Aplicação de biofungicidas no controle do fungo Aspergillus flavus L. em amendoim (Arachis hypogaea)

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Essential oils from herbs against foodborne pathogens in chicken sausage

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Economic analysis for oregano under irrigation considering economic risk factors

The oregano is a plant, rich in essential oil and very used as spice in the preparation of foods. The objective of this paper was to analyze the viability of irrigation for oregano in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo state, Brazil, including economic risk factors, their effect on irrigation total cost, as well as the different pumping kinds. The Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to study the economic factors: fixed cost, labor, maintenance, pumping and water. The use of irrigation for the oregano in the region of Presidente Prudente is indicated because of its economic feasibility and the reduced risks. The average values of the benefit/cost for all water depths tested were higher than 1, indicating viability. The use of irrigation promoted lower risks compared to the non irrigated crop. The micro irrigation system presented greater sensitivity to changes of prices of the equipment associated to the variation of the useful life of the system. The oregano selling price was the most important factor involved in annual net profit. The water cost was the factor of lesser influence on the total cost. Due to the characteristic of high drip irrigation frequency there was no difference between the tariffs based in use hour of electric energy classified as green and blue, which are characterized by applying different rates on the energy consumption and demand according to the hours of day and times of the year. For the studied region it was recommended drip irrigation water management of oregano with the daily application of 100% of pan evaporation Class A using electric motor with tariffs blue or green.

Medicinal plants - prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets lead to significant economic losses in livestock husbandry. A high morbidity has been reported for diarrhea (calves ≤ 35 %; piglets ≤ 50 %) and for respiratory diseases (calves ≤ 80 %; piglets ≤ 40 %). Despite a highly diverse etiology and pathophysiology of these diseases, treatment with antimicrobials is often the first-line therapy. Multi-antimicrobial resistance in pathogens results in international accordance to strengthen the research in novel treatment options. Medicinal plants bear a potential as alternative or additional treatment. Based on the versatile effects of their plant specific multi-component-compositions, medicinal plants can potentially act as 'multi-target drugs'. Regarding the plurality of medicinal plants, the aim of this systematic review was to identify potential medicinal plant species for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases and for modulation of the immune system and inflammation in calves and piglets. RESULTS Based on nine initial sources including standard textbooks and European ethnoveterinary studies, a total of 223 medicinal plant species related to the treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases was identified. A defined search strategy was established using the PRISMA statement to evaluate 30 medicinal plant species starting from 20'000 peer-reviewed articles published in the last 20 years (1994-2014). This strategy led to 418 references (257 in vitro, 84 in vivo and 77 clinical trials, thereof 48 clinical trials in veterinary medicine) to evaluate effects of medicinal plants and their efficacy in detail. The findings indicate that the most promising candidates for gastrointestinal diseases are Allium sativum L., Mentha x piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L.; for diseases of the respiratory tract Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Thymus vulgaris L. and Althea officinalis L. were found most promising, and Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH, Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Origanum vulgare L. were identified as best candidates for modulation of the immune system and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Several medicinal plants bear a potential for novel treatment strategies for young livestock. There is a need for further research focused on gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets, and the findings of this review provide a basis on plant selection for future studies.

Effect of grape seed extract on oxidative, color and sensory stability of pre-cooked, frozen, re-heated beef sausage model system

The processing of meats at the factory level can trigger the onset of lipid oxidation, which can lead to meat quality deterioration. Warmed over flavor is an off-flavor, which is associated with oxidative deterioration in meat. To avoid or delay the auto-oxidation process in meat products, synthetic and natural antioxidants have been successfully used. Grape (Vitis Vinifera) is of special interest due to its high content of phenolic compounds. Grape seed extract sold commercially as a dietary supplement, has the potential to reduce lipid oxidation and WOF in cooked ground beef when added at 1%. The objective of study 1 was to compare the antioxidant activity of natural antioxidants including grape seed extract and some herbs belonging to the Lamiaciae family: rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis), sage (Salvia Officinalis) and oregano (Origanum Vulgare) with commercial synthetic antioxidants like BHT, BHA, propyl gallate and ascorbic acid using the ORAC assay. All sample solutions were prepared to contain 1.8 gm sample/10 ml solvent. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the grape seed extract sample (359.75 µM TE), while the lowest was observed for BHA, propyl gallate and rosemary also showed higher antioxidant potential with ORAC values above 300 μmol TE/g. ORAC values obtained for ascorbic acid and Sage were between 250-300μ mol TE/g while lowest values were obtained for Butylated Hydroxytoluene (28.50 µM TE). Based on the high ORAC values obtained for grape seed extract, we can conclude that byproducts of the wine/grape industry have antioxidant potential comparable to or better than those present in synthetic counterparts. The objective of study 2 was to compare three levels of grape seed extract (GSE) to commonly used antioxidants in a pre-cooked, frozen, stored beef and pork sausage model system. Antioxidants added for comparison with control included grape seed extract (100, 300, 500 ppm), ascorbic acid (AA, 100 ppm of fat) and propyl gallate (PG, 100 ppm of fat). Product was formed into rolls, frozen, sliced into patties, cooked on a flat griddle to 70C, overwrapped in PVC, and then frozen at –18C for 4 months. GSE- and PG-containing samples retained their fresh cooked beef odor and flavor longer (p<0.05) than controls during storage. Rancid odor and flavor scores of GSE-containing samples were lower (p<0.05) than those of controls after 4 months of storage. The L* value of all samples increased (p<0.05) during storage. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the control and AA-containing samples increased (p<0.05); those of GSE-containing samples did not change significantly (p>0.05) over the storage period.

Contribution of plant phytochemicals to organic homeostasis: focus on the aging process and opportunistic infections

Aging process is conceived as a normal stage during human life cycle, but it is also considered a hot topic among scientists and medical community. Alarming rates of premature aging and oxidative stress-related diseases have increasingly affect human individuals. Stress, pollution and exposition to chemical substances are considered the main triggering factors for those conditions; in addition, they also suppress the immune system and, therefore, improve organic vulnerability and occurrence of opportunistic infections [I]. Apart from the associated morbidity and mortality, the increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance improve the severity of the clinical conditions [2]. Botanical preparations possess a multitude of bioactive properties, namely acting as antimicrobials, antioxidants, and homeostasis modulators. Thus, upcoming alternatives, mainly based in plant phytochemicals, are necessary to improve the wellbeing as also life expectancy of individuals. The present study aims to evaluate and to compare both antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds. Among the tested plants, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) evidenced the most pronounced free radicals scavenging and antimicrobial effects, followed by Salvia officina/is L. (sage), Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) and Origanum vulgare L. (oregano). Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (blue gum) and Juglans regia L. (walnut) also showed a high effect, while Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk. (carqueja) and Rubus ulmifolius Schott (elm leaf blackberry) displayed moderate effects, and lastly, Tabebuia impetigirwsa (Mart. ex DC) Standley (pau d'arco), Foeniculum vulgare Miller (fennel), Rosa canina L. (rose hips) and Matricaria recutita L. (chamomile) gave only slight effects. In general, the most pronounced bioactivities were observed in the plant preparations (infusion>decoction>hydromethanolic extract) with higher levels of phenolic compounds (both flavonoids and phenolic acids). The observed synergisms between the phenolic compounds present in the extracts highlight the use of phytochemicals as future health promoters. However, further studies are necessary to understand the effective mode of action of individual phenolic constituents as also the existence of polyvalence relationships between them.

Composição nutricional e elaboração do biscoito e da barra de cereal do fruto de Tucamã (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.)

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar

Biological activities and oil properties of Origanum glandulosum Desf: a review

Origanum glandulosum Desf. (Species endemic of North Africa: Tunisia and Algeria) is important medicinally as it has antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, antithrombin, antimutagenic, angiogenic, antiparasetic and antihyperglycaemic activities. Phytochemical investigations of the species of this genus have resulted in the extraction of a number of important bioactive compounds. This emphasizes on the need of extensive study for reporting the additional information on the medicinal importance, the biological activities and properties of oil of other unattended species of Origanum glandulosum. © 2015 Springer-Verlag France.

Molluscicidal and Mosquitocidal Activities of the Essential oils of Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. and Marrubium vulgare L.

Steam distillation of essential oils of aerial parts of Thymus capitatus and Marrubium vulgare L. collected at North cost of Egypt yielded 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively. Results of Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of the two samples identified 96.27% and 90.19% of the total oil composition for T. capitatus and M. vulgare, respectively. The two oil samples appeared dominated by the oxygenated constituents (88.22% for T. capitatus and 57.50% for M. vulgare), composed of phenols, mainly carvacrol (32.98%) and thymol (32.82%) in essential oil of T. capitatus, and thymol (34.55%) in essential oil of M. vulgare. It was evaluated the molluscicidal activity of T. capitatus and M. vulgare essential oils on adult and eggs of Biomphalaria alexandrina as well as their mosquitocidal activity on Culex pipiens. The LC50 and LC90 of T. capitatus essential oil against adult snails was 200 and 400 ppm/3hrs, respectively, while for M. vulgare it was 50 and 100 ppm/3hrs, respectively. Moreover, M. vulgare showed LC100 ovicidal activity at 200 ppm/24 hrs while T. capitatus oil showed no ovicidal activity. It was verified mosquitocidal activity, with LC50 and LC90 of 100 and 200 ppm/12hrs respectively for larvae, and 200 and 400 ppm/12hrs respectively for pupae of C. pipiens.

Desenvolvimento de uma bebida por infusão à base de cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Tecnologia e segurança alimentar

Aplicação de baixas doses de radiação ionizante no fruto brasileiro tucumã (Astrocarium vulgare Mart.)

O tucumã (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) é um fruto nativo da Amazônia, de ocorrência principal no estado do Pará, mas também encontrado nos estados do nordeste e do centro-oeste brasileiro. O tucumã é considerado como uma excelente fonte de carotenóides com maior concentração em β-caroteno, precursor da vitamina A, e além dos carotenóides, também é importante fonte de vitamina B2 (riboflavina). Por este motivo, o presente trabalho objetivou analisar os efeitos da irradiação gama sobre o valor nutricional do tucumã. Os frutos de tucumã foram irradiados com as doses de 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 kGy num irradiador com fonte de césio 137. Foram determinados os teores de carotenóides totais por espectrofotometria. As análises de α e β-caroteno, tiamina, riboflavina foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Foi detectado que o β-caroteno representa 80% dos carotenóides totais e que com uma dose de 2 kGy ocorreram as maiores reduções de β-caroteno, cerca de 7,5% em relação ao controle. Os frutos também apresentaram altos teores de riboflavina de 0,183 a 0,222 μg 100 g-1 e mantiveram a estabilidade após o processo de radiação gama, no entanto, os teores de tiamina foram baixos de 0,050 a 0,033 μg 100 g-1, e os frutos irradiados na dose de 2 kGy apresentaram reduções significativas de tiamina, cerca de 34% em relação ao controle.

Estudio ecofisiológico y agronómico del orégano en los sistemas de producción en Córdoba. EcophysiologicalL and agronomic studies of traditional and organic origanum production in Córdoba.

El presente proyecto da respuesta a la problemática agronómica de la Producción de Orégano en Córdoba siendo incluso extensible a la República Argentina. Existe una demanda del producto no satisfecha tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. La producción está en manos de pequeños productores los que necesitan de tecnologías para mejorar su capacidad productiva, e incluso exportar. En este contexto falta investigación básica y aplicada en relación a aspectos agronómicos de la Producción Primaria (Cultivo - Cosecha), de los ecotipos: Compacto Negrito, Criollo Mendocino, Chileno II, Verde Limón, Aromet Rosa 1, Aromet Rosa 2 y Orégano Invasor designado por la Cooperativa como Orégano Plaga. La hipótesis general del proyecto es: El Sistema de Producción Tradicional y Orgánico de los distintos ecotipos de orégano se los puede caracterizar agronómica y económicamente desde la perspectiva taxonómica, ecofisiológica, sanitaria y de la calidad del producto. Los objetivos son: a-Analizar los ecotipos de orégano en base a la taxonomía y el comportamiento ecofisiológico. b-Identificar las plagas y enfermedades. c-Evaluar la calidad del producto y el impacto económico de los Sistemas de Producción Tradicional y Orgánico. Las Metodologías incluyen evaluaciones respecto a variables: Taxonómicas, Anatómicas, Ecofisiológicas (Economía del Agua, del Carbono y de los Nutrientes), Fitosanitarias, Calidad del producto y evalución económica de los Sistemas Productivos en el contexto de la cadena de valor. De este proyecto se esperan obtener conocimientos básicos y aplicados sobre los Sistemas de Producción de orégano optimizando tecnologías económicamente sustentables.

Fosforilación de lípidos señales disparada por ABA, NaCl y manitol en coleóptilos, raíces y células de aleurona de cebada (Hordeum vulgare). Lipid signaling phosphorylation triggered by ABA, NaCl and mannitol in coleoptile, roots and aleurone cells of barley (Hordeum vulgare).

Es bien conocido que los fosfolípidos son un conjunto de moléculas capaces de funcionar como reguladores en diversos procesos celulares. Al respecto, este proyecto tiene como objetivo dilucidar la participación de los mismos, en particular ácido fosfatídico (PA) y diacilglicerol pirofosfato (DGPP) durante el efecto antagónico de ABA en la germinación y como reguladores de la respuesta al estrés salino en la plántula. Se sabe que las plantas responden de forma rápida y adecuada a una situación de estrés modificando el patrón de fosfolípidos de sus membranas, lo cual lleva a un cambio global en las actividad de lípido quinasas, fosfatasas y a la expresión/represión de genes particulares. El desarrollo de la propuesta permitiría responder dos cuestiones básicas: conocer la relación entre fosfolípidos y ABA e indagar su participación durante la señal de estrés. La relevancia de la propuesta radica en la necesidad de ampliar el conocimiento sobre una de las causas mas importantes "estrés salino" que afecta la germinación de la semilla y luego el crecimiento y desarrollo de la plántula. En principio se evaluara a nivel morfológico, bioquímico y molecular el efecto de ABA y de fosfolípidos. Se pretende indagar sobre cambios a nivel de vacuolización en protoplastos aislados, actividad de enzimas relacionadas, pH intracelular, nivel de fosfolípidos y enzimas implicadas en su metabolismo y también efectos sobre la expresión génica. Por otro lado, se analizara los niveles de fosfolípidos y enzimas relacionadas con su metabolismo en raíces y coleoptilos de semillas que germinaron bajo condiciones de estrés. Asimismo, se identificaran los cambios morfológicos provocados por el estrés en la longitud de coleóptilos y raíces. Por ultimo como indicador de una respuesta al estrés se evaluara los cambios en los niveles de prolina. La importancia del proyecto es determinar el papel que desempeñan PA y DGPP en la germinación y durante la respuesta al estrés.

Efeitos do alumínio no trigo (Triticum vulgare L. var. Piratiní) cultivado em solução nutritiva I

Plântulas de trigo (Triticum vulgare L.) da variedade Piratiní considerada suscetível ao "crestamento" foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva empregando-se a técnica das raízes divididas. As plantas submetidas aos tratamentos correspondentes às concentrações mais elevadas de alumínio, mostraram clorose nas folhas superiores e mais característicamente inibição no desenvolvimento das raízes mergulhadas nas soluções com alumínio. Os tratamentos provocaram alterações na composição das plantas em nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e alumínio sem afetar o pêso da matéria sêca das diferentes par tes da planta com exceção das raízes em contato com o alumínio.

Interação entre alumínio e fósforo, em duas variedades de trigo (Triticum Vulgare L.) cultivado em solução nutritiva

Plântulas de trigo da variedade Piratiní suscetível ao "crestamento" e da variedade Colônias, considerada resistente, foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva empregando-se a técnica das raízes divididas. Estas variedades foram submetidas aos tratamentos correspondentes as concentrações de 0,2 a 6,0 ppm de alumínio, sendo aplicados 25 microcuries de fósforo radioativo que foram retirados posteriormente a fim de que fôsse determinada a sua translocação. Em ambas variedades observou-se que a concentração de alumínio nas fôlhas não influia na translocação do fósforo (32P) para as fôlhas novas. Entretanto, as relações entre os teores de alumínio nas fôlhas e os teores de fósforo nas fôlhas, hastes e raízes foram diferentes nas variedades estudadas.