Comunicación y seguridad aérea: incidentes y accidentes causados por el uso incorrecto de la lengua inglesa

Este proyecto consiste en el análisis de accidentes e incidentes aéreos causados por problemas en el lenguaje. Se realiza un estudio acerca de la elección del inglés para las comunicaciones en la aviación comercial. Se analiza la reglamentación actual sobre las competencias lingüísticas aplicadas a pilotos y controladores aéreos en la aviación comercial. Además se estudian los problemas lingüísticos causantes de malentendidos en las comunicaciones entre pilotos y controladores aéreos. Finalmente, se analizan en detalle los accidentes e incidentes de mayor importancia causados por problemas lingüísticos, y en los que estos eran un factor relevante en el accidente. Se explican las soluciones aplicadas para minimizar los malentendidos en las comunicaciones, y además se encuesta a un total de trece pilotos españoles con la finalidad de averiguar cuáles son los acentos que más problemas causan, en qué países es donde se tiene más dificultad para entender las comunicaciones aéreas y con mayor frecuencia se emplea una fraseología incorrecta. ABSTRACT. This project consists in the analysis of aviation accidents and incidents caused by language problems. I study why English was chosen as the language of communications in commercial aviation. I analyze the current rules applied for regulating the communication between pilots and controllers. I also study the main linguistic problems that cause misunderstandings in the communications. A detailed study of the most important accidents and incidents caused by misunderstandings is also carried out. I explain the main solutions applied to eradicate or minimize the misunderstandings that could cause an accident, and I also survey a total of thirteen Spanish pilots to directly know what accents are the most difficult ones to understand, which countries tend to modify the standard phraseology, and in which countries Spanish pilots have more problems when communicating with the controllers.

Abordagem experimental para avaliação de manobras de navios em modelos físicos de espaços náuticos.

Em um mercado de comércio internacional cada vez mais competitivo existe a necessidade de a infraestrutura do sistema portuário brasileiro modernizar-se, tornando-se mais eficiente do ponto de vista operacional e com capacidade para receber navios de maior porte. Neste cenário, as técnicas de projeto de espaços náuticos precisam ser revistas, utilizando-se de ferramentas mais sofisticadas que permitam otimizar os dimensionamentos sem deixar de lado as questões da eficiência e, principalmente, da segurança operacional. O presente trabalho apresenta uma abordagem experimental para análise do projeto das dimensões de canais de acesso e bacias portuárias, fundamentada no desenvolvimento de um simulador de manobras de navios em modelo físico de escala reduzida, denominado Simulador Analógico de Manobras SIAMA 2014. Além disso, é proposto um sistema completo para avaliação das condições de manobrabilidade de espaços náuticos portuários, desde a calibração da ferramenta de simulação, até a verificação de cenários complexos e situações de emergência. O SIAMA 2014 e o sistema desenvolvido foram aplicados em um estudo de caso, que contou com a participação de práticos e autoridades portuárias na realização de simulações de manobras para verificação das condições de atracação no novo berço do Terminal Portuário Marítimo de Ponta da Madeira, em São Luís do Maranhão. Os resultados deste estudo foram apresentados e discutidos, de forma a mostrar a importância da utilização de modelos físicos reduzidos na simulação de manobra de navios.

Prática de ensino supervisionada em Educação Pré-escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Este relatório de estágio pretende apresentar parte do trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito da Unidade Curricular de Prática de Ensino Supervisionada (PES), integrada no curso de Mestrado em educação pré-escolar e ensino do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico. A prática no contexto da educação pré-escolar foi realizada numa instituição pública com crianças de 3, 4 e 5 anos de idade. Em contexto do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico, a mesma decorreu numa escola da rede pública com um grupo/turma de crianças de 7 e 8 anos de idade, a frequentarem o 2.º ano de escolaridade. Nos dois contextos, a prática foi desenvolvida no sentido de responder aos interesses e necessidades das crianças, sendo que as atividades propostas visaram uma aprendizagem realizada através da pesquisa, reflexão e descoberta, pretendendo proporcionar às crianças momentos de aprendizagens significativas, ativas e socializadoras. Neste trabalho, para além da descrição e reflexão em torno da nossa ação em contexto (corporizadas através das experiências de ensino e aprendizagem) apresentamos dados que dizem respeito a uma investigação que desenvolvemos ao longo deste processo e que se fundamenta em alguns dos pressupostos pedagógicos defendidos pelo Movimento da Escola Moderna (MEM), nomeadamente sobre os instrumentos de regulação e monitorização/pilotagem da aprendizagem, tendo sido também realizada, para o efeito, uma revisão da literatura neste âmbito. Neste sentido, a nossa investigação tem como tema Dispositivos de mediação: monotorização da ação através dos instrumentos de regulação e pilotagem, e a opção metodológica desta investigação recai sobre uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como técnicas de recolha de dados uma entrevista semiestruturada realizada às crianças e a observação direta e participante, com recurso a notas de campo e registos fotográficos. Das principais conclusões da investigação salientamos que existem instrumentos de regulação e pilotagem nas salas de aula, mas que os mesmos não são trabalhados de forma a que as crianças entendam o seu objetivo, adquiram autonomia de registo, recebam o feedback do seu impacto para a realização de aprendizagens e não usufruem das suas potencialidades pedagógicas.

Aircraft accident report : crash during approach to landing, Circuit City Stores, Inc., Cessna Citation 560, N500AT, Pueblo, Colorado, February 16, 2005 /

On February 16, 2005, about 0913 mountain standard time, a Cessna Citation 560, N500AT, operated by Martinair, Inc., for Circuit City Stores, Inc., crashed about 4 nautical miles east of Pueblo Memorial Airport, Pueblo, Colorado, while on an instrument landing system approach to runway 26R. The two pilots and six passengers on board were killed, and the airplane was destroyed by impact forces and postcrash fire. The flight was operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 on an instrument flight rules flight plan. Instrument meteorological conditions prevailed at the time of the accident. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flight crew's failure to effectively monitor and maintain airspeed and comply with procedures for deice boot activation on the approach, which caused an aerodynamic stall from which they did not recover. Contributing to the accident was the Federal Aviation Administration's failure to establish adequate certification requirements for flight into icing conditions, which led to the inadequate stall warning margin provided by the airplane's stall warning system.

Advanced digital signal processing for coherent optical OFDM transmissions

Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) has been actively considered as a potential candidate for long-haul transmission and 400 Gb/s to 1 Tb/s Ethernet transport because of its high spectral efficiency, efficient implementation, flexibility and robustness against linear impairments such as chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. However, due to the long symbol duration and narrow subcarrier spacing, CO-OFDM systems are sensitive to laser phase noise and fibre nonlinearity induced penalties. As a result, the development of CO-OFDM transmission technology crucially relies on efficient techniques to compensate for the laser phase noise and fibre nonlinearity impairments. In this thesis, high performance and low complexity digital signal processing techniques for laser phase noise and fibre nonlinearity compensation in CO-OFDM transmissions are demonstrated. For laser phase noise compensation, three novel techniques, namely quasipilot-aided, decision-directed-free blind and multiplier-free blind are introduced. For fibre nonlinear compensation, two novel techniques which are referred to as phase conjugated pilots and phase conjugated subcarrier coding, are proposed. All these abovementioned digital signal processing techniques offer high performances and flexibilities while requiring relatively low complexities in comparison with other existing phase noise and nonlinear compensation techniques. As a result of the developments of these digital signal processing techniques, CO-OFDM technology is expected to play a significant role in future ultra-high capacity optical network. In addition, this thesis also presents preliminary study on nonlinear Fourier transform based transmission schemes in which OFDM is a highly suitable modulation format. The obtained result paves the way towards a truly flexible nonlinear wave-division multiplexing system that allows the current nonlinear transmission limitations to be exceeded.

The choice not to use computers: A case study of community college faculty who do not use computers in teaching

The primary purpose of this investigation is to study the motives of community college faculty who decide not to use computers in teaching. In spite of the fact that many of the environmental blocks that would otherwise inhibit the use of the computers have been eliminated at many institutions, many faculty do not use a computer beyond its word-processing function. For the purpose of the study non-adoption of computers in teaching is defined as not using computers for more than word-processing. ^ The issues in the literature focus on resistance and assume a pro-innovation and pro-adoption bias. Previous research on the questions is primarily surveys with narrowly focused assumptions. This qualitative research directly asks the participants about their feelings, beliefs, attitudes, experiences, and behaviors in regard to computers in teaching. Through the interview process a number of other correlated issues emerge. ^ The investigation was conducted at Miami-Dade Community College, a large urban multicampus institution, in Miami-Dade, Florida. It was conducted through a series of in-depth phenomenological interviews. There were nine interviews; eight within the profile; two were pilots; and one was an extreme opposite of the profile. Each participant was interviewed three times for about 45 minutes. ^ The results indicate that the computer conflicts with the participants' values in regard to their teaching and their beliefs in regard to the nature of knowledge, learning, and the relationship that they wish to maintain with students. Computers require significant changes in the values, beliefs, and consequent behaviors. These are changes that the participants are not willing to make without overwhelming evidence that they are worth the sacrifice. For the participants, this worth is only definable as it positively improves learning. For even the experts the evidence is not there. Unlike the innovator, the high end computer user, these participants are not willing to adopt the computer on faith. ^

Managing Strategic Change

The essay - Managing Strategic Change – by K. Michael Haywood, Associate Professor, School of Hotel and Food Administration, University of Guelph, is initially characterized by Haywood as: “The ability to manage strategic change is critical for hospitality industry executives today. Executives must be capable of creating a vision of the future and implementing its direction. The author gives avenues for that management process.” “The effective management of strategic change is the major challenge confronting hospitality executives,” says Associate Professor Haywood. “Responding to a rapidly changing business environment and constantly evolving competitive threats and opportunities requires executives who can anticipate and plan for change.” According to Professor Haywood, the management of strategic change is a future imperative for hospitality executives. Implementing those changes will be even more difficult. “Survival and growth for many hospitality firms during the next decade will depend on the development of new strategic visions which can provide significant competitive advantages,” he says. “Strategies for managing costs and technology will be central to this task,” Haywood expands the thought. Haywood suggests two primary types of change hospitality executives should be aware of. First, is change that is anticipated, anticipatory change. Second, is the other more crucial type of change, strategic change in the face of crisis, or simply stated, reactive change. Professor Haywood describes the distinction between the two. In describing the approach that should be implemented in responding to an anticipatory change, Haywood says, “If time permits, and change is to be introduced gradually, pilots and trials should be run to assess the impact of the new strategy on the organization. These trials are used to create pockets of commitment throughout the corporation, build comfort levels with the new approach, and neutralize or win over potential opposition.” There are the obvious advantages to using an approach like the one described above, but there are disadvantages as well. Haywood discusses both. In addressing reactive change, Haywood offers that the process is a more - time is of the essence – condition, and that strong leadership and a firm hand on employee control is imperative. “Personal leadership, tough-mindedness, the willingness to ruthlessly abandon the familiar and the past, and the use of informal strategic levers are the hallmarks of sterling executive performance in such periods,” he says. “All these changes involve substantial technical, financial, and human risks,” Haywood wants you to know. “In order to make them, and still remain competitive, hospitality and travel-related corporations require executives capable of creating a vision of the future, able to sell that vision to their employees, and tough-minded enough to implement strategies to make the vision a reality.”

Diferenças na percepção de risco entre peritos e novatos

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações

Learnings, case studies and guidelines for establishing shared and collaborative service delivery in the non-government sector: Evaluation of the Multi-Tenant Service Centre (MTSC) Pilots Project

This report presents learnings, case studies, guidelines and resources for non-government organisations that are planning to implement shared or collaborative arrangements with other agencies. It summarises results from an evaluation of the implementation phase of the Multi-Tenant Service Centre (MTSC) Pilots Project, which was completed in June 2008. This evaluation shows that developing and implementing shared and collaborative arrangements is a complex process that presents many risks, challenges and barriers to success, but can have many potential benefits for non government organisations. As this report makes clear, there is no ‘one size fits all’ approach to this process. The MTSC Pilots Project was conducted by the Department of Communities (DoC), Queensland Government, as part of its Strengthening Non-Government Organisations strategy. The objective of the MTSC Pilots initiative was to co-locate separate service providers in an appropriately located centre, operating with effective and transparent management, which enabled service providers to improve client services. Three MTSC consortiums in Mackay, Caboolture and Toowoomba were selected as the pilots over a four year period from 2006 – 2010.

Uganda and Malawi field pilots of proposed LSMS fisheries module: summary report

While an overwhelming majority of sub-Saharan African countries exhibit serious weaknesses in statistics pertaining to crop and livestock sectors, the deficiencies in terms of nationally representative data on the fishery sector are even more acute. The very little data available on the sector are essentially derived from case studies of selected fisheries, and the limited nationally representative data available are generally derived from a few questions included in the livestock section of household surveys. These do not permit the detailed characterization of the fishery production systems. As a consequence in many countries the decision-makers and planners lack the most basic information about the role and importance of the fisheries sector to their national economy. As part of an initiative called the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) project, a collaboration was developed between the World Bank and the WorldFish Center to address this situation. This report provides detail on pilot testing of a fisheries module for living standards measurement surveys.

Evaluation of total purchasing pilots in England and Scotland and implications for primary care groups in England: personal interviews and analysis of routine data

Objectives: To evaluate the reported achievements of the 52 first wave total purchasing pilot schemes in 1996-7 and the factors associated with these; and to consider the implications of these findings for the development of the proposed primary care groups.