dues à leur activité professionnel, parce qu’ils restent plus longtemps tout prés des surfaces avec une certaine contamination fongique. Toute cette situation est due non seulement parce qu’ils sont ceux qui fréquentent plus souvent les places plus contaminées: des balnéaires, des vestiaires et des zones autour des piscines, mais aussi ils réalisent des activités aux pieds nus ou avec des chaussures très fermés et encore quelques fois avec des vêtements synthétiques. Tout cela emmène à une grande sudation ce qui aidera au développement fongique. Un objective de ce travaille a été connaître le risque d’infection et/ou présence de lésion (Tinea pedis et des onychomycoses) dans les travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines et leur éventuel rapport avec l’exposition à la contamination fongique (de l’air et des surfaces) dans leurs locaux de travaille. On a décrit aussi des variables d’environnement et biologiques qui ont une certaine influence dans les infections fongiques dans tout l’environnement professionnel et aussi approfondir des éventuels associations entre ces même variables. On a encore reconnu des différences de la contamination fongique avant et après des lavages et désinfection de ces surfaces. Aussi on a trouvé des différences de contamination en Été et en Hiver. Cet étude a un composante transversale, en visant la description des phénomènes de contamination fongique biologique et de l'environnement dans un environnement professionnel et l’étude des associations possibles entre les variables; une composante longitudinale dans laquelle ils étaient connus comme des variations saisonnières de la contamination fongique des surfaces, et même; un quasi-composante expérimentale, où elle a examiné la répartition des champignons surfaces avant et après le lavage et la désinfection. Dans la composante transversale on été considérés 1 échantillons de 10 gymnases avec des piscines et un autre échantillon de au moins 10 professionnels de chaque établissement dans un total 124 travailleurs (75 hommes - 60,48% et 49 femmes - 39,52%). On a réalisé 258 prélèvements aux pieds des travailleurs et on a effectué en simultané la validation par contamination fongique de l’environnement par 50 prélèvements de l’air et par 120 prélèvements de surfaces (60 avant et 60 après des lavages et des désinfections) et on a effectué leur traitement en laboratoire et l’identification fongique. On a fait aussi l’évaluation des variables de l’environnement, la température, l’humidité relative et la vitesse de l’air. On a remplie 10 tableaux xxix d’observation, avec l’objective d’obtenir des informations sur les variables qu’influenceront l’exposition occupationnel aux souches fongiques, et encore 124 tableaux d’observation liée au prélèvement du matériel biologique, pour réaliser le registre des professionnels avec des lésions et des autres informations pertinentes pour une analyse laboratoire. Tous ces 124 travailleurs ont rempli un questionnaire au même temps que les prélèvements biologiques, afin de connaître quelques variables individuels et professionnels importants pour cet étude. Dans un des établissements on a aussi étudié les différences fongiques des surfaces parmi avant et après les lavages et de la désinfection et encore parmi l’Été et l’Hiver. Dans ce même établissement on a réalisé 36 prélèvements des surfaces avant et 36 après des lavages et de la désinfection, pendant 6 jours différents de la semaine, pendant 6 semaines en chaque saison de l’année, dans un total de 72 prélèvements des surfaces. On a encore crié et appliqué une méthode pour établir un standard d’exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, afin de permettre la définition des niveaux semi quantitative d’estimation des risques d’infection fongique des travailleurs des gymnases avec des piscines. Pour le critère de Gravité, il a été considéré que la gravité de la contamination, et donc les possibles dommages, est étroitement liée aux espèces fongiques impliquées. Nous avons calculé la moyenne de la contamination fongique par chaque établissement avant le lavage et la désinfection afin d'établir les niveaux de Fréquence et, par rapport à l'Exposition, ont été crées pour regrouper les intervalles d'heures hebdomadaires consacrées à l'activité professionnelle en question. Sur les 124 travailleurs qui ont participé à l'étude, 58 (46,8%) avaient des lésions visibles. Parmi ces 58, les Levures ont été les plus isolées (41,4%), suivis par des Dermatophytes (24,1%) et des Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes (6,9%). Candida parapsilosis and Rhodotorula sp. ont été les Levures les plus fréquemment isolées (20,2%); dans le cas des Dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum est le plus fréquent (55,5%) et pour les Filamenteux Non Dermatophytes, Penicillium sp. a été le plus isolé (15,6%), suivi par Fusarium sp. (12,5%). En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique des surfaces, 37 champignons filamenteux ont été isolés. Le genre Fusarium est le plus fréquent avant et après le lavage et la désinfection (19,1% - 17,2%). Pour la levure, 12 levures différentes ont été identifiées, ayant été Cryptococcus sp. (40,6%) et Candida sp. (49,3%) les plus fréquents avant et après le lavage et la désinfection, respectivement. En ce qui concerne la contamination fongique de l'air, on a identifié 25 différents champignons filamenteux, où les 3 genres les plus fréquemment isolés étaient Cladosporium (36,6%), Penicillium (19,0%) et Aspergillus (10,2%). Pour les levures, il a été identifié le genre xxx Rhodotorula (87,5%) et les espèces Trichosporon mucoides et Cryptococcus unigutulattus (12,5%). On a vérifié une association, au niveau de signification de 5%, entre les lésions visibles et les heures hebdomadaires et entre les lésions visibles et la durée d’occupation, ce qui confirme l'influence de la durée de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque (contamination fongique dans le milieu de travail) pour la présence des lésions visibles chez les travailleurs exposés (Tinea pedis et onychomycose), en démontrant une relation entre l'exposition au facteur de risque dans ces études - l'exposition professionnelle aux champignons - avec les effets sur la santé. Les variables environnementales évalué (température, humidité relative et la vitesse de l'air) ne modifient pas la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces; donc, n'a pas été démontré aucune relation statistiquement significative (p>0,05). Cependant, il y a une influence du nombre d'occupants qui ont participé à chacun des établissements en moyenne des unités formant colonie par mètre carré sur la surface avant le lavage et la désinfection. Il n'y avait pas de corrélation entre les résultats quantitatifs de la contamination fongique de l'air et des surfaces des 10 établissements surveillés, cependant il existe des différences importantes, au niveau de signification de 10% entre la contamination fongique des surfaces et de la contamination fongique de l'air (p <0,1), on a constaté que malgré 50% des niveaux les plus bas étaient plus élevés dans la contamination fongique de l'air, la contamination fongique des surfaces présentée une plus grande variabilité quantitativement. En ce qui concerne les différences de la contamination fongique des surfaces dans les 10 établissements entre avant et après le lavage et la désinfection, il y avait seulement une réduction significative (p<0,05) de la contamination fongique après le lavage et la désinfection dans les balnéaires et vestiaires pour les hommes par rapport aux levures. Lors de l'établissement choisi, on a constaté que le rapport entre la contamination fongique et la température et l'humidité relative n'était pas significatif (p>0,05) dans les deux saisons et aussi on n’a pas observé l'influence des occupants en moyenne des unités formant colonie par mètres carrés de surfaces avant le lavage et la désinfection dans les deux saisons de l'année. Dans presque toutes les situations ou on a vérifié des différences significatives entre les deux saisons, il ya eu une augmentation des unités formant des colonies par mètre carré en Hiver, à l'exception du total des unités formant des colonies par mètre carré avant le lavage et désinfection dans les balnéaires et vestiaires des hommes où il y a eu une augmentation en Été. On a également été constaté que seulement a eu une réduction de la contamination des xxxi champignons après la désinfection de l'escalier d'accès en Hiver et dans les balnéaires et vestiaires des hommes en Été. Avec la méthode pour établir standard d’exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces on a obtenu dans les 10 établissements, avec le Niveau de Risque Faible de 65 places (54,2%), avec le Niveau de Risque Moyen 23 places (19,2%) et 32 places avec le Niveau de Risque Élevé (26,6%). Près du jacuzzi et près de la piscine sont les lieux avec des plus évaluations de Niveau de Risque Élevé. Lors de l'établissement choisi, il a été constaté que, dans l'Été, après le lavage et la désinfection, un plus grand nombre de places évaluées comme présentant un Niveau de Risque Élevé et en Hiver on a constaté la situation inverse avec de nombreux points de Niveau de Risque Élevé avant le lavage et la désinfection. A côté de la piscine et les escaliers ont été les lieux avec plus grands classifications de Niveau de Risque Élevé en Été et en Hiver. On a isolé, chez les travailleurs, des champignons communs aux isolés sur les surfaces. Avant le lavage et la désinfection, 30,3% des champignons ont été isolés sur les travailleurs et sur les surfaces et, après ces procédures, 45,5% des champignons ont été isolés fréquemment. Les levures les plus souvent isolées et les plus fréquentes avant et après le lavage et la désinfection des surfaces, et aussi dans les résultats d'échantillons biologiques prélevés sur les travailleurs, étaient du genre Rhodotorula et les espèces de Candida parapsilosis, ce qui permet confirmer que l'infection fongique des travailleurs est liée à la contamination fongique des surfaces. On a conclu qu’il est nécessaire l'intervention en Santé Occupationnelle sous la surveillance de l'environnement et sous la surveillance de la santé, afin de réduire la prévalence des infections fongiques. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous suggérons la mise en oeuvre de mesures préventives, y compris: le contrôle de la contamination fongique des surfaces par des méthodes de lavage et de désinfection afin de minimiser la contamination fongique des surfaces, l'identification précoce de l'infection avec des prélèvements biologiques périodiques, notamment un protocole pour la surveillance de la santé, et aussi la conscience du sens de l'hygiène personnelle et le traitement des pathologies. La méthode mise en place pour l’établissement d’un standard d’exposition professionnelle au fungi sur les surfaces, servira à estimer non seulement le risque d'infection fongique des travailleurs dans les gymnases avec des piscines, mais aussi pour faciliter l'établissement de valeurs de référence de champignons, l'application des mesures correctives immédiates et appropriées, et aussi la prévention des infections fongiques, non seulement dans les gymnases avec piscine, mais aussi dans d'autres contextes professionnels.

Risk Acceptance in the Furniture Sector: Analysis of Acceptance Level and Relevant Influence Factors

Risk acceptance has been broadly discussed in relation to hazardous risk activities and/or technologies. A better understanding of risk acceptance in occupational settings is also important; however, studies on this topic are scarce. It seems important to understand the level of risk that stakeholders consider sufficiently low, how stakeholders form their opinion about risk, and why they adopt a certain attitude toward risk. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to examine risk acceptance in regard to occupational accidents in furniture industries. The safety climate analysis was conducted through the application of the Safety Climate in Wood Industries questionnaire. Judgments about risk acceptance, trust, risk perception, benefit perception, emotions, and moral values were measured. Several models were tested to explain occupational risk acceptance. The results showed that the level of risk acceptance decreased as the risk level increased. High-risk and death scenarios were assessed as unacceptable. Risk perception, emotions, and trust had an important influence on risk acceptance. Safety climate was correlated with risk acceptance and other variables that influence risk acceptance. These results are important for the risk assessment process in terms of defining risk acceptance criteria and strategies to reduce risks.

Relevant prevalence of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum serogroups in HIV-1 infected men without urethritis symptoms

M. hominis and U. urealyticum are the better-known mycoplasma species pathogenic to the human genitourinary tract, causing mainly urethritis, bacterial vaginosis and pregnancy complications. In HIV-infected patients, the prevalence and role of these species is still not well known. The aim of this work was to determinate the prevalence of these species in this group of male patients (HIV group), in comparison to a group of men with clinical symptoms of urethritis (STD group). M. hominis was isolated from 7.5% patients (8/106) and U. urealyticum from 18.9% patients (20/106) from the HIV group, being among these 62.5% and 85% in significant concentrations, respectively. In the STD group these rates were 0.9% (1/110) for M. hominis and 13.6% (15/110) for U. urealyticum, being 100% and 93.3% in significant concentrations, respectively. We could demonstrate infection rates by these mycoplasma species in the HIV group as high as the one found in the STD one, what may indicate the occurrence of opportunistic infections in our population. This fact is discussed here because in immunosuppressed patients, specially M. hominis has been reported causing severe infections, even systemically.

Prostatic Arterial Supply: Anatomic and Imaging Findings Relevant for Selective Arterial Embolization

PURPOSE: To describe the anatomy and imaging findings of the prostatic arteries (PAs) on multirow-detector pelvic computed tomographic (CT) angiography and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) before embolization for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study from May 2010 to June 2011, 75 men (150 pelvic sides) underwent pelvic CT angiography and selective pelvic DSA before PA embolization for BPH. Each pelvic side was evaluated regarding the number of independent PAs and their origin, trajectory, termination, and anastomoses with adjacent arteries. RESULTS: A total of 57% of pelvic sides (n = 86) had only one PA, and 43% (n = 64) had two independent PAs identified (mean PA diameter, 1.6 mm ± 0.3). PAs originated from the internal pudendal artery in 34.1% of pelvic sides (n = 73), from a common trunk with the superior vesical artery in 20.1% (n = 43), from the anterior common gluteal-pudendal trunk in 17.8% (n = 38), from the obturator artery in 12.6% (n = 27), and from a common trunk with rectal branches in 8.4% (n = 18). In 57% of pelvic sides (n = 86), anastomoses to adjacent arteries were documented. There were 30 pelvic sides (20%) with accessory pudendal arteries in close relationship with the PAs. No correlations were found between PA diameter and patient age, prostate volume, or prostate-specific antigen values on multivariate analysis with logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: PAs have highly variable origins between the left and right sides and between patients, and most frequently arise from the internal pudendal artery.

C-reactive protein at 24 hours after hospital admission may have relevant prognostic accuracy in acute pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort study

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) and Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) have been used in early risk assessment of patients with AP. Objectives: We evaluated prognostic accuracy of CRP at 24 hours after hospital admission (CRP24) for in-hospital mortality (IM) in AP individually and with BISAP. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 134 patients with AP from a Portuguese hospital in 2009---2010. Prognostic accuracy assessment used area under receiver---operating characteristic curve (AUC), continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Results: Thirteen percent of patients had severe AP, 26% developed pancreatic necrosis, and 7% died during index hospital stay. AUCs for CRP24 and BISAP individually were 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65---0.95) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.59---0.95), respectively. No patients with CRP24 <60 mg/l died (P = 0.027; negative predictive value 100% (95% CI 92.3---100%)). AUC for BISAP plus CRP24 was 0.81 (95% CI 0.65---0.97). Change in NRI nonevents (42.4%; 95% CI, 24.9---59.9%) resulted in positive overall NRI (31.3%; 95% CI, − 36.4% to 98.9%), but IDI nonevents was negligible (0.004; 95% CI, − 0.007 to 0.014). Conclusions: CRP24 revealed good prognostic accuracy for IM in AP; its main role may be the selection of lowest risk patients.

Study of nuclear reactions relevant for astrophysics by Micro-AMS

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Física

How to create a relevant pool of users for Mobitto

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics