Grundriss innovativer Polizeiansätze. Eine kritische Begutachtung verschiedener Strategien und Tätigkeiten und deren Implementierung in der Schweiz in Theorie und Praxis.

This thesis contains three parts. The first one offers the theoretical basement, where the history of the police from their beginning in the early 19th century to this day is shown. The emphasis however is laid on the last 40 years, which gave birth to a multitude of innovations, such as community, problem-oriented, hot-spots or zero-tolerance policing. Those innovations are described in detail and are critically commented. At the end of this section, I present a scheme, where all the approaches are classified as strategic or methodic innovations, but united under a model called "modern policing". The fact that the innovations are not competitive but rather complementary is the most important finding of this examination. The second part of this work deals with a unique survey about the implementation of four innovations and eight problem- and community-oriented activities in 85 Swiss police forces. This explorative study shows that in the last 15 years the Swiss police forces have increasingly adopted innovative approaches. The most frequent innovation is community policing, which has been implemented all over the country. Due to the results, we can also assume that the implementation of the innovations is mostly substantial and profound. However, particularly in the area of problem-solving there is still a need for improvements. The third section consists of a scientific evaluation of a temporary special unit of the municipal police Zurich, which, during nine months, fought against public drug dealing and illegal prostitution in a particular neighborhood called Langstrasse. The effects of this hot-spot project were measured with police data, observations and several population surveys. In general, the special unit achieved a positive outcome and helped to defuse the hot-spot. Additionally, a survey conducted within the police department showed that the personal attitude towards the special unit differed widely between the policemen. We found significant differences between both police regions East and West, rank-and-file and higher ranking officers, different ages and the personal connection to the special unit. In fact, the higher the rank, the lower the age, and the closer the relationship, the more positive the officers were towards the unit.

Emotionale Offenheit: Ein neues Modell in Forschung und Praxis

Jeder Mensch hat seine eigene Art, Emotionen, Gefühle und Stimmungen zu erleben und zu verarbeiten. Die verschiedenen emotionalen Zustände und die Formen ihrer Verarbeitung spannen sich über ein komplexes Kontinuum: sie umfassen unsere schönsten persönlichen Erlebnisse, können aber auch wichtige psychologische Probleme zum Ausdruck bringen. Diese Komplexität wird in der Psychologie, aber auch in anderen Wissenschaften, stärker denn je diskutiert und stellt eine große Herausforderung für Diagnostik und Intervention dar.«Emotionale Offenheit» wird als mehrdimensionaler Ansatz vorgestellt, um der Spannbreite der Emotionsverarbeitung gerecht zu werden und den Herausforderungen in Diagnostik und Intervention im klinischen Kontext zu begegnen.Der beiliegenden Fragebogen und eine Reihe von Anwendungsbeispielen machen aus dem Buch auch ein Instrument für die Praxis.

El 'Parlament Universitari': una experiencia interdisciplinar de simulación alrededor del Derecho y la praxis parlamentarios

El Parlament Universitari es una experiencia de simulación parlamentaria desarrollada conjuntamente por un equipo de profesores universitarios y el Parlament de Catalunya. En dicha experiencia, los estudiantes se organizaban en grupos parlamentarios y reproducían el funcionamiento de la cámara, desarrollando, con ello, competencias de carácter actitudinal y procedimental. Progresivamente, la actividad fue siendo enriquecida, con la idea de acercar lo máximo posible la simulación a la praxis política y parlamentaria real —introducción del letrado simulado, simulación periodística—. Aunque debe considerarse como una técnica que necesita del complemento de actividades de transmisión de conocimientos, la simulación parlamentaria permite desarrollar habilidades importantes en relación con estudios vinculados más o menos a la actividad parlamentaria, así como acercar la democracia representativa a estudiantes universitarios más alejados de la praxis y el Derecho parlamentarios por razón de su especialidad. En este sentido, debe destacarse la posibilidad de utilizar la experiencia para la elaboración de materiales para estudiantes no universitarios, con la finalidad de di-vulgar la institución parlamentaria.

La praxis reflexiva: un reto para la educación social

La educación social en sus diversas acepciones (profesión, práctica educativa y estudios universitarios) ha experimentado unos importantes cambios en los últimos años. De una actividad centrada en la solución de problemas concretos dentro de un ámbito específico, se ha ido avanzando hacia la necesidad de estar capacitado para el trabajo en entornos complejos y difusos. El ejercicio de la actividad en estos entornos requiere de un posicionamiento estratégico, de una visión global más allá de un manejo de recetas cerradas y de una perspectiva ética que trascienda el simple cumplimiento de instrucciones. Por ello, capacitar al profesional para el diseño y la aplicación de las acciones socioeducativas es una temática que requiere la integración de multiplicidad de competencias para que cada intervención sea una respuesta que se adapte a la situación, a las capacidades y al contexto de la persona atendida. En el periodo de formación universitaria, el practicum es un espacio de aprendizaje privilegiado donde se ponen en juego todos los conocimientos adquiridos y sirve de trampolín para empezar a ejercer la profesión en un contexto real pero seguro, que más adelante será el escenario cotidiano de la acción profesional

Intensivierte Blutzuckerkontrolle beim Typ-1-Diabetiker - was sind die Ziele? : mini-review Cochrane für die Praxis

Die empfohlene Therapie des Typ-1- Diabetes beruht auf einer intensiven Blutzuckerkontrolle, mit der im Vergleich zur weniger strikten (konventionellen) Blutzuckerkontrolle das Risiko für mikrovaskuläre Komplikationen minimiert werden kann. Die Wirksamkeit einer intensiven Blutzuckerkontrolle bezüglich makrovaskulärer Komplikationen ist dagegen weniger klar, und die Frage des Therapieziels ist Gegenstand der Diskussion. Seit den 1990er Jahren hat es zum Typ-1-Diabetes beim Erwachsenen keine neuen Studien mehr gegeben. Jene für Typ-2-Diabetiker zeigten bezüglich Komplikationsrisiko keinen Nutzen. Unter intensiver Blutzuckerkontrolle kam es sogar zu einer Erhöhung des Mortalitätsrisikos verglichen mit der weniger strikten Strategie. Ziel dieses Reviews war es, die Vor- und Nachteile einer intensiven Blutzuckerkontrolle bei Typ-1-Diabetikern zu bestimmen.

“IT’S ALL RIGHT”. Multimodal rightward spatial bias modified by age and praxis

The general goal of the present work was to study whether spatial perceptual asymmetry initially observed in linguistic dichotic listening studies is related to the linguistic nature of the stimuli and/or is modality-specific, as well as to investigate whether the spatial perceptual/attentional asymmetry changes as a function of age and sensory deficit via praxis. Several dichotic listening studies with linguistic stimuli have shown that the inherent perceptual right ear advantage (REA), which presumably results from the left lateralized linguistic functions (bottom-up processes), can be modified with executive functions (top-down control). Executive functions mature slowly during childhood, are well developed in adulthood, and decline as a function of ageing. In Study I, the purpose was to investigate with a cross-sectional experiment from a lifespan perspective the age-related changes in top-down control of REA for linguistic stimuli in dichotic listening with a forced-attention paradigm (DL). In Study II, the aim was to determine whether the REA is linguistic-stimulus-specific or not, and whether the lifespan changes in perceptual asymmetry observed in dichotic listening would exist also in auditory spatial attention tasks that put load on attentional control. In Study III, using visual spatial attention tasks, mimicking the auditory tasks applied in Study II, it was investigated whether or not the stimulus-non-specific rightward spatial bias found in auditory modality is a multimodal phenomenon. Finally, as it has been suggested that the absence of visual input in blind participants leads to improved auditory spatial perceptual and cognitive skills, the aim in Study IV was to determine, whether blindness modifies the ear advantage in DL. Altogether 180-190 right-handed participants between 5 and 79 years of age were studied in Studies I to III, and in Study IV the performance of 14 blind individuals was compared with that of 129 normally sighted individuals. The results showed that only rightward spatial bias was observed in tasks with intensive attentional load, independent of the type of stimuli (linguistic vs. non-linguistic) or the modality (auditory vs. visual). This multimodal rightward spatial bias probably results from a complex interaction of asymmetrical perceptual, attentional, and/or motor mechanisms. Most importantly, the strength of the rightward spatial bias changed as a function of age and augmented praxis due to sensory deficit. The efficiency of the performance in spatial attention tasks and the ability to overcome the rightward spatial bias increased during childhood, was at its best in young adulthood, and decreased as a function of ageing. Between the ages of 5 and 11 years probably at first develops movement and impulse control, followed by the gradual development of abilities to inhibit distractions and disengage attention. The errors especially in bilateral stimulus conditions suggest that a mild phenomenon resembling extinction can be observed throughout the lifespan, but especially the ability to distribute attention to multiple targets simultaneously decreases in the course of ageing. Blindness enhances the processing of auditory bilateral linguistic stimuli, the ability to overcome a stimulus-driven laterality effect related to speech sound perception, and the ability to direct attention to an appropriate spatial location. It was concluded that the ability to voluntarily suppress and inhibit the multimodal rightward spatial bias changes as a function of age and praxis due to sensory deficit and probably reflects the developmental level of executive functions.

Projektet Tvåspråkigheten och det mångkulturella Finland - god praxis och framtida utmaningar i en fackspråklig kontext (TMF)

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