Children of the revolution: fathers and sons in antifascist DEFA films

The article looks at three antifascist films from the 1980s by the East German film company DEFA: Jürgen Brauer's Pugowitza (1981), Egon Schlegel's Die Schüsse der Arche Noah (1983), and Helmut Dziuba's Jan auf der Zille (1986), which during this final decade of the East German state re-examine an ideologically seminal constellation of the GDR's official antifascism – the relationship between antifascist father and son. Linking generational and political succession, the father-son relationship helped to legitimise the GDR as a state in which the young continued the antifascist fight of the old communists against the Nazi dictatorship. From the 1950s on, DEFA films contributed to the visualisation of this relationship, codifying it not only as heroic but also as ‘natural’: the assumed innocence of the communist son was meant to naturalise the father's antifascist/communist cause. The 1980s saw this naturalised political succession questioned. By re-telling the canonised father-son story, the three films visualise the generational antifascist contract as flawed. Re-deploying the son's assumed innocence in a critique of the father, they explore new endings to the antifascist story and revive the discussion of categories like ‘victim’ and ‘perpetrator’.// Der Aufsatz untersucht drei antifaschistische Filme der ostdeutschen Filmgesellschaft DEFA aus den 1980er Jahren: Jürgen Brauers Pugowitza (1981), Egon Schlegels Die Schüsse der Arche Noah (1983) und Helmut Dziubas Jan auf der Zille (1986). Alle drei Filme wurden im letzten Jahrzehnt der DDR gedreht und greifen eine ideologisch tragende Konstellation des offiziellen DDR-Antifaschismus auf – die Beziehung zwischen antifaschistischem Vater und Sohn. In der Vater-Sohn-Beziehung verband sich Generationenabfolge mit politischer Nachkommenschaft, eine Verbindung, die half, die DDR als einen Staat zu legitimieren, in dem die Jungen den antifaschistischen Kampf der alten Kommunisten gegen die Nazi-Diktatur weiterführten. Seit den 1950er Jahren beteiligte sich die DEFA an der Visuali-sierung dieser Beziehung und kodifizierte sie nicht nur als heldenhaft, sondern auch als ‘natürlich’: die behauptete Unschuld der kommunistschen Söhne diente dazu, den antifaschistisch-kommunistischen Kampf der Väter zu naturalisieren. Die solcher Art politisch interpretierte Generationenabfolge verlor ihre Natürlichkeit, als sie in den 1980er Jahren kritisch befragt wurde. Im nochmaligen Erzählen der kanonisierten Vater-Sohn-Geschichte wird die Brüchigkeit des antifaschistischen Gesellschaftsvertrags in allen drei Filmen sichtbar. Die vermeintliche Unschuld der Söhne wird nun zu einer Kritik der Väter genutzt, wobei die Filme ein neues Ende für die antifaschistische Geschichte erkunden und die Debatte über Kategorien wie ‘Opfer’ und ‘Täter’ wieder aufnehmen.

Letteratura e realia. Le espressioni culturo-specifiche nelle traduzioni italiane della Wendeliteratur

Il presente lavoro affronta il problema della traduzione dei termini culturo-specifici nella letteratura contemporanea di lingua tedesca ambientata nella DDR. L’analisi della produzione narrativa della Wendeliteratur consente di osservare come il lessico e le espressioni tipiche della DDR vengano utilizzati nelle opere letterarie in funzione citazionale per denotare e connotare la realtà della Germania dell’Est. Attraverso un approccio integrato che coniuga i contributi teorici degli studi sulla traduzione con gli aspetti della pratica traduttiva il lavoro indaga il tema dei realia attraverso una presentazione delle ricerche esistenti, propone una classificazione specifica per i realia della DDR e procede a una ricognizione delle strategie e dei procedimenti traduttivi concreti, che consente di evidenziare le diverse scelte adottate dai traduttori. Attraverso un’analisi ermeneutica dei testi e lo strumento dell’isotopia come indicatore di coerenza le traduzioni italiane delle opere della Wendeliteratur sono oggetto di un’analisi critica. I risultati dell’analisi vengono infine utilizzati come riferimento per la traduzione dei realia nel racconto di F.C. Delius, Die Birnen von Ribbeck.

Investigation of the dipole response of nickel isotopes in the presence of a high-frequency electromagnetic field

The electric dipole response of neutron-rich nickel isotopes has been investigated using the LAND setup at GSI in Darmstadt (Germany). Relativistic secondary beams of 56−57Ni and 67−72Ni at approximately 500 AMeV have been generated using projectile fragmentation of stable ions on a 4 g/cm2 Be target and subsequent separation in the magnetic dipole fields of the FRagment Separator (FRS). After reaching the LAND setup in Cave C, the radioactive ions were excited electromagnetically in the electric field of a Pb target. The decay products have been measured in inverse kinematics using various detectors. Neutron-rich 67−69Ni isotopes decay by the emission of neutrons, which are detected in the LAND detector. The present analysis concentrates on the (gamma,n) and (gamma,2n) channels in these nuclei, since the proton and three-neutron thresholds are unlikely to be reached considering the virtual photon spectrum for nickel ions at 500 AMeV. A measurement of the stable 58Ni isotope is used as a benchmark to check the accuracy of the present results with previously published data. The measured (gamma,n) and (gamma,np) channels are compared with an inclusive photoneutron measurement by Fultz and coworkers, which are consistent within the respective errors. The measured excitation energy distributions of 67−69Ni contain a large portion of the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) strength predicted by the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn energy-weighted sum rule, as well as a significant amount of low-lying E1 strength, that cannot be attributed to the GDR alone. The GDR distribution parameters are calculated using well-established semi-empirical systematic models, providing the peak energies and widths. The GDR strength is extracted from the chi-square minimization of the model GDR to the measured data of the (gamma,2n) channel, thereby excluding any influence of eventual low-lying strength. The subtraction of the obtained GDR distribution from the total measured E1 strength provides the low-lying E1 strength distribution, which is attributed to the Pygmy Dipole Resonance (PDR). The extraction of the peak energy, width and strength is performed using a Gaussian function. The minimization of trial Gaussian distributions to the data does not converge towards a sharp minimum. Therefore, the results are presented by a chi-square distribution as a function of all three Gaussian parameters. Various predictions of PDR distributions exist, as well as a recent measurement of the 68Ni pygmy dipole-resonance obtained by virtual photon scattering, to which the present pygmy dipole-resonance distribution is also compared.

Wirkmechanismen sozial-interpersoneller Faktoren in einer Stichprobe ehemals politisch Inhaftierter der DDR

Social/interpersonal factors play a central role in PTSD. Previous studies have indicated the specific pathways along which these factors take effect. The study reported here investigates these pathways with reference to a sample of former political prisoners jailed in the GDR. It examines dysfunctional disclosure of traumatic experiences, social acknowledgement, general social support and forgiveness tendencies. For the study N = 86 non-treatment-seeking former political prisoners were recruited (average age 64 years). The instruments employed were the Disclosure of Trauma questionnaire, the Social Acknowledgement questionnaire, the Social Support questionnaire, the Tendency to Forgive scale and the Impact of Event scale (revised). Dysfunctional disclosure was proximally, social acknowledgement distally and general social support and forgiveness indirectly associated with PTSD symptomatologies. The study casts light on potential pathways to posttraumatic adjustment, with special reference to social/interpersonal factors.

Historia, memoria y mito : Lecturas de la Guerra Civil Española

El siguiente artículo ofrece una breve discusión en torno a algunos trabajos que se ocupan de las formas de la elaboración histórica y literaria de la Guerra civil española en España y Alemania, e intenta formular algunas preguntas que ayuden a lograr un mejor entendimiento de los desarrollos recientes en la cultura de la memoria en Europa. Un interrogante central a ser discutido aquí, surgido de un primer acercamiento a la literatura sobre el tema, es por qué la palabra "mito" va con tanta frecuencia asociada a la memoria de la guerra civil española, sea cual sea la orientación política del texto. En las páginas que siguen, se intentará abordar el debate teniendo en cuenta ésta y otras cuestiones y las diversas voces -enunciadas y silenciadas- de una historia ya contada de muchas maneras diversas.

Historia, memoria y mito : Lecturas de la Guerra Civil Española

El siguiente artículo ofrece una breve discusión en torno a algunos trabajos que se ocupan de las formas de la elaboración histórica y literaria de la Guerra civil española en España y Alemania, e intenta formular algunas preguntas que ayuden a lograr un mejor entendimiento de los desarrollos recientes en la cultura de la memoria en Europa. Un interrogante central a ser discutido aquí, surgido de un primer acercamiento a la literatura sobre el tema, es por qué la palabra "mito" va con tanta frecuencia asociada a la memoria de la guerra civil española, sea cual sea la orientación política del texto. En las páginas que siguen, se intentará abordar el debate teniendo en cuenta ésta y otras cuestiones y las diversas voces -enunciadas y silenciadas- de una historia ya contada de muchas maneras diversas.

Historia, memoria y mito : Lecturas de la Guerra Civil Española

El siguiente artículo ofrece una breve discusión en torno a algunos trabajos que se ocupan de las formas de la elaboración histórica y literaria de la Guerra civil española en España y Alemania, e intenta formular algunas preguntas que ayuden a lograr un mejor entendimiento de los desarrollos recientes en la cultura de la memoria en Europa. Un interrogante central a ser discutido aquí, surgido de un primer acercamiento a la literatura sobre el tema, es por qué la palabra "mito" va con tanta frecuencia asociada a la memoria de la guerra civil española, sea cual sea la orientación política del texto. En las páginas que siguen, se intentará abordar el debate teniendo en cuenta ésta y otras cuestiones y las diversas voces -enunciadas y silenciadas- de una historia ya contada de muchas maneras diversas.

Del rural agrario al rural periurbano: instrumentos de desarrollo rural en la comarca de Torrijos (Toledo)

En los últimos años, una de las líneas de investigación que ha suscitado interés en las ciencias sociales es el estudio de la transformación de los territorios. La presente Tesis Doctoral se enmarca dentro de este campo de investigación, utilizando en el análisis los Programas de Desarrollo Rural fruto de la política europea y su aplicación sobre un territorio específico como es la comarca de Torrijos en la provincia de Toledo (España). El objeto de estudio es el proceso de transformación que ha tenido lugar en su ruralidad desde los años noventa del pasado siglo hasta ahora, de manera a aportar elementos al proceso de periurbanización que ha acontecido. Se toma como punto de partida el estudio de la caracterización del medio rural, y de la periurbanización, se repasa la evolución histórica de la política comunitaria de desarrollo rural en un marco teórico, para a continuación centrarnos en el análisis del PDR de Castilla la Mancha 2007-2013 y analizar por un lado, las medidas que se están aplicando en la comarca objeto de estudio, así como el papel específico del Grupo de Desarrollo Rural Castillos de Medio Tajo más focalizado en lo local, por otro. Para el desarrollo de esta tesis, la metodología de investigación empleada ha sido mixta, además del análisis estadístico documental en una primera etapa junto con el estudio minucioso de las medidas del PDR 2007-2013, se ha realizado una investigación empírica basada en entrevistas a diferentes agentes conocedores de la realidad de la comarca, ampliando la recogida de datos primarios con la observación participante, por la vinculación directa con este territorio. El análisis de todo el material recogido nos ha permitido contrastar una serie de hipótesis planteadas y obtener resultados para comprender el proceso de transformación. Así, si bien la proximidad al gran núcleo urbano de Madrid ha conseguido una mejora en la calidad de vida de sus habitantes, la aplicación de las políticas de desarrollo rural no ha conseguido diversificar la economía de esta comarca, por un lado los PDR son demasiado genéricos para responder a especificidades y realidades locales tan diferentes en la Comunidad de Castilla la Mancha, por otro son Programas atemporales que si bien obedecen a una programación dentro de un período, los efectos en la economía adquieren visibilidad (positiva o negativa) en una etapa posterior. En cuando a la acción de los GDR como herramientas de participación local, se observa que su actividad está relacionada con las prioridades de las corporaciones locales, manteniendo la mirada más sobre el rural agrario que fue que en el rural periurbano que acontece. ABSTRACT In the last years one of the lines of research that has caused interest in the social sciences is the study of the transformation of the territories. The present Doctoral Thesis stands within this field of investigation, using in its analysis the Programs of Rural Development product of the European Politics and their application on a specific territory such as the region of Torrijos in the province of Toledo (Spain).The object of the study is the process of transformation that its rural area has undergone since the 1990s until now, so that it adds elements to the development that has taken place there. The study of the characteristics and development of the rural area is taken as a starting point and the historical evolution of the community politics of rural development in a theoretical framework revised, to focus later on the analyses of the PDR of Castilla la Mancha.2007-2013 and to analyze on the one hand the measures that are being applied in the region object of study and on the other hand the specific paper of the Group of Rural Development “Castillos de Medio Tajo”, more focused on the local aspects. For the development of this thesis, the methodology of investigation that has been used has considered two aspects, besides the statistical documentary analyses in a first stage together with the meticulous study of the measures of the PDR 2007- 2013, an empirical investigation based on interviews to different agents who know the reality of the region has been done extending the collection of primary information to the observation of those who participate directly in this investigation. The analysis of all the material has allowed us to confirm a series of raised hypotheses and to obtain results to understand the process of transformation. Thus, although the proximity to the great urban core of Madrid has given an improvement in the quality of life of its habitants, the application of the policies of rural development has not managed to diversify the economy of this area. On the one hand, the PDR is too generic to answer to specifities and local realities so different in the community of Castilla la Mancha, on the other hand they are atemporal programmes that although they obey a programming within a period, their effects in the economy acquire visibility (positive or negative) in a later stage .As for the action of the GDR as tools of local participation, it is observed that their activity is related to the priorities of the local corporations, focusing more on the agrarian rural aspect than on the peri-urban rural it is now.

The Fall of the East German Birth Rate After Unification: Crisis or Means of Adaptation? CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 05.6, 26 June 1995

Since the fall of the Wall, Eastern Germans have drastically changed their demographic behavior. Marriages and births have dropped to an unprecedented low level. Our paper tracks birth rates of the East German population, past, present, and future. We propose a simulation model of future cohort fertility. The hypotheses we develop build on the historical record of reproductive behavior in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) since 1960 and on an analysis of the pattern of change between 1990 and 1994. The particular emphasis lies in the assumption that East German couples will rapidly westernize their family size by trying to reach completed fertility levels of the corresponding West German cohort. This implies that the resulting adaptation process includes the postunification crisis as a logical first step.

Débat entre un luciférien et un orthodoxe = Altercatio luciferiani et orthodoxi /

Published with the help of the Conseil général du Rhône; the GDR 2135, "Textes pour l'histoire de l'Antiquité tardive" and l'Institut des "Sources Chretiennes" (U.M.R. 5035 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique).

Meeting the challenge on the path to democracy: discursive strategies in governmental declarations

The communicative practice in the ex-GDR was complex and diverse, although public political discourse had been fairly ritualized. Text-types characteristic of the Communist Party discourse were full of general (superordinate) terms semantic specification was hardly possible (propositional reduction). Changes in the social world result in changes in the communicative practice as well. However, a systematic comparision of text-types across cultures and across ideological boundaries reveals both differences in the textual macro- and superstructures and overlapping as well as universal features, probably related to functional aspects (discourse of power). Six sample texts of the text-type `government declaration', two produced in the ex-GDR, four in the united Germany, are analysed. Special attention is paid to similarities and differences (i) in the textual superstructure (problem-solution schema), (ii) in the concepts that reflect the aims of political actions (simple worlds), (iii) in the agents who (are to) perform these actions (concrete vs abstract agents). Similarities are found mainly in the discursive strategies, e.g. legitimization text actions. Differences become obvious in the strategies used for legitimization, and also in the conceptual domains referred to by the problem-solution schema. The metaphors of construction, path and challenge are of particular interest in this respect.

Alternative Emanzipationsvorstellungen in der DDR unter Honecker (1971-1990):ein Diskussionsbeitrag zur Rollen der Frau

Over the last twenty years the situation of women in the German Democratic Republic has been the subject of a considerable number of studies. The approach has generally been of a sociological or socio-political nature. In this thesis I propose to go one step further by examining the information that may be gained from literary sources. In a state where the media are subject to censorship, and thus controlled, one can refer to literature as an acknowledged source of inside information. Literary works often provide a forum for the formulation and discussion of ideas, which could not be aired elsewhere. Chapter 1 shows why literature, which had always been allocated a special role by the GDR's leading party, the SED, may be regarded as a reliable indicator of everyday life in that country. In this thesis I compare the findings of an analysis of women's literature with sociological data on the one hand and the portrayal of the "ideal" women in GDR media and official writings on the other. The thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach and draws on sources in political, legal, sociological, and cultural fields alike. This constellation of sources allows me to show that the views that female writers expressed in their works frequently coincide with sociological findings. Both of these sources were frequently found to be at odds with statements made in official writings and the media. Such insights could not have been provided by a study conducted from within one discipline.

West German bank advertising and the East German public:a study in intercultural advertising communication

In the wake of German unification, initial advertising by many West German companies in the new federal states (the former German Democratic Republic - GDR) proved largely ineffective and many advertisers were forced to change their approach to this new market. The advertising task proved even more complicated for banks, because banking existed only at the most basic level in the former GDR. Furthermore, under the old regime, "capitalist" banks represented the very antithesis of the GDR's founding ideology. This analysis of advertising by West German banks - in particular Dresdner Bank - in the new federal states brings together elements of discourse and communication theory, particularly Relevance Theory [Sperber and Wilson 1986], with the overall objective of designing a model of intercultural advertising communication. A series of simple association tasks based on texts from pre-Wende advertisements was completed by a sample of advertisees (as they are called in the study) in Leipzig. The research shows the lack of relevance between the advertiser's understanding of concepts such as "credit", "bank" etc. and the associations which these concepts have for the sample of advertisees. Further analysis reveals that this lack of relevance occurs because advertisers and advertisees assign differing contexts to these concepts when they communicate through advertising. The study concludes that these different contexts, governed by the contrasting ideological, economic and linguistic environments of the advertisers and advertisees, interfere with the effective communication of the advertising message.

Mit, gegen und nach Brecht:Heiner Müllers Fatzer

Heiner Müller has often been described as the only rightful (literary) heir and flag- bearer of Bertolt Brecht in German drama of the late twentieth century. This article first examines the critical position that Müller took towards his predecessor. The essay will then focus on the Fatzer complex which Müller considered to be by far the most important work by Brecht. Next, I will discuss the relationship between Fatzer and Müllerʼs synthesised stage version FATZER from 1978, followed by a brief assessment of the various ways in which Mu ̈ller treated Brechtʼs Fatzer material over the next two decades. Special attention will be paid to the radio play that Müller produced of his version of Fatzer during the final years of the GDR; I argue that it represents an exemplary engagement with Brecht’s fragment because, rather than aiming for a standard illusionistic radio play, Mu ̈ller’s intention is to allow his FATZER version, as it were, to speak for itself. To conclude, the essay undertakes a brief and inevitably speculative discussion of the influence of Brechtʼs unfinished drama project on Müller’s works.

Pollen profile Tegeler See, Brandenburg, Germany

The region D-s (Fig. 15.8) belongs to the Weichselian glaciated area of the North German lowlands and is a section of the older part of the young moraine landscape. The Warsaw-Berlin Urstromtal with the Spree River and the Havel lake-river system subdivide the region into four subregions, including a northern, southern and western ground moraine plateau. The region as a whole comprises the former West-Berlin, surrounded by the late GDR.