O revigoramento do poder legislativo: uma agenda para o século XXI

O Legislativo é vital para o autogoverno coletivo e para a contenção do poder. Impõe-se revigorá-lo. Esta dissertação traz propostas para incrementar a legitimidade do Poder Legislativo que independem da reforma política. A primeira proposta consiste na correção de algumas práticas comprometedoras da atuação do Legislativo, quais sejam, a falta de apreciação do veto, a atual forma de elaboração e execução da lei orçamentária, o poder excessivo dos líderes e a tutela jurisdicional limitada do devido processo legislativo. A segunda proposta reside no fortalecimento das comissões temáticas, arenas mais adequadas do que o Plenário para desenvolver o potencial deliberativo do Parlamento. Esses órgãos fracionários podem empregar a avaliação de impacto, recurso que se destina a aprimorar a legislação. A terceira proposta corresponde à regulamentação do lobby. A institucionalização dessa atividade revela-se essencial para imprimir-lhe transparência, de modo a possibilitar o controle, e para minimizar o desequilíbrio no acesso aos tomadores de decisão.

Análisis de las estrategias emprendidas en materia de política exterior de India en la década de los noventa y la incidencia que han tenido éstas en la construcción de un escenario de seguridad con China y Pakistán

India, China y Pakistán hacen parte de un subsistema estratégico de seguridad. Los constantes e históricos roces fronterizos, la falta de diálogo político entre las unidades y la creciente carrera armamentista, son factores detonantes de la crisis que enfrentan estos Estados, lo que no les ha permitido una verdadera integración a pesar de los considerables esfuerzos diplomáticos, políticos y económicos. India por su parte, ha buscado incrementar su poder en el Sur de Asia como un actor influyente y dinamizador de las relaciones bilaterales con respecto a su zona geográfica de influencia principalmente en la década de los noventa, pero ha enfrentado históricos roces en zonas fronterizas que se encuentran sin resolver, adicional a ello la nación se ha enfrentado a un fenómeno que mitiga su capacidad de acción y ejecución que es el terrorismo y la insurgencia en la región. Todo lo anterior es analizado bajo la Teoría del Realismo Ofensivo de John J. Mearsheimer

Papel de la Organización de Naciones Unidas ONU (MINUGUA) en el proceso de reconstrucción posconflicto guatemalteco en materia de justicia transicional (1994-2004). Un estado del arte

Estado del arte que recopila pronunciamientos de diversos autores sobre el papel de la Organización de Naciones Unidas, específicamente la Misión MINUGUA, en el proceso de reconstrucción posconflicto en Guatemala comprendido entre el año 1994 y 2004. Se basa en algunas dimensiones de la democratización como son el Estado de Derecho, la democracia representativa, la preeminencia del poder civil, y el fortalecimiento de la cultura democrática. Así mismo, tiene en cuenta los elementos de la justicia transicional, a saber: verdad, justicia y reparación.

Análisis de la Política Exterior Rusa en materia energética, comercial y militar hacia la República de Moldavia (Período 2000-2010)

Rusia sufrió grandes cambios tras la desintegración de la URSS en 1991. No obstante, con la llegada de Vladimir Putin al poder, los intereses geoestratégicos de Rusia sobre el espacio postsoviético revivieron con nuevo ímpetu debido a una mayor cantidad de recursos a disposición del Estado. La República de Moldavia es un claro ejemplo del resurgir de la política exterior rusa hacia el espacio postsoviético, siendo incluso, una región clave en la lucha de la Federación Rusa por recuperar su zona de influencia.

Transnacionalización de la mafia como instrumento de maximización de poder del Estado ruso

El interés de esta monografía es evaluar el tema de la transnacionalización de la mafia como instrumento de maximización de poder del Estado ruso. Se analiza y explica cómo desde la Rusia imperial hasta la actualidad, se ver la lógica del realismo ofensivo en varias de sus acciones en el escenario internacional. De igual manera, se expone que ha existido un vínculo entre la mafia y Rusia que ha evolucionado y, ahora, favorece al Estado. Siguiendo finalmente la perspectiva teórica del realismo ofensivo y la estrategia de la Guerra Irrestricta, se avanza hacia el resultado de la investigación que permite evidenciar que la transnacionalización de la mafia ha servido de instrumento de maximización de poder del Estado ruso

Sesenta años de disputas: análisis del conflicto entre India y Pakistán por Cachemira

La presente disertación tiene el objetivo de analizar por qué el conflicto entre India y Pakistán por Cachemira no ha sido solucionado a la luz del debate entre el realismo ofensivo y el constructivismo social surgido en 1994. La hipótesis de trabajo establece que la estructura anárquica, sumada a las capacidades ofensivas, la desconfianza mutua, la racionalidad, y el deseo de supervivencia entre los Estados, ha propiciado la configuración de un dilema de seguridad que es alimentado por la disparidad de intereses e identidades en contienda. El alcance del objetivo es de carácter analítico y el enfoque primario está basado en la teoría del realismo ofensivo de John Mearsheimer y el constructivismo social de Alexander Wendt.

Estrategia de intervención militar de Estados Unidos en Medio Oriente: dinámicas y consecuencias del uso de drones en Yemen y Pakistán entre 2009 a 2013

Este es un estudio sobre la estrategia de guerra estadounidense en Medio Oriente basada en el uso sistemático de drones durante el periodo comprendido entre 2009 y 2013. Se busca explicar de qué manera puede considerarse el uso de este tipo de armamento como una práctica basada en la proyección de poder sin mayor vulnerabilidad. Los casos de Pakistán y Yemen son abordados, ya que evidencian las características de las operaciones selectivas por las que ha abogado el Presidente Obama. El estudio se inscribe dentro del realismo ofensivo, haciendo también referencia a sus limitaciones explicativas. Empero, se afirma que las dinámicas y consecuencias de la utilización de drones son intrínsecas a la necesidad estadounidense de combatir actores no estatales mediante prácticas que garanticen su seguridad y pretensiones hegemónicas a pesar de las implicaciones políticas , legales y sociales en las que puede incurrir.

The evolution of strategy: thinking war from antiquity to the present

Latin had no word for "strategy", but the East Romans, whom we call the Byzantines, did. This book tracks the evolution of the concept of warfare being subjected to higher political aims from Antiquity to the Present, using Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, English and German sources. It tracks the rise, fall, and resurrection of the belief in the Roman and later the medieval and early modern world that warfare was only legitimate if it pursued the higher goal of a just peace, which in the 19th century gave way to a blinkered concentration on military victory as only war aim. It explains why one school of thought, from Antiquity to the present, emphasised eternal principles of warfare, while others emphasised, in Clausewitz's term, the "changing character of war". It tracks ideas from land warfare to naval warfare to air power and nuclear thinking, but it also stresses great leaps and discontinuities in thinking about strategy. It covers asymmetric wars both from the point of view of the weaker power seeking to overthrow a stronger power, and from the stronger power dealing with insurgents and other numerically inferior forces. It concludes with a commentary of the long-known problems of bureaucratic politics, non-centralised command and inter-service rivalry, which since the 16th century or earlier has created obstacles to coherent strategy making.

Sociologin, hybriderna och den sociala verkligheten : exemplet kärnavfall

Sociology, hybrids and social reality: the case of nuclear waste The continuing technological transformation of nature means that sociology’s traditional vision of a sharp divide between nature and society is becoming ever harder to defend. Starting from Bruno Latour’s critique of modernity, and Nikolas Rose’s explorations of political power beyond the state, this article presents a framework for analysing the expanding wealth of hybrids of nature and society surrounding us today, and the problems of government they pose. These hybrids confront us with the need to rethink sociology’s conception of ‘the social’. With Latour’s help, the interplay of nature and society can be understood as subject to technical mediation, opening the way for studies of the varying arrangements through which different configurations of nature and society are produced. Rather than alternative social constructions of nature, what sociologists should be at pains to analyse and question are different programmes and strategies for bringing together natural and social forces in durable combinations. In the article, the geological disposal of nuclear waste serves as a useful example for exploring the fruitfulness of the analytical framework put forward. This complex undertaking constitutes just one component in a larger field of technoscientific endeavour that has irrevocably transformed nature while simultaneously re-making society. Addressing this case, we seek to reveal the promise of a sociology that does not bound ‘the social’ in advance, but rather makes the co-production of technology and society one of its most important objects of study.

Mulher chefe de família, na cidade de Aracaju:dominação e poder

The research was focada in the feminine head of family, the City of Aracaju and its impacts in the nuclear familiar nucleus. Considering that, the papers of the men are in general, not valued and rewarded that the papers of the women in almost all the cultures. The women generally load the responsibility to take care of of the children and the domestic work, while the men traditionally are born with the responsibility to support the family. However, we find changes in this mainly north-eastern scene and, where through quantitative research, already one evidenced that they are majority as family support, therefore, we observe the construction of social identities of the women family heads and uncurling of the adaptativos aspects, the existing mechanism between domination and power, in the familiar nucleus. The impacts in the family if had change in the social relation for them to be family heads. One is about qualitative research that has left of the construction of a theoretical landmark, analyzing given of bibliographical sources and from interviews with women family heads, power to observe the forms of joints in the nuclear families, as they deal with the power to decide power, the financial power, the fragility, the domination and the influences of the traditional models. Analyzing the familiar relations between the woman, the children and the spouse, searching the excellent questions for the briefing of the thematic one, demystifying the dichotomy between the mother/wife and woman head of family in the residential environment

Comparação de junta soldada aço carbono/ aço inox utilizando como metal de adição aço carbono e aço inox

In contemporary industrial, welding processes are widely used, this is the most important process of joining metals used industrially. The welding can be used to build simple structures, like doors and gates for instance, in the same way can be used in situations of high responsibility, such as the nuclear industry and oil industry. Dissimilar welding is a case of welded joints, is characterized by the junction between different materials, for this case, stainless steel and carbon steel that are widely used in steam lines, power plants, nuclear reactors, petrochemical plants. Because their different mechanical and corrosive properties, the join, stainless steel with carbon steel, not only meets environmental requirements and also reduces cost. By using penetrating liquid tests, macrograph, hardness and tensile test was compared the possibility of replacing the current use of 309 rods as filler metal in dissimilar welding between carbon steel and stainless steel by add-on material carbon steel essentially, in this case E7018 coated electrode was used, but without the coating. After analysis of the results and for comparison, was proposed with some certainty that it is possible to replace the addition of materials, thus leading economy in this process widely used in the modern industry

Evaluation of reactivity monitoring techniques at the Yalina – Booster subcritical facility

La gestión de los residuos radiactivos de vida larga producidos en los reactores nucleares constituye uno de los principales desafíos de la tecnología nuclear en la actualidad. Una posible opción para su gestión es la transmutación de los nucleidos de vida larga en otros de vida más corta. Los sistemas subcríticos guiados por acelerador (ADS por sus siglas en inglés) son una de las tecnologías en desarrollo para logar este objetivo. Un ADS consiste en un reactor nuclear subcrítico mantenido en un estado estacionario mediante una fuente externa de neutrones guiada por un acelerador de partículas. El interés de estos sistemas radica en su capacidad para ser cargados con combustibles que tengan contenidos de actínidos minoritarios mayores que los reactores críticos convencionales, y de esta manera, incrementar las tasas de trasmutación de estos elementos, que son los principales responsables de la radiotoxicidad a largo plazo de los residuos nucleares. Uno de los puntos clave que han sido identificados para la operación de un ADS a escala industrial es la necesidad de monitorizar continuamente la reactividad del sistema subcrítico durante la operación. Por esta razón, desde los años 1990 se han realizado varios experimentos en conjuntos subcríticos de potencia cero (MUSE, RACE, KUCA, Yalina, GUINEVERE/FREYA) con el fin de validar experimentalmente estas técnicas. En este contexto, la presente tesis se ocupa de la validación de técnicas de monitorización de la reactividad en el conjunto subcrítico Yalina-Booster. Este conjunto pertenece al Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research (JIPNR-Sosny) de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bielorrusia. Dentro del proyecto EUROTRANS del 6º Programa Marco de la UE, en el año 2008 se ha realizado una serie de experimentos en esta instalación concernientes a la monitorización de la reactividad bajo la dirección del CIEMAT. Se han realizado dos tipos de experimentos: experimentos con una fuente de neutrones pulsada (PNS) y experimentos con una fuente continua con interrupciones cortas (beam trips). En el caso de los primeros, experimentos con fuente pulsada, existen dos técnicas fundamentales para medir la reactividad, conocidas como la técnica del ratio bajo las áreas de los neutrones inmediatos y retardados (o técnica de Sjöstrand) y la técnica de la constante de decaimiento de los neutrones inmediatos. Sin embargo, varios experimentos han mostrado la necesidad de aplicar técnicas de corrección para tener en cuenta los efectos espaciales y energéticos presentes en un sistema real y obtener valores precisos de la reactividad. En esta tesis, se han investigado estas correcciones mediante simulaciones del sistema con el código de Montecarlo MCNPX. Esta investigación ha servido también para proponer una versión generalizada de estas técnicas donde se buscan relaciones entre la reactividad el sistema y las cantidades medidas a través de simulaciones de Monte Carlo. El segundo tipo de experimentos, experimentos con una fuente continua e interrupciones del haz, es más probable que sea empleado en un ADS industrial. La versión generalizada de las técnicas desarrolladas para los experimentos con fuente pulsada también ha sido aplicada a los resultados de estos experimentos. Además, el trabajo presentado en esta tesis es la primera vez, en mi conocimiento, en que la reactividad de un sistema subcrítico se monitoriza durante la operación con tres técnicas simultáneas: la técnica de la relación entre la corriente y el flujo (current-to-flux), la técnica de desconexión rápida de la fuente (source-jerk) y la técnica del decaimiento de los neutrones inmediatos. Los casos analizados incluyen la variación rápida de la reactividad del sistema (inserción y extracción de las barras de control) y la variación rápida de la fuente de neutrones (interrupción larga del haz y posterior recuperación). ABSTRACT The management of long-lived radioactive wastes produced by nuclear reactors constitutes one of the main challenges of nuclear technology nowadays. A possible option for its management consists in the transmutation of long lived nuclides into shorter lived ones. Accelerator Driven Subcritical Systems (ADS) are one of the technologies in development to achieve this goal. An ADS consists in a subcritical nuclear reactor maintained in a steady state by an external neutron source driven by a particle accelerator. The interest of these systems lays on its capacity to be loaded with fuels having larger contents of minor actinides than conventional critical reactors, and in this way, increasing the transmutation rates of these elements, that are the main responsible of the long-term radiotoxicity of nuclear waste. One of the key points that have been identified for the operation of an industrial-scale ADS is the need of continuously monitoring the reactivity of the subcritical system during operation. For this reason, since the 1990s a number of experiments have been conducted in zero-power subcritical assemblies (MUSE, RACE, KUCA, Yalina, GUINEVERE/FREYA) in order to experimentally validate these techniques. In this context, the present thesis is concerned with the validation of reactivity monitoring techniques at the Yalina-Booster subcritical assembly. This assembly belongs to the Joint Institute for Power and Nuclear Research (JIPNR-Sosny) of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Experiments concerning reactivity monitoring have been performed in this facility under the EUROTRANS project of the 6th EU Framework Program in year 2008 under the direction of CIEMAT. Two types of experiments have been carried out: experiments with a pulsed neutron source (PNS) and experiments with a continuous source with short interruptions (beam trips). For the case of the first ones, PNS experiments, two fundamental techniques exist to measure the reactivity, known as the prompt-to-delayed neutron area-ratio technique (or Sjöstrand technique) and the prompt neutron decay constant technique. However, previous experiments have shown the need to apply correction techniques to take into account the spatial and energy effects present in a real system and thus obtain accurate values for the reactivity. In this thesis, these corrections have been investigated through simulations of the system with the Monte Carlo code MCNPX. This research has also served to propose a generalized version of these techniques where relationships between the reactivity of the system and the measured quantities are obtained through Monte Carlo simulations. The second type of experiments, with a continuous source with beam trips, is more likely to be employed in an industrial ADS. The generalized version of the techniques developed for the PNS experiments has also been applied to the result of these experiments. Furthermore, the work presented in this thesis is the first time, to my knowledge, that the reactivity of a subcritical system has been monitored during operation simultaneously with three different techniques: the current-to-flux, the source-jerk and the prompt neutron decay techniques. The cases analyzed include the fast variation of the system reactivity (insertion and extraction of a control rod) and the fast variation of the neutron source (long beam interruption and subsequent recovery).

Probing active galactic nuclei with H2O megamasers.

We describe the characteristics of the rapidly rotating molecular disk in the nucleus of the mildly active galaxy NGC4258. The morphology and kinematics of the disk are delineated by the point-like watervapor emission sources at 1.35-cm wavelength. High angular resolution [200 microas where as is arcsec, corresponding to 0.006 parsec (pc) at 6.4 million pc] and high spectral resolution (0.2 km.s-1 or nu/Deltanu = 1.4 x 10(6)) with the Very-Long-Baseline Array allow precise definition of the disk. The disk is very thin, but slightly warped, and is viewed nearly edge-on. The masers show that the disk is in nearly perfect Keplerian rotation within the observable range of radii of 0.13-0.26 pc. The approximately random deviations from the Keplerian rotation curve among the high-velocity masers are approximately 3.5 km.s-1 (rms). These deviations may be due to the masers lying off the midline by about +/-4 degrees or variations in the inclination of the disk by +/-4 degrees. Lack of systematic deviations indicates that the disk has a mass of <4 x 10(6) solar mass (M[symbol: see text]). The gravitational binding mass is 3.5 x 10(7) M[symbol: see text], which must lie within the inner radius of the disk and requires that the mass density be >4 x 10(9) M[symbol: see text].pc-3. If the central mass were in the form of a star cluster with a density distribution such as a Plummer model, then the central mass density would be 4 x 10(12) M[symbol: see text].pc-3. The lifetime of such a cluster would be short with respect to the age of the galaxy [Maoz, E. (1995) Astrophys. J. Lett. 447, L91-L94]. Therefore, the central mass may be a black hole. The disk as traced by the systemic velocity features is unresolved in the vertical direction, indicating that its scale height is <0.0003 pc (hence the ratio of thickness to radius, H/R, is <0.0025). For a disk in hydrostatic equilibrium the quadrature sum of the sound speed and Alfven velocity is <2.5 km.s-1, so that the temperature of the disk must be <1000 K and the toroidal magnetic field component must be <250 mG. If the molecular mass density in the disk is 10(10) cm-3, then the disk mass is approximately 10(4) M[symbol: see text], and the disk is marginally stable as defined by the Toomre stability parameter Q (Q = 6 at the inner edge and 1 at the outer edge). The inward drift velocity is predicted to be <0.007 km.s-1, for a viscosity parameter of 0.1, and the accretion rate is <7 x 10(-5) M[symbol: see text].yr-1. At this value the accretion would be sufficient to power the nuclear x-ray source of 4 x 10(40) ergs-1 (1 erg = 0.1 microJ). The volume of individual maser components may be as large as 10(46) cm3, based on the velocity gradients, which is sufficient to supply the observed luminosity. The pump power undoubtedly comes from the nucleus, perhaps in the form of x-rays. The warp may allow the pump radiation to penetrate the disk obliquely [Neufeld, D. A. & Maloney, P. R. (1995) Astrophys. J. Lett. 447, L17-L19]. A total of 15 H2O megamasers have been identified out of >250 galaxies searched. Galaxy NGC4258 may be the only case where conditions are optimal to reveal a well-defined nuclear disk. Future measurement of proper motions and accelerations for NGC4258 will yield an accurate distance and a more precise definition of the dynamics of the disk

The Iasi-Ungheni pipeline: a means of achieving energy independence from Russia? Moldova's attempts at gas supply diversification. OSW Commentary No. 118, 2013-10-08

Since taking power in 2009, the Alliance for European Integration (AIE) has been trying to end Moldova’s dependence on Russian gas. Currently, natural gas accounts for about 50% of the country’s energy balance (excluding Transnistria), and Gazprom has a monopoly on the supply of gas to the republic. The key element of Chișinău’s diversification project is the construction of the Iasi-Ungheni pipeline, which is designed to link the Moldovan and Romanian gas transmission networks, and consequently make it possible for Moldova to purchase gas from countries other than Russia. Despite significant delays, construction work on the interconnector began in August 2013. The Moldovan government sees ensuring energy independence from Russia as its top priority. The significance and urgency of the project reflect Chișinău’s frustration at Moscow’s continued attempts to use its monopoly of Moldova’s energy sector to exert political pressure on the republic. Nonetheless, despite numerous declarations by Moldovan and Romanian politicians, the Iasi- -Ungheni pipeline will not end Moldova’s dependence on Russian gas before the end of the current decade. This timeframe is unrealistic for two reasons: first, because an additional gas pipeline from Ungheni to Chisinau and a compression station must be constructed, which will take at least five years and will require significant investment; and second, because of the unrelenting opposition to the project coming from Gazprom, which currently controls Moldova’s pipelines and will likely try to torpedo any energy diversification attempts. Independence from Russian gas will only be possible after the the Gazprom-controlled Moldova-GAZ, the operator of the Moldovan transmission network and the country’s importer of natural gas, is divided. The division of the company has in fact been envisaged in the EU’s Third Energy Package, which is meant to be implemented by Moldova in 2020.