A afirmação do direito ao ensino médio no ordenamento constitucional-legal brasileiro : uma construção histórica

Esta pesquisa objetivou verificar como foi construída a afirmação do direito ao ensino médio no ordenamento constitucional-legal brasileiro desde o final do período imperial até a década de 90 do século XX. Para isto, apresento aspectos referentes a transformações de vários gêneros que delimitaram a afirmação do direito ao ensino médio no ordenamento constitucional-legal brasileiro. As trajetórias da pesquisa e do texto da dissertação buscaram, então, a compreensão da construção histórica do direito ao ensino médio. Para interpretar a afirmação de tal direito no ordenamento jurídico utilizei algumas diretrizes consideradas como relevantes para o estudo, sendo elas: os processos de descentralização/centralização, a definição de competências das esferas de governo, a obrigatoriedade e gratuidade do ensino médio, o dever do Estado para com a oferta desta etapa do ensino e o estabelecimento da vinculação de recursos financeiros públicos. Foi realizada, ainda a contextualização do ensino médio em termos de sua função social, sua estrutura, seu currículo e sua oferta, em diferentes momentos históricos.Para a realização da pesquisa foram utilizados o método histórico e a pesquisa de interpretação legal. O procedimento adotado foi o de, em primeiro lugar, realizar a coleta de informações em fontes primárias e secundárias e, num segundo momento, proceder à interpretação das fontes primárias, com o auxílio de fontes secundárias, especialmente de estudos que se debruçam sobre o ordenamento constitucional-legal da educação brasileira. As fontes primárias utilizadas foram documentos legais e normativos dos períodos imperial e republicano. O ensino médio, atualmente a última etapa da Educação Básica, passou por uma trajetória histórica de muitas reformas e de pouco acesso a grandes parcelas da sociedade. Desde a Primeira República até os dias de hoje, alguns processos foram determinantes para a afirmação do direito ao ensino médio. A definição de competências para os entes federados, a amplitude e o caráter da descentralização e centralização administrativa e normativa, a garantia da gratuidade e o estabelecimento na legislação de vinculação de recursos para a educação, são fatores que em todo o período estudado garantem, em intensidades diferenciadas, o direito ao ensino médio. Porém, apesar de termos hoje em nosso ordenamento constitucional-legal enunciados que garantem parcialmente este direito, ainda são requeridos avanços para que se efetive de maneira contundente o acesso de todos a este nível de ensino; a obrigatoriedade seria condição forte nesse sentido. O direito de acesso ao ensino médio foi muito restrito no período inicial de constituição do Estado Brasileiro, apresentando uma maior abrangência a partir do segundo período republicano e chegando quase que à total afirmação nos dias de hoje. A delimitação atual do direito contempla o dever do Estado na efetiva proteção do acesso ao ensino médio, assim como o caráter prospectivo dos deveres implícitos na sua universalização, obrigatoriedade e gratuidade.

A proteção dos vulneráveis no direito internacional privado brasileiro

As relações de consumo, da mesma forma como relações privadas em geral, têm assumido caráter internacional. O crescente fenômeno acarreta, contudo, o incremento de vulnerabilidade do consumidor, a qual, em nível nacional, já exige que o direito restabeleça o desequilíbrio intrínseco à relação de consumo. Em nível internacional, assim, esses desafios aumentam, especialmente porque as normas conflituais clássicas foram construídas a partir da sociedade liberal moderna, que buscava basicamente a manutenção da igualdade formal entre os indivíduos, sem preocupações de cunho material. No Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro essa situação se repete. Busca o presente trabalho, portanto, construir propostas para o Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro de defesa do consumidor. Na primeira parte do trabalho, então, são analisadas as causas da vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo, constatando-se estar no liberalismo jurídico e suas conseqüências na disciplina, bem como o duplo papel do princípio da autonomia da vontade. Por um lado, a autonomia permite o reconhecimento do indivíduo no plano internacional, mas por outro demonstra a insuficiência do modelo conflitual clássico. Diante da crise do modelo liberal moderno, discutem-se, na segunda parte do trabalho, os remédios para superar a vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo. Analisa-se a informação enquanto forma de mitigar a vulnerabilidade do consumidor. Abordam-se, ainda, as formas de se encontrar a lei mais favorável ao consumidor. Nas conclusões, enfim, constrói-se uma sugestão de redação para a lei brasileira de proteção internacional do consumidor.

Paisagem, um patrimônio esquecido: subsídios para a construção de uma metodologia de valoração e proteção do cenário natural litorâneo

The so-called "residential tourism" came to intensify the previous occupation of the coastal zones, characterized by traditional beach houses, and brought significant consequences for their spatial configuration, and especially for its scenic value of the landscape. Although there is the intention to regulate the activities of enterprising groups by some legal instruments to control the use and occupation of land, and to contain some negative effects, the actions of government are still inefficient in trying to follow the implications on the landscape from the accelerated growth of the real estate and touristic sectors. Supported in the speech of economic development and income generation, public managers prioritize areas to attract tourists to the detriment of preserving important physical attributes of the natural environment that contribute significantly to the quality of life. The result can be noticed in the use of natural elements as one of the major components in the land valorization, and in the immediate attraction of investors and enterprising. Therefore, the objective of this work is to contribute to the debate on the landscape preservation a little detailed thematic in view of their relevance in the current context - by indicating subsidies to the creation of a methodology for the evaluation and protection of coastal zones that may assist the government in creating new instruments, and better prepare it in control of the occupation of these areas. For such, was followed two ways to analysis: the indirect method and the direct method. The first is grounded in the evaluation of landscape attributes, which is based on the work of Raquel Tardin (2008) and Eduardo Cuesta, Encarnación Algarra and Isabel Pastor (2001). The second, based on the research of Leticia and Carlos Hardt (2010) and on the concepts of phenomenology - expressed by Antonio Christofoletti (1985) and Yi-Fu Tuan (1983) - considers the population perspective on the quality of the natural scenery. Developed through cartographic materials, photographic collections and quantitative tables, this dissertation utilized as a case study the beaches of Barra de Tabatinga and Camurupim, located in the city of Nísia Floresta/RN. Despite already being sighted spaces of advanced stage of landscape degradation in these locations, areas of remarkable scenic value can still be found, what reinforce the urgency in adopting preservationists actions. The absence of laws focused on the management and protection of the landscape singularities associated with the inefficiency of the government to invigilate the land occupation in coastal zones, encourage the excessive action of the real estate-tourism, and consequently make the government the main responsible for the environmental and landscape impacts in these areas - by its omission or by their connivance. Therefore, the legislation permeates this entire process and constitutes itself as the most effective way to guarantee the right to the landscape to present and future generations. Are also pointed some important considerations to build a methodology, especially concerning possibilities of improvements and adaptations of its applicability in each case

Da proteção à precarização um estudo do fenômeno jurídico trabalhista no contexto das transformações do capitalismo

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of the legal labor phenomenon in contemporary capitalism as rectifier element of the contradictions between capital and labor. From the analysis of legislative developments - state and business - and court decisions related to the category of freight transport is expected to determine the protectionist stiffness proclaimed by the institutional structure of labor in Brazil, considered by the hegemonic discourse as political-economic factor that prevents growth. It is intended to unravel the relationships between political and civil society, studying the internal contradictions and ideological influence among these spaces, with theoretical support in Marx and Gramsci. The function of this research is to test the premise that the protectionist discourse is a rational action of capitalism and the organic intellectuals of political society in order to achieve hegemony and hide the real contradictions between capital and labor, in addition to also assist in the discussion on deregulation and easing in Brazil. The analysis points to the confirmation of our premise, since the evolution of the legal phenomenon in the transport sector was charging toward the neoliberal project

Proteção constitucional do trabalhador portador de incapacidade laboral

Social security has constitutional protection and encompasses health policies, social security and welfare, which are explicitly recognized as a fundamental social right. When workers suffering from work disability are unable to earn income with your work force to support themselves and their families. The State, through the public welfare, contributory and compulsory, has a duty to protect workers in times of misfortune, replacing these income through the provision of social security benefits. Disability the employee has a higher degree of vulnerability, and the granting of disability claims a right sensitive, which can‟t suffer postponements, lest cause legal uncertainty and violating the dignity of the human person. There isn‟t legal definition of disability. The main purpose of the study is the constitutional protection of the worker carrying work disability, seeking to highlight the factors affecting work disability and proposing the use of objective criteria for the grant of social security benefits, because the criteria used are purely medical, based the subjectivity and agency of medical assessor, which hinders the judicial and administrative control of the State. At the time of preparing the expert report, the expert should not consider only tangible aspects, but also social and environmental issues, which contribute to the inability to work and therefore should be considered in granting social security benefits. The granting of social security benefits for incapacity for work is intended to prevent or lessen the impact of individual and social risks in relation to the worker incapacitated, ensuring that the constitutional protection to be effective. The presumed inability, the institute reversing the burden of proof and free conviction motivated are important tools for resolving conflicts between the insured and welfare, finding basis in the insured`s vulnerability, sensitivity and little reliance right at issue in relation to the employee social pension

Efetividade dos direitos trabalhistas e os princípios constitucionais concretizadores da proteção laboral

The Brazilian Constitution aims to regularize the broadest possible the fundamental grounded in the value and supreme principle of human dignity, supporting a Democratic State of Law, to essentially give basic rights to all for a dignified existence. As the result of a historical development, fundamental rights incorporated by legal order represents a real reaction against acts that ignored the dignity of each person in one of these scenarios, especially inserted into the labor relationship, the principle of protection comes to balance and compose such relationship between employers and workers, raising this principle as axiological essence of this subject, based especially on the protection and guarantee of fundamental rights of the worker. For this study, was developed a literature research using books, legislation, legal websites and articles related to the subject, in order to analyze the principle of protection insert in the legal order, properly authoritative on the principle of equality, the social value of the work of human dignity to confer protection to the most vulnerable and admittedly weak of the labor relationship in order to serve the specific regulations legal practical tools and effective protection, against the employer hierarchical power and steering that can not change into abuses and attacks on the fundamental rights of the worker. In conclusion, is not enough, recognizing the vulnerability of the worker, it is necessary to carry out protective legal instruments in line with the the human dignity, consectário logical fundamental rights of workers, to be held in a proportional manner and sometimes flexible, depending on the case. Protection has a beginning and end to ensure that the human dignity that must presuppose a working relationship achieved by orderly and normative power of constitutional norms, with the aim of designing that labor is not an end in itself, but a means to the achievement of the economic advancement by promoting social development and providing necessary support for the increasingly marked impairment of fundamental rights of the worker

Proposta de zoneamento ambiental visando a proteção dos recursos hídricos de uma bacia hidrográfica

One of the most important natural resources for sustaining human life, water, has been losing the basic requirements of quality and quantity sufficient enough to attend the population due to water contamination'problems, often caused by human beings themselves. Because of this, the sources of this resource are often located in remote places of the natural environment to ensure the quality of the water. However, when urban expansion began to occupy these areas, which were once regarded as distant, environmental pollution problems began to occur due to occupation of the land without planning. Based on this occurrence, this study aims to propose environmental zoning for the Maxaranguape river watershed in order to protect its water resources. This is important because this river can serve as a source of supply for the metropolitan area of Natal, the capital of Rio Grande do Norte. In accordance to this proposition, the model of natural soil loss vulnerability (CREPANI et al., 2001), the model of aquifer pollution vulnerability (FOSTER et al., 2006), and the legal incompatibility map (CREPANI et al., 2001) were used to delimit the zones. All this was done with Geographic Information System (GIS) and also created a geographic database update of the basin. The results of the first model mentioned indicated that 63.67% of the basin was classified as moderately stable / vulnerable, 35.66% as moderately vulnerable, and 0.67% as vulnerable. The areas with high vulnerability degree correspond with sand dunes and river channels areas. The second model indicated that 2.84% of the basin has low vulnerability, 70.27%) has median vulnerability, and 26.76% and 0.13% has high vulnerability and extreme vulnerability, respectively. The areas with the highest vulnerability values also refer to part of the sand dunes and river channels besides other areas such as Pureza urban area. The legal incompatibility map indicated that the basin has 85.02 km2 of Permanent Protection Area (PPA) and 14.62% of this area has some incongruity of use. Based on these results it was possible to draw three main zones: Protection and Sustainable Use Zone (PSUZ), Protection and Environmental Restoration Zone (PERZ) and Environmental Control Zone, which are divided into A, B and C. The PSUZ refer to the coastal areas of the basin, where the sand dunes are located. These sites should be areas of environmental protection and of sustainable urban expansion. The ZPRA refer to river channels, which are in high need of rehabilitation. The third zone corresponds to the rest of the basin which should have, in general, the mapping of possible sources of contamination for further control on the use and occupation of the river

Percepção e ações educativas em ambientes escolares: enfoques aos documentos legais determinantes em área de proteção ambiental

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Proteção constitucional do consumidor no âmbito da regulação publicitária

The concern with issues related to consumer protection has emerged in North America and then spread throughout the world. In Brazil, consumer‟s rights and interests only gained greater importance after their consolidation in the Constitution of 1988 and the enactment of the 8078/90 Law (Consumer‟s Protection and Defense Code), which established the consumerist microsystem. The understanding of the legal relationship of consumption concept is necessarily connected to knowledge of the elements that compose it. Among these, we can find the consumer and the provider (subjective elements), the product or service (objective elements), and the consumer‟s condition as final receiver of the consumption object (finalistic element). In order to elucidate the configuration of consumer protection before advertising communication, this work will analyze the advertising through the prism of consumerist laws, conceptualizing it and presenting a differentiation of it in relation to practices such as marketing, offer and commercial communication as well as examining its several kinds of manifestation, focusing mainly the ones categorized as misleading or unfair advertising. All kinds of advertising communication against the consumerist microsystem are subject to judicial control exercised by the State. Besides individual protection possibilities, this state-owned control can be collectively exercised as a result of the utilization of public civil action and popular action. Some specific categories of advertising (smoking products, alcoholic beverages, pesticides, medicines and therapies) are still subject to a set of particular restraints provided by the 9294/96 Law, which enables the performance of a special control in relation to them. In addition to state control, there is also a system of advertising communication self-regulation, which develops itself through the actions of the National Council of Advertising Self-Regulation that are based mainly on the laws established by the Brazilian Code of Advertising Self-Regulation and its annexes. However, this system of advertising self-regulation still has some deficiencies that hinder its effectiveness

Reforma agrária e desenvolvimento sustentável: aspectos obrigacionais e instrumentos legais de proteção

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

A qualidade dos serviços educacionais e a proteção do código de defesa do consumidor

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Estatuto da criança e do adolescente: a proteção integral e suas implicações político-educacionais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Tutela penal do embrião humano in vitro: uma releitura à luz da proteção jurídica das dimensões da vida

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Efetividade de gestão da área de proteção ambiental Triunfo do Xingu: desafios de consolidação de uma unidade de conservação na região da Terra do Meio, estado do Pará

A APA Triunfo do Xingu localiza-se na região da Terra do Meio a sudoeste do Estado do Pará foi criada em 2006 com aproximadamente 1.670.000 ha está inserida numa região com importantes remanescentes da biodiversidade amazônica. A região sofre grande pressão antrópica, principalmente pelo desflorestamento decorrente da exploração madeireira ilegal, do avanço da pecuária e queimadas. A existência de uma unidade de conservação na categoria APA numa região com altos índices de degradação ambiental e grilagem de terras como a região da Terra do Meio é muito contestada como instrumento efetivo de proteção da biodiversidade e ordenamento territorial. O trabalho teve por objetivo elaborar e aplicar um modelo de qualificação de gestão da APA Triunfo do Xingu baseando-se no conceito de efetividade de gestão de maneira a aferir se a mesma está cumprindo os objetivos que nortearam sua criação. Indicadores foram elaborados e agrupados em seis temáticas: ambiental, gestão, econômico, legal, politico-institucionais e sociocultural, e posteriormente qualificados em três níveis, de acordo com seus respectivos cenários. O resultado final demonstrou o grau de efetividade de gestão de 54,3%, ou seja, as condições atuais de gestão da APA Triunfo do Xingu foram consideradas medianamente satisfatórias. O indicador politico-institucional foi o melhor pontuado com 66,6%; o indicador legal e o de gestão registraram, respectivamente, as médias de 55,5% e 54,4%; os indicadores sociocultural e ambiental registraram, respectivamente, as médias de 49,9% e 47,1%; e os indicadores econômicos registraram a média de 33,3%, sendo o grupo com o pior desempenho gerencial. Observou-se uma condição de alta vulnerabilidade da APA Triunfo do Xingu que não garante sua existência em longo prazo e os objetivos de conservação que nortearam sua criação dificilmente poderão ser alcançados nessas condições.