Detection of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2(PAI-2) in gingival crevicular fluid from healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients

Background: The regulation of plasminogen activation is a key element in controlling proteolytic events in the extracellular matrix. Our previous studies had demonstrated that in inflamed gingival tissues, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is significantly increased in the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue and that interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) can up regulate the level of t-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts. Method: In the present study, the levels of t-PA and PAI-2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were measured from healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites and compared before and after periodontal treatment. Crevicular fluid from 106 periodontal sites in 33 patients were collected. 24 sites from 11 periodontitis patients received periodontal treatment after the first sample collection and post-treatment samples were collected 14 days after treatment. All samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for t-PA and PAI-2. Results: The results showed that significantly high levels of t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF were found in the gingivitis and periodontitis sites. Periodontal treatment led to significant decreases of PAI-2, but not t-PA, after 14 days. A significant positive linear correlation was found between t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF (r=0.80, p

Crevicular fluid biomarkers and periodontal disease progression.

AIM Assess the ability of a panel of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers as predictors of periodontal disease progression (PDP). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 100 individuals participated in a 12-month longitudinal investigation and were categorized into four groups according to their periodontal status. GCF, clinical parameters and saliva were collected bi-monthly. Subgingival plaque and serum were collected bi-annually. For 6 months, no periodontal treatment was provided. At 6 months, patients received periodontal therapy and continued participation from 6 to 12 months. GCF samples were analysed by ELISA for MMP-8, MMP-9, Osteoprotegerin, C-reactive Protein and IL-1β. Differences in median levels of GCF biomarkers were compared between stable and progressing participants using Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (p = 0.05). Clustering algorithm was used to evaluate the ability of oral biomarkers to classify patients as either stable or progressing. RESULTS Eighty-three individuals completed the 6-month monitoring phase. With the exception of GCF C-reactive protein, all biomarkers were significantly higher in the PDP group compared to stable patients. Clustering analysis showed highest sensitivity levels when biofilm pathogens and GCF biomarkers were combined with clinical measures, 74% (95% CI = 61, 86). CONCLUSIONS Signature of GCF fluid-derived biomarkers combined with pathogens and clinical measures provides a sensitive measure for discrimination of PDP (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00277745).

Multiple Markers of Inflammation in Crevicular Fluid During Experimental Gingivitis

Objective: To evaluate temporal changes in GCF levels of substance P, cathepsin G, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1&beta), neutrophil elastase and alpha1-antitrypsin (&alpha1AT) during development of and recovery from experimental gingivitis. Methods: Healthy human volunteers participated in a split-mouth study: experimental gingivitis was induced using a soft vinyl splint to cover test teeth during brushing over 21 days, after which normal brushing was resumed. Modified gingival index (MGI), gingival bleeding index (BI) and modified Quigley and Hein plaque index (PI) were assessed and 30-second GCF samples taken from 4 paired test and contra-lateral control sites in each subject at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42. GCF volume was measured and site-specific quantification of one analyte per GCF sample was performed using radioimmunoassay (substance P), enzyme assay (cathepsin G) or ELISA (IL-1&beta, elastase, &alpha1AT). Site-specific data were analysed using analysis of repeated measurements and paired sample tests. Results: 56 subjects completed the study. All measurements at baseline (day 0) and at control sites throughout the study were low. Clinical indices and GCF volumes at the test sites increased from day 0, peaking at day 21 (difference between test and control for PI, BI, MGI and GCF all p<0.0001) and decreased again to control levels by day 28. Levels of four inflammatory markers showed a similar pattern, with significant differences between test and control apparent at 7 days (substance P p=0.0015; cathepsin G p=0.029; IL-1&beta p=0.026; elastase p=0.0129) and peaking at day 21 (substance P p=0.0023; cathepsin G, IL-1&beta and elastase all p<0.0001). Levels of &alpha1AT showed no apparent pattern over the course of the study. Conclusion: GCF levels of substance P, cathepsin G, IL-1&beta and neutrophil elastase have the potential to act as early markers of experimentally-induced gingival inflammation.

Connective tissue graft plus resin-modified glass ionomer restoration for the treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesions: Microbiological and immunological results

Objectives: It was previously reported the clinical results of placing subgingival resin-modified glass ionomer restoration for treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of this treatment on the subgingival biofilm and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) inflammatory markers. Materials and methods: Thirty-four patients presenting the combined defect were selected. The defects were treated with either connective tissue graft plus modified glass ionomer restoration (CTG+R) or with connective tissue graft only (CTG). Evaluation included bleeding on probing and probing depth, 5 different bacteria targets in the subgingival plaque assessed at baseline, 45, and 180 days post treatments, and 9 inflammatory mediators were also assessed in the GCF. Results: The levels of each target bacterium were similar during the entire period of evaluation (p > 0. 05), both within and between groups. The highest levels among the studied species were observed for the bacterium associated with periodontal health. Additionally, the levels of all cyto/chemokines analyzed were not statistically different between groups (p > 0. 05). Conclusion: Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that the presence of subgingival restoration may not interfere with the subgingival microflora and with GCF inflammatory markers analyzed. Clinical relevance: This approach usually leads to the placement of a subgingival restoration. There is a lack of information about the microbiological and immunological effects of this procedure. The results suggest that this combined approach may be considered as a treatment option for the lesion included in this study. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.

Tenascin-C and matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels in crevicular fluid of teeth and implants

The role of and interaction between bacterial infection and biomechanical impact in the development of peri-implant inflammatory processes is not clear.

Consumption of bilberries controls gingival inflammation

Bioactive molecules in berries may be helpful in reducing the risk of oral diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bilberry consumption on the outcome of a routine dental clinical parameter of inflammation, bleeding on probing (BOP), as well as the impact on selected biomarkers of inflammation, such as cytokines, in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in individuals with gingivitis. Study individuals who did not receive standard of care treatment were allocated to either a placebo group or to groups that consumed either 250 or 500 g bilberries daily over seven days. The placebo group consumed an inactive product (starch). A study group, receiving standard of care (debridement only) was also included to provide a reference to standard of care treatment outcome. Cytokine levels were assayed using the Luminex MagPix system. The mean reduction in BOP before and after consumption of test product over 1 week was 41% and 59% in the groups that consumed either 250 or 500 g of bilberries/day respectively, and was 31% in the placebo group, and 58% in the standard of care reference group. The analysis only showed a significantreduction in cytokine levels in the group that consumed 500 g of bilberries/day. A statistically significant reduction was observed for IL-1β (p = 0.025), IL-6 (p = 0.012) and VEGF (p = 0.017) in GCF samples in the group that consumed 500 g of bilberries daily. It appears that berry intake has an ameliorating effect on some markers of gingival inflammation reducing gingivitis to a similar extent compared to standard of care.

Associations among Emdogain®, human oral carcinoma cells and oral proteolytic enzymes

The Enamel matrix derivative Emdogain® (EMD) is a commercially available tissue extract preparation of porcine enamel origin. Studies have shown EMD to be clinically useful in promoting periodontal regeneration. EMD has been widely used in periodontal therapy for over ten years, but the mechanism of its action and the exact composition are not completely clear. EMD is predominantly amelogenin (>90%). However, unlike amelogenin, EMD has a number of growth factor-like effects and it has been shown to enhance the proliferation, migration and other cellular functions of periodontal ligament fibroblasts and osteoblasts. In contrast, the effects of EMD on epithelial cell lines and in particular on oral malignant cells have not been adequately studied. In addition, EMD has effects on the production of cytokines by several oral cell lines and the product is in constant interaction with different oral enzymes. Regardless of the various unknown properties of EMD, it is said to be clinically safe in regenerative procedures, also in medically compromised patients. The aim of the study was to examine whether gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), which contains several different proteolysis enzymes, could degrade EMD and alter its biological functions. In addition, the objective was to study the effects of EMD on carcinogenesis-related factors, in particular MMPs, using in vitro and in vivo models. This study also aimed to contribute to the understanding of the composition of EMD. GCF was capable of degrading EMD, depending on the periodontal status, with markedly more degradation in all states of periodontal disease compared to healthy controls. EMD was observed to stimulate the migration of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF), whereas EMD together with GCF could not stimulate this proliferation. In addition, recombinant amelogenin, the main component of EMD, decreased the migration of PLFs. A comparison of changes induced by EMD and TGF-β1 in the gene profiles of carcinoma cells showed TGF-β1 to regulate a greater number of genes than EMD. However, both of the study reagents enhanced the expression of MMP-10 and MMP-9. Furthermore, EMD was found to induce several factors closely related to carcinogenesis on gene, protein, cell and in vivo levels. EMD enhanced the production of MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-10 proteins by cultured carcinoma cells. In addition, EMD stimulated the migration and in vitro wound closure of carcinoma cells. EMD was also capable of promoting metastasis formation in mice. In conclusion, the diseased GCF, containing various proteases, causes degradation of EMD and decreased proliferation of PLFs. Thus, this in vitro study suggests that the regenerative effect of EMD may decrease due to proteases present in periodontal tissues during the inflammation and healing of the tissues in vivo. Furthermore, EMD was observed to enhance several carcinoma-related factors and in particular the production of MMPs by benign and malignant cell lines. These findings suggest that the clinical safety of EMD with regard to dysplastic mucosal lesions should be further investigated.

Characterization of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases and toll-like receptors in human periodontal tissue destruction

Periodontal Disease affects the supporting structures of the teeth and is initiated by a microbial biofilm called dental plaque. Severity ranges from superficial inflammation of the gingiva (gingivitis) to extensive destruction of connective tissue and bone leading to tooth loss (periodontitis). In periodontitis the destruction of tissue is caused by a cascade of microbial and host factors together with proteolytic enzymes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to be central mediators of the pathologic destruction in periodontitis. Initially plaque bacteria provide pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are sensed by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and initiate intracellular signaling cascades leading to host inflammation. Our aim was to characterize TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and its type I and II receptors in periodontal tissues, as well as, the effects of TNF-α, IL-1β (interleukin-1beta) and IL-17 on the production and/or activation of MMP-3, MMP-8 and MMP-9. Furthermore we mapped the TLRs in periodontal tissues and assessed how some of the PAMPs binding to the key TLRs found in periodontal tissues affect production of TNF-α and IL-1β by gingival epithelial cells with or without combination of IL-17. TNF-α and its receptors were detected in pericoronitis. Furthermore, increased expression of interleukin-1β and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was found as a biological indicator of TNF-α ligand-receptor interaction. MMP-3, -8, and 9 were investigated in periodontitis affected human gingival crevicular fluid and gingival fibroblasts produced pro-MMP-3. Following that, the effect of IL-17 was studied on MMP and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. IL-17 was increased in periodontitis and up-regulated IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-1 and MMP-3. We continued by demonstrating TLRs in gingival tissues, in which significant differences between patients with periodontitis and healthy controls were found. Finally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to show that the gingival cells response to inflammatory responses in a TLR-dependent manner. Briefly, this thesis demonstrates that TLRs are present in periodontal tissues and present differences in periodontitis compared to healthy controls. The cells of gingival tissues respond to inflammatory process in a TLR-dependent manner by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines. During the destruction of periodontal tissues, the release (IL-1β and TNF-α) and co-operation with other pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17), which in turn increase the inflammation and thus be more harmful to the host with the increased presence of MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9) in diseased over healthy sites.

Periodontitis and peri-implantitis biomarkers in human oral fluids and the null-allele mouse model

Tissue destruction associated with the periodontal disease progression is caused by a cascade of host and microbial factors and proteolytic enzymes. Aberrant laminin-332 (Ln-332), human beta defensin (hBD), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) functions have been found in oral inflammatory diseases. The null-allele mouse model appears as the next step in oral disease research. The MMP-8 knock-out mouse model allowed us to clarify the involvement of MMP-8 in vivo in oral and related inflammatory diseases where MMP-8 is suggested to play a key role in tissue destruction. The cleaved Ln-332 γ2-chain species has been implicated in the apical migration of sulcular epithelial cells during the formation of periodontal pockets. We demonstrated that increased Ln-332 fragment levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are strongly associated with the severity of inflammation in periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis trypsin-like proteinase can cleave an intact Ln-332 γ2-chain into smaller fragments and eventually promote the formation of periodontal pockets. hBDs are components of an innate mucosal defense against pathogenic microbes. Our results suggest that P. gingivalis trypsin-like proteinase can degrade hBD and thus reduce the innate immune response. Elevated levels and the increased activity of MMPs have been detected in several pathological tissue-destructive conditions where MMPs are shown to cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane (BM) molecules and to facilitate tissue destruction. Elevated levels of MMP-8 have been reported in many inflammatory diseases. In periodontitis, MMP-8 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and in peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) are elevated at sites of active inflammation, and the increased levels of MMP-8 are mainly responsible for collagenase activity, which leads to tissue destruction. MMP-25, expressed by neutrophils, is involved in inflammatory diseases and in ECM turnover. MMP-26 can degrade ECM components and serve as an activator of other MMP enzymes. We further confirmed that increased levels and activation of MMP-8, -25, and -26 in GCF, PISF, and inflamed gingival tissue are associated with the severity of periodontal/peri-implant inflammation. We evaluated the role of MMP-8 in P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis by comparing MMP-8 knock-out (MMP8-/-) and wild-type mice. Surprisingly, MMP-8 significantly attenuated P. gingivalis-induced site-specific alveolar bone loss. We also evaluated systemic changes in serum immunoglobulin and lipoprotein profiles among these mouse groups. P. gingivalis infection increased HDL/VLDL particle size in the MMP-8-/- mice, which is an indicator of lipoprotein responses during systemic inflammation. Serum total LPS and IgG antibody levels were enhanced in both mice groups. P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis, especially in MMP-8-/- mice, is associated with severe alveolar bone loss and with systemic inflammatory and lipoprotein changes that are likely to be involved in early atherosclerosis.

Hormone therapy in elderly women; a comparative study with alendronate of the effects on bone, cardiovascular risk factors, periodontal conditions and quality of life

Thirty percent of 70-year-old women have osteoporosis; after age of 80 its prevalence is up to 70%. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis seem to be at an increased risk for cardiovascular events, and deterioration of oral health, as shown by attachment loss of teeth, which is proportional to the severity of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis can be treated with many different medication, e.g. estrogen and alendronate. We randomized 90 elderly osteoporotic women (65-80 years of age) to receive hormone therapy (HT)(2mg E2+NETA), 10mg alendronate, and their combination for two years and compared their effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and turnover, two surrogate markers of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, C-reactive protein (CRP) and E-selectin, as well as oral health. The effect of HT on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was studied in the population-based cohort of 1663 postmenopausal women (mean age 68 yr) (585 estrogen users and 1078 non-users). BMD was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 0, 12 and 24 months. Urinary N-telopeptide (NTX) of type I collagen, a marker of bone resorption, and serum aminoterminal propeptide of human type I procollagen (PINP), a marker of bone formation, were measured every six months of treatment. Serum CRP and E-selectin, were measured at 0, 6, and 12 months. Dental, and periodontal conditions, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 levels were studied to evaluate the oral health status and for the mouth symptoms a structured questionnaire was used. The HRQoL was measured with 15D questionnaire. Lumbar spine BMD increased similarly in all treatment groups (6.8-8.4% and 9.1-11.2%). Only HT increased femoral neck BMD at both 12 (4.9%) and 24 months (5.8%), at the latter time point the HT group differed significantly from the other groups. HT reduced bone marker levels of NTX and PINP significantly less than other two groups.Oral HT significantly increased serum CRP level by 76.5% at 6 and by 47.1% (NS) at 12 months, and decreased serum E-selectin level by 24.3% and 30.0%. Alendronate had no effect on these surrogate markers. Alendronate caused a decrease in the resting salivary flow rate and tended to increase GCF MMP-8 levels. Otherwise, there was no effect on the parameters of oral health. HT improved the HRQoL of elderly women significantly on the dimensions of usual activities, vitality and sexual activity, but the overall improvement in HRQoL was neither statistically significant nor clinically important. In conclusion, bisphosphonates might be the first option to start the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in the old age.

Identification of collagenolytic MMP networks as potential biomarkers in progressive chronic periodontitis subjects and MMP-8 null allele model

Chronic periodontitis results from a complex aetiology, including the formation of a subgingival biofilm and the elicitation of the host s immune and inflammatory response. The hallmark of chronic periodontitis is alveolar bone loss and soft periodontal tissue destruction. Evidence supports that periodontitis progresses in dynamic states of exacerbation and remission or quiescence. The major clinical approach to identify disease progression is the tolerance method, based on sequential probing. Collagen degradation is one of the key events in periodontal destructive lesions. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and MMP-13 are the primary collagenolytic MMPs that are associated with the severity of periodontal inflammation and disease, either by a direct breakdown of the collagenised matrix or by the processing of non-matrix bioactive substrates. Despite the numerous host mediators that have been proposed as potential biomarkers for chronic periodontitis, they reflect inflammation rather than the loss of periodontal attachment. The aim of the present study was to determine the key molecular MMP-8 and -13 interactions in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingival tissue from progressive periodontitis lesions and MMP-8 null allele mouse model. In study (I), GCF and gingival biopsies from active and inactive sites of chronic periodontitis patients, which were determined clinically by the tolerance method, and healthy GCF were analysed for MMP-13 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1. Chronic periodontitis was characterised by increased MMP-13 levels and the active sites showed a tendency of decreased TIMP-1 levels associated with increments of MMP-13 and total protein concentration compared to inactive sites. In study (II), we investigated whether MMP-13 activity was associated with TIMP-1, bone collagen breakdown through ICTP levels, as well as the activation rate of MMP-9 in destructive lesions. The active sites demonstrated increased GCF ICTP levels as well as lowered TIMP-1 detection along with elevated MMP-13 activity. MMP-9 activation rate was enhanced by MMP-13 in diseased gingival tissue. In study (III), we analysed the potential association between the levels, molecular forms, isoenzyme distribution and degree of activation of MMP-8, MMP-14, MPO and the inhibitor TIMP-1 in GCF from periodontitis progressive patients at baseline and after periodontal therapy. A positive correlation was found for MPO/MMP-8 and their levels associated with progression episodes and treatment response. Because MMP-8 is activated by hypochlorous acid in vitro, our results suggested an interaction between the MPO oxidative pathway and MMP-8 activation in GCF. Finally, in study (IV), on the basis of the previous finding that MMP-8-deficient mice showed impaired neutrophil responses and severe alveolar bone loss, we aimed to characterise the detection patterns of LIX/CXCL5, SDF-1/CXCL12 and RANKL in P. gingivalis-induced experimental periodontitis and in the MMP-8-/- murine model. The detection of neutrophil-chemoattractant LIX/CXCL5 was restricted to the oral-periodontal interface and its levels were reduced in infected MMP-8 null mice vs. wild type mice, whereas the detection of SDF-1/CXCL12 and RANKL in periodontal tissues increased in experimentally-induced periodontitis, irrespectively from the genotype. Accordingly, MMP-8 might regulate LIX/CXCL5 levels by undetermined mechanisms, and SDF-1/CXCL12 and RANKL might promote the development and/or progression of periodontitis.

Perfil imunológico e microbiológico de pacientes com periodontites crônica e agressiva

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os níveis de interleucina-1β (IL-1 β), IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) e a atividade de elastase no fluido gengival (FG) de pacientes com periodontite crônica generalizada (PCG) e periodontite agressiva generalizada (PAgG), e correlacionar com indivíduos de um grupo controle com gengivite apenas. Um objetivo secundário foi analisar o perfil microbiológico subgengival destes indivíduos. Dados clínicos transversais foram obtidos de 20 pacientes com PCG, 17 pacientes com PAgG e 10 indivíduos com gengivite. Amostras de FG foram coletadas com tiras de papel e os níveis de: IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8 e IFN-γ foram medidos, utilizando um imunoensaio do tipo multiplex (Luminex). Atividade da elastase foi avaliada por um ensaio enzimático. Amostras de placa subgengival foram analisadas através do checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. As diferenças de significância entre os grupos para dados imunológicos e microbiológicos foram realizadas utilizando o teste Kruskal-Wallis, ajustando para múltiplas comparações. As médias dos parâmetros clínicos e os volumes de FG foram maiores nos pacientes com PCG e PAgG comparados ao grupo gengivite. Níveis mais elevados de IL-1β e atividade de elastase foram encontrados em sítios profundos quando comparado a sítios rasos em ambos os grupos com periodontite (p <0,05). Os dados microbiológicos apresentaram níveis significativamente mais elevados das espécies do complexo vermelho em pacientes com PCG e PAgG, quando comparados aos indivíduos com gengivite (p <0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos níveis de biomarcadores no FG e nos níveis de espécies bacterianas subgengivais entre pacientes com PCG e pacientes com PAgG. Sendo assim, concluímos que os dados do presente estudo não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante nos parâmetros imunológicos e microbiológicos medidos entre indivíduos com PCG e PAgG.

Efeito do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico em pacientes com periodontite crônica e agressiva: achados microbiológicos e imunológicos

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a expressão de IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, interferon-γ, atividade de elastase e a composição do perfil microbiano subgengival antes e depois do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico em pacientes com doença peridontal crônica generalizada (PC) e agressiva generalizada (PA). Vinte pacientes com PC e quatorze com PA foram avaliados. Dados clínicos, fluido gengival e biofilme subgengival foram analisados na visita inicial (VI) e 3 meses (3M) após o tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico. Amostras de fluido gengival (FG) foram coletadas com tiras de papel e os níveis de: IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8 e INF-γ foram medidos, utilizando um tipo de imunoensaio multiplexado (Luminex). Atividade da elastase foi avaliada por um ensaio enzimático. Amostras de placa subgengival foram analisadas através do checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Na avaliação de 3 meses após terapia periodontal foi encontrado melhora significativa para todos os parâmetros clínicos em ambos os grupos. Foram encontradas reduções significativas na atividade de elastase nos sítios rasos e profundos dos pacientes do grupo PA e nos sítios profundos do grupo PC, também foi achado um aumento significativo de INF-γ nos sítios rasos do grupo PA. Os dados microbiológicos, mostraram reduções significativas para os níveis dos membros do complexo vermelho (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T.denticola), e para as espécies E.nodatum e P.micra no grupo PC. No grupo PA, ocorreram reduções significativas no níveis de P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss polymorphum e Fusobacterium periodonticum. Quando as respostas clínica e imunológica 3M após terapia foram comparadas entre os grupos, apenas diferenças sutis foram observadas. Nenhuma diferença microbiológica foi encontrada entre os grupos após a terapia. Em conclusão, os achados suportam nossa hipótese de que as periodontites cronica e agressiva respondem de forma semelhante ao tratamento periodontal nao cirúrgico.

Impacto da terapia mecânica não cirúrgica em pacientes com periodontite crônica e agressiva generalizadas

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico sobre a atividade de elastase e o volume de fluido gengival nos pacientes portadores de periodontite crônica e agressiva generalizadas. Foram avaliados 18 pacientes com periodontite crônica (idade média 48,6 DP 7,5 anos), e 11 com periodontite agressiva (idade média 27,9 DP 6,54 anos). Foram utilizados os parâmetros clínicos de avaliação de profundidade de bolsa à sondagem (PB) (mm), nível de inserção (NI) (mm) e sangramento à sondagem (SS). As medidas clínicas e as amostras de fluido gengival foram colhidas a partir dos cinco sítios mais profundos (P) e de cinco sítios rasos com gengivite (G) de cada paciente, antes e 90 dias após o término do tratamento. As etapas clínicas obedeceram ao seguinte cronograma: seleção e exame periodontal; coleta de fluido gengival; tratamento periodontal; reavaliação, compreendendo o exame periodontal e coleta de fluido gengival. O tratamento levou, em média, 4 sessões de 40 minutos cada por paciente, com intervalo de 1 semana entre elas. As consultas para reavaliação foram feitas 90 dias após o término do tratamento. O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado para comparar os dados antes e depois do tratamento e o teste não pareado de Mann-Whitney U-test foi utilizado para comparar os grupos de periodontite crônica e agressiva. A amostra analisada antes e após o tratamento não apresentou diferenças significativas entre o grupo com periodontite crônica e agressiva, que responderam de forma similar a todos os indicadores avaliados, exceto para a profundidade de bolsa à sondagem nos sítios rasos com gengivite (p = 0,039) e para o sangramento à sondagem (p = 0,021) nos sítios profundos, ambos mais reduzidos na periodontite crônica após o tratamento. A elastase apresentou, após o tratamento, redução significativa nos sítios profundos, para a periodontite crônica (p = 0,012) e agressiva (p = 0,02). Em relação ao volume de fluido gengival, houve significativa redução após o tratamento nos pacientes com periodontite crônica e agressiva, tanto nos sítios rasos (p = 0,03 e p = 0,03) como nos profundos (p ˂ 0,001 e p = 0,003), respectivamente. Concluindo, os grupos com periodontite crônica e agressiva generalizadas comportaram- se de maneira semelhante frente à terapia mecânica não cirúrgica. Ainda, a terapia periodontal mecânica não cirúrgica mostrou redução significativa do volume de fluido gengival em todos os sítios analisados, e da atividade neutrofílica, nos sítios profundos, associada a reduções significativas em todos os indicadores clínicos analisados após o tratamento.