Marketing plan for Educational Center "The Unknow Islands" Russia

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Marketing plan for Le Coq Sportif Russia

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

In vitro antifungal activities of leaf extracts of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) against clinically important yeast species

Introduction There are few studies reporting the antifungal activities of Lippia alba extracts. Methods A broth microdilution assay was used to evaluate the antifungal effects of Lippia alba extracts against seven yeast species of Candida and Cryptococcus. The butanol fraction was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results The butanol fraction showed the highest activity against Candida glabrata. The fraction also acted synergistically with itraconazole and fluconazole against C. glabrata. The dominant compounds in the butanol fraction were 2,2,5-trimethyl-3,4-hexanedione, 3,5-dimethyl-4-octanone and hexadecane. Conclusions The butanol fraction may be a good candidate in the search for new drugs from natural products with antifungal activity.

Avaliação do desempenho agronômico da Bertalha (Basella alba L. Syn B. rubra) em Ouro Preto d'Oeste, Estado de Rondônia

RESUMOQuatro cultivares de bertalha (Basella alba L. syn B. rubra) foram comparadas em um experimento instalado em Ouro Preto D'Oeste, Rondônia, de janeiro a abril de 1985. As cultivares usadas foram: INPA 80, INPA 81, TATÁ e CALCUTÁ. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças significativas entre cultivares para a produção de galhos e folhas no segundo corte e produção toral. A cultivar TATÁ foi a que melhor se comportou, produzindo, respectivamente 685 e 992 g/planta no 2ocorte e produção total.

Absorção de nutrientes pela amoreira Morus alba L

Com o intuito de se conhecer os teores porcentuais dos macronutrientes e as concentrações em ppm dos micronutrientes; assim como, a quantidade total dos nutrientes extraída pela cultura da amoreira (Morus alba L.), colheu-se folhas e ramos de um certo número de pés em épocas diferentes. O material após analisado revelou que o N apresenta-se em maior concentração, sendo seguido pelo K, Ca, Mg, P e S. Dentre os micronutrientes o Fe apresentou maior concentração, seguido pelo Mh, Zn, B e Cu. Os autores determinaram que uma planta de amoreira extraiu as seguintes quantidades dos nutrientes: N-22g; P-l,6g; K-18,5g; Ca-13,3g; Mg-3,5g; S-1,2g; B-4,7ug; Cu-6,5ug; Fe-109ug; Mn-70,6ug; Zn-30ug.

Efeito do ácido beta indolacético e de cloreto de cálcio no enraizamento de estacas da amoreira (Morus alba, L., var. Catânia 1) em estufim, plantadas na posição invertida

Os autores apresentam neste trabalho os resultados de experimento de enraizamento de estacas de amoreira (Morus alba L., var. Catânia 1) com o emprego de hormônio vegetal sintético, ácido Beta indolacético (100 ppm) e soluções de cloreto de cálcio (2,5 5,00 10,00 iônios Ca++/1.000 ml) . Aquela variedade, uma das mais produtiva em folhas que por sua vez se apresentam mais ricas em elementos nutritivos à alimentação do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L.), dificilmente se propaga pela estaquia natural, o que impede seu cultivo no sistema de "cepo". Depois das estacas da amoreira (Morus alba L., var. Catânia 1) terem sido preparadas e tratadas durante 24 horas em vasilhames de polietileno, foram no dia 24 de outubro de 1973, plantadas na posição invertida em substrato ,areia grossa lavada) contido em estufim. A retirada das estacas e consequentemente a conclusão do experimento, verificou-se 110 dias após seu plantio.

Deficiências minerais em plantas de bertalha ( Basella alba, L.)

Plantas de bertalha (Basella alba, L.) INPA-1 foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação em quartzo moído, irrigadas com soluções nutritivas conforme SARRUGE (1975) e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: completo, omissão de N, omissão de P, omissão de K, omissão de Ca, omissão de Mg e omissão de S, com o objetivo de: (a) obter sintomas de deficiência dos ma cronutrientes; (b) analisar o crescimento das plantas através da produção de matéria seca; (c) determinar a concentração dos macronutrientes nas folhas e caules das plantas cultivadas nos diversos tratamentos. Os sintomas visuais de deficiência foram identificados e descritos. As plantas foram coletadas e separadas em raiz, caule, folhas e determinaram-se os teores dos macronutrientes minerais neste material. Os resultados obtidos mostram: - os sintomas visuais de deficiência são bem definidos e de fácil caracterização para todos os nutrientes; - só foi possível detectar efeito na produção de matéria seca das folhas e caules para omissão de nitrogênio e para omissão de potássio nos caules; - os níveis de deficiência e adequação obtidos nas folhas foram respectivamente: N% = 1,25 e 2,63; P% = 0,17 e 0,36; K% = 0,46 e 3,55; Ca% = 0,62e 1,78; Mg% = 0,37 e 0,80; s%= 0,19 e 0,23. - os níveis de deficiência e adequação obtidos nos caules foram respectivamente: N% = 0,67 e 0,98; P% = 0,13 e 0,31; K% = 0,73 e 2,67; Ca% = 0,11 e 0,64; Mg% = 0,08 e 0,20; S% = 0,15 e 0,20.

Age-related change in melanin-based coloration of Barn owls (Tyto alba): females that become more female-like and males that become more male-like perform better

Ornament expression fluctuates with age in many organisms. Whether these changes are adaptively plastic is poorly known. In order to understand the ultimate function of melanin-based ornaments, we studied their within-individual fluctuations and their covariation with fitness-related traits. In barn owls (Tyto alba), individuals vary from reddish-brown pheomelanic to white and from immaculate to marked with black eumelanic spots, males being less reddish and less spotted than females. During the first molt, both sexes became less pheomelanic, females displayed larger spots and males fewer spots, but the extent of these changes was not associated with reproduction. At subsequent molts, intra-individual changes in melanin-based traits covaried with simultaneous reproduction changes. Adult females bred earlier in the season and laid larger eggs when they became scattered with larger spots, while adults of both sexes produced larger broods when they became whiter. These results suggest that the production of melanin pigments and fitness-related life history traits are concomitantly regulated in a sex-specific way.

Female plumage spottiness and parasite resistance in the barn owl (Tyto alba)

The hypothesis that extravagant ornaments signal parasite resistance has received support in several species for ornamented males but more rarely for ornamented females. However, recent theories have proposed that females should often be under sexual selection, and therefore females may signal the heritable capacity to resist parasites. We investigated this hypothesis in the socially monogamous barn owl, Tyto alba, in which females exhibit on average more and larger black spots on the plumage than males, and in which males were suggested to choose a mate with respect to female plumage spottiness. We hypothesized that the proportion of the plumage surface covered by black spots signals parasite resistance. In line with this hypothesis, we found that the ectoparasitic fly, Carnus hemapterus, was less abundant on young raised by more heavily spotted females and those flies were less fecund. In an experiment, where entire clutches were cross-fostered between nests, we found that the fecundity of the flies collected on nestlings was negatively correlated with the genetic mother's plumage spottiness. These results suggest that the ability to resist parasites covaries with the extent of female plumage spottiness. Among females collected dead along roads, those with a lot of black spots had a small bursa of Fabricius. Given that parasites bigger the development of this immune organ, this observation further suggests that more spotted females are usually less parasitized. The same analyses performed on male plumage spottiness all provided non-significant results. To our knowledge, this study is the first one showing that a heritable secondary sexual characteristics displayed by females reflects parasite resistance.

On estimation and identifiability issues of sex-linked inheritance with a case study of pigmentation in Swiss barn owl (Tyto alba)

Genetic evaluation using animal models or pedigree-based models generally assume only autosomal inheritance. Bayesian animal models provide a flexible framework for genetic evaluation, and we show how the model readily can accommodate situations where the trait of interest is influenced by both autosomal and sex-linked inheritance. This allows for simultaneous calculation of autosomal and sex-chromosomal additive genetic effects. Inferences were performed using integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA), a nonsampling-based Bayesian inference methodology. We provide a detailed description of how to calculate the inverse of the X- or Z-chromosomal additive genetic relationship matrix, needed for inference. The case study of eumelanic spot diameter in a Swiss barn owl (Tyto alba) population shows that this trait is substantially influenced by variation in genes on the Z-chromosome (sigma(2)(z) = 0.2719 and sigma(2)(a) = 0.4405). Further, a simulation study for this study system shows that the animal model accounting for both autosomal and sex-chromosome-linked inheritance is identifiable, that is, the two effects can be distinguished, and provides accurate inference on the variance components.

Habitat, breeding performance, diet and individual age in Swiss barn owls (Tyto alba)

Intensification of farming over the past 50 years has homogenised the landscape structure and contributed to the decline of bird populations in Europe. To better target the conservation of the Barn Owl Tyto alba, we assessed the influence of the landscape structure on breeding performance in western Switzerland. The analyses considered a 23-year data set of breeding parameters collected in an area dominated by intensive agriculture. Using a Geographic Information System approach, landscape characteristics were described around 194 nest sites. Our analyses showed that nest-box occupancy, laying date, clutch and brood size, egg volume and probability of producing a second annual clutch were not significantly associated with any of the eight principal landscape variables (agricultural land, woodland, urban area, hedgerows, cereals, sugar beet, maize and meadow). Nevertheless, the probability that a breeding pair occupied a nest-box decreased the more roads there were surrounding the nest-box. The absence of strong associations between habitat features and breeding parameters suggests that prey availability may be relatively similar between the different breeding sites. In our study area Barn Owls can always find suitable foraging habitats around most nest-boxes.

Da Bisanzio alla Santa Russia : Nikodim Kondakov (1844-1925) e la nascita della storia dell'arte in Russia : con la traduzione del primo volume dell' "Ikonografija Bogomateri"

Da Bisanzio alla Santa Russia Résumé Ivan Foletti Le texte du premier volume de YIkonografija Bogomatri (Iconographie de la mère de Dieu), publié en 1914 à Saint Pétersbourg par Nikodim Kondakov et traduit dans le cadre de ce travail, soulève chez le lecteur contemporain de nombreuses questions quant au développement des études byzantines, entre la fin du XIXe et le début du XXe siècle. Il s'agit, avant tout, de comprendre les enjeux fondamentaux de la naissance de cette discipline, dans le cadre de l'Europe romantique et plus particulièrement de son acculturation à la réalité russe. En se concentrant sur le personnage de Nikodim Kondakov, considéré par ses contemporains comme le patriarche des études byzantines, ce travail propose d'articuler la réflexion autour de deux axes principaux. Il s'agit d'une part de la relation entre histoire de l'art et société : dans le contexte russe et plus largement dans celui de l'Europe, la recherche semble se développer en étroite relation avec les tendances politiques et sociales de ces années. C'est probablement la raison du choix pour Nikodim Kondakov de se dédier aux études de Byzance, dans les années où la Russie prépare sa guerre contre la Turquie (1877-1878), tandis que l'opinion publique est martelée avec un revival de l'ancienne idéologie de Moscou comme « troisième Rome » et héritière de Byzance. Un autre aspect significatif est la décision de ce même chercheur d'étudier les antiquités russes sous le règne de Alexandre III, le tzar « contre-réformateur », quand la Russie se replie sur elle même autour de trois mots d'ordre: Orthodoxie, autocratie, et nationalité. D'autre part, la réception de Kondakov en Occident, semble aussi dépendre de questions politiques. Son accueil très favorable en France et en Angleterre contraste avec une perception bien plus négative en Autriche et en Allemagne ; il s'agit là d'une position en étonnante harmonie avec les traités politiques - l'alliance franco-russe de 1891 et la triple entente de 1911 qui opposent les pays membres aux empires centraux. Le deuxième axe considéré est celui d'une analyse systématique de la naissance des études sur les images cultuelles russes, les icônes. Les pages dédiées à ce phénomène dans Γ Ikonograflja Bogomatri, mais également dans les autres ouvrages de Kondakov, posent clairement la question des raisons nationalistes et populistes de la redécouverte, autour de 1900, en Russie et en Europe de cette expression visuelle. Conclusion logique de la tradition historiographique du XIXe siècle - qui s'est préoccupé des icônes perçues comme documents historiques - cette nouvelle vague d'intérêt pose la question de l'icône commé"oeuvre d'art. C'est autour de ce débat, alimenté également par l'apparition des avant-gardes, que se situent les plus importants savants russes de ces années en opposant deux manières radicalement différentes de percevoir l'art : à l'approche positiviste s'oppose celle d'un renouveau d'Hegel. Ce débat sera brusquement interrompu par la révolution, suivie par les années staliniennes qui vont définitivement « discerner » laquelle des deux méthodes et approches est la « juste », en congelant de fait, pour des décennies, toute possibilité de discussion. Cette thèse souhaiterait donc ouvrir en Occident un débat pour l'instant marginal dans les études : celui de la naissance d'une histoire de l'art moderne en Russie, mais également de l'émergence d'une nouvelle Europe savante autour de 1900 où l'histoire de l'art byzantin s'affirme comme un domaine émergent.