Design and Implementation of a Low Cost Virtual Rugby Decision Making Interactive

The paper describes the design and implementation of a novel low cost virtual rugby decision making interactive for use in a visitor centre. Original laboratory-based experimental work in decision making in rugby, using a virtual reality headset [1] is adapted for use in a public visitor centre, with consideration given to usability, costs, practicality and health and safety. Movement of professional rugby players was captured and animated within a virtually recreated stadium. Users then interact with these virtual representations via use of a lowcost sensor (Microsoft Kinect) to attempt to block them. Retaining the principles of perception and action, egocentric viewpoint, immersion, sense of presence, representative design and game design the system delivers an engaging and effective interactive to illustrate the underlying scientific principles of deceptive movement. User testing highlighted the need for usability, system robustness, fair and accurate scoring, appropriate level of difficulty and enjoyment.

Mapping Learning and Game Mechanics for Serious Games Analysis in Engineering Education

In a world where students are increasing digitally tethered to powerful, ‘always on’ mobile devices, new models of engagement and approaches to teaching and learning are required from educators. Serious Games (SG) have proved to have instructional potential but there is still a lack of methodologies and tools not only for their design but also to support game analysis and assessment. This paper explores the use of SG to increase student engagement and retention. The development phase of the Circuit Warz game is presented to demonstrate how electronic engineering education can be radically reimagined to create immersive, highly engaging learning experiences that are problem-centered and pedagogically sound. The Learning Mechanics–Game Mechanics (LM-GM) framework for SG game analysis is introduced and its practical use in an educational game design scenario is shown as a case study.

Deconstruction-reconstruction of Computer Game and Immersive Environment Semiotics

Computer game technology produces compelling ‘immersive environments’ where our digitally-native youth play and explore. Players absorb visual, auditory and other signs and process these in real time, making rapid choices on how to move through the game-space to experience ‘meaningful play’. How can immersive environments be designed to elicit perception and understanding of signs? In this paper we explore game design and gameplay from a semiotic perspective, focusing on the creation of meaning for players as they play the game. We propose a theory of game design based on semiotics.

"The X in balance", a serious game to learn how to solve mathematical equations

(Prefácio) This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Masters (Engenharia Informática) at University of Évora. Under the supervision of Professor Francisco Manuel Gonçalves Coelho, i have selected to work on game design. With the specific period of time and resources, an attempt has been made to make a serious educational game. While writing this thesis, the objective was to describe a math game for solving mathematical equations. Injecting learning factor in a game, is a main concern of this project. The document is about the description of ‘X in Balance’ game. This game provides a platform for school aged students to solve the equations by playing game. It also gives a unique dimension of putting fun and math in a same platform. The document describes full detail on the project. The first chapter gives an introduction about the problem faced by students in doing maths and the learning behavior of a game. It also points out the opportunities that this game might brings and the motivation behind doing this work. It describes the game concept and its genre too. Besides, the second chapter tells state of an art of serous educational game. It defines the concept of serious game and its types. Furthermore, it justifies the flexibility of serious games to adapt all learning styles. The impact of serious games on learning is also mentioned. It also includes the related work of other researchers.

Nostalgia videogames as playable game criticism

The aim of this paper is to consider the emergence of nostalgia videogames in the context of playable game criticism. Mirroring the development of the nostalgia film in cinema, an increasing number of developers are creating videogames that are evocative of past gaming forms, designs, and styles. The primary focus of this paper is to explore the extent to which these nostalgia videogames could be considered games-on-games: games that offer a critical view on game design and development, framed by the nostalgia and cultural memory of both gamers and game developers. Theories of pastiche and parody as applied to literature, film, and art are used to form a basis for the examination of recent nostalgia videogames, all of which demonstrate a degree of reflection on the videogame medium.

Il Design dei Livelli nella produzione videoludica

Level Design, materia necessaria per la creazione dei livelli, degli ambienti e delle architetture presenti nei giochi digitali. Creare un ambiente di gioco ottimale sviluppando spazi efficaci che siano in grado di comunicare al giocatore per far sì che possa provare esperienze significanti. In questa tesi verrà argomentata la disciplina del Level Design e come essa si applica per creare dei livelli di gioco. Verrà spiegato cosa è il Level Design e quali sono i suoi elementi principali e come essi si legano con tutti gli altri elementi ludici.

Sviluppo di un prototipo di serious game a supporto dell'attenzione visuospaziale

L’ambito videoludico è in forte espansione, andando a coinvolgere diversi settori ed ambiti. Infatti, i videogiochi possono avere scopi diversi e più articolati oltre al semplice intrattenimento e questo è proprio l'obiettivo dei Serious Game. Questi hanno come scopo quello di insegnare qualcosa tramite il gameplay stesso e vengono quindi utilizzati nel contesto educativo e dell'apprendimento. In questo contesto, il volume di tesi presenta il design e l'implementazione di un prototipo di serious game sviluppato per uno scopo ben definito: supporto e potenziamento dell’attenzione visuospaziale, facendo concentrare per l’appunto l’attenzione del giocatore sulle sue azioni, combinando facoltà visive, riflessi e anche memoria. Il gioco è pensato per essere adatto a tutti i giocatori, ma è stato sviluppato con un'attenzione particolare agli studenti che soffrono di Disturbi Specifici dell’Apprendimento (DSA). Il progetto è stato infatti sviluppato con Develop-Player, una Spin-off dell’Università di Bologna in cui psicologi, neuropsicologi e logopedisti hanno individuato nuovi metodi per potenziare i meccanismi più profondi dell’apprendimento e collaborano con informatici esperti nelle tecnologie più avanzate per l’implementazione di nuove esperienze interattive.

O desenho de videojogos na motivação de pacientes com necessidades de reabilitação fisioterapêutica

O presente documento descreve o desenvolvimento de um protótipo de jogo sério tridimensional para ajudar pacientes com necessidades de reabilitação fisioterapêutica a prosseguir a sua recuperação com motivação e entusiasmo através da inclusão de ludicidade. Para isso apostou-se em características do design de videojogos comerciais que potenciam a imersão e na interação com personagens e ambientes virtuais aplicados a um protótipo. Partindo do estudo do papel do desenho no desenvolvimento de videojogos, criou-se um conceito de jogo sério em ambiente 3D - argumento, personagens e cenários que, adaptado às motivações e procurando uma maior imersão de pacientes (jogadores) com necessidades de recuperação fisioterapêutica, ambiciona aumentar os níveis de eficácia dos programas de reabilitação física na persecução e melhoria dos tratamentos que são, em vários dos casos estudados, monótonos e repetitivos e, portanto, pouco apelativos para o doente (jogador). Aqui se descrevem as fases de game design e a criação de conteúdos visuais para um jogo sério focado na reabilitação fisioterapêutica de nome PhysioVinci. O primeiro nível do jogo está terminado e foi já testado em ambiente de laboratório com pessoas saudáveis para validar a atividade de jogo e verificar a existência de erros. Estas primeira fase de testes revelou que os jogadores não demostram nenhuma dificuldade, seja na compreensão do desempenho do jogo, seja na eficácia dos resultados atingidos. Simultaneamente, a equipa de desenvolvimento está já a trabalhar nos restantes níveis de jogo.

Criação de uma Framework Modular Vocacionada para o Desenvolvimento de Videojogos

Os videojogos são cada vez mais uma das maiores áreas da indústria de entretenimento, tendo esta vindo a expandir-se de ano para ano. Para além disso, os videojogos estão cada vez mais presentes no nosso dia-adia, quer através dos dispositivos móveis ou das novas consolas. Com base nesta premissa, é seguro de afirmar que o investimento neste campo trará mais ganhos do que perdas. Esta Dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo do estado da indústria dos videojogos, tendo como principal foco a conceção de um videojogo, a partir duma Framework Modular, desenvolvida também no âmbito desta Dissertação. Para isso, é feito um estudo sobre o estado da arte tecnológico, onde várias ferramentas de criação de videojogos foram estudadas e analisadas, de forma a perceber as forças e fraquezas de cada uma, e um estudo sobre a arte do negócio, ficando assim com uma ideia mais concreta dos vários pontos necessários para a criação de um videojogo. De seguida são discutidos os diferentes géneros de videojogos existentes e é conceptualizado um pequeno videojogo, tendo ainda em conta os diferentes tipos de interfaces que são mais utilizados na indústria dos videojogos, de forma a entender qual será a forma mais viável, conforme o género, e as diferentes mecânicas presentes no videojogo a criar. A Framework Modular é desenvolvida tendo em conta toda a análise previamente realizada, e o videojogo conceptualizado. Esta tem como grande objetivo uma elevada personalização e manutenibilidade, sendo que todos os módulos implementados podem ser substituídos por outros sem criar conflitos entre si. Finalmente, de forma a unir todos os temas analisados ao longo desta Dissertação, é ainda desenvolvido um Protótipo de forma a comprovar o bom funcionamento da Framework, aplicando todas as decisões previamente feitas.

Intention recognition, commitment and their roles in the evolution of cooperation

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Informática

Kooperation im Gefangenen-Dilemma durch endogenes Lernen

Cooperation, Prisoner's Dilemma, evolutionary game theory, replicator dynamics, experimental economics, learning

Stochastic evolution of rules for playing normal form games

The evolution of boundedly rational rules for playing normal form games is studied within stationary environments ofstochastically changing games. Rules are viewed as algorithms prescribing strategies for the different normal formgames that arise. It is shown that many of the folk results of evolutionary game theory typically obtained witha fixed game and fixed strategies carry over to the present case. The results are also related to recent experimentson rules and games.

Cumulative frequency-dependent selective episodes allow for rapid morph cycles and rock-paper-scissors dynamics in species with overlapping generations.

Rock-paper-scissors (RPS) dynamics, which maintain genetic polymorphisms over time through negative frequency-dependent (FD) selection, can evolve in short-lived species with no generational overlap, where they produce rapid morph frequency cycles. However, most species have overlapping generations and thus, rapid RPS dynamics are thought to require stronger FD selection, the existence of which yet needs to be proved. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that two cumulative selective episodes, FD sexual selection reinforced by FD selection on offspring survival, generate sufficiently strong selection to generate rapid morph frequency cycles in the European common lizard Zootoca vivipara, a multi-annual species with major generational overlap. These findings show that the conditions required for the evolution of RPS games are fulfilled by almost all species exhibiting genetic polymorphisms and suggest that RPS games may be responsible for the maintenance of genetic diversity in a wide range of species.

The stationary distribution of a continuously varying strategy in a class-structured population under mutation-selection-drift balance.

Many traits and/or strategies expressed by organisms are quantitative phenotypes. Because populations are of finite size and genomes are subject to mutations, these continuously varying phenotypes are under the joint pressure of mutation, natural selection and random genetic drift. This article derives the stationary distribution for such a phenotype under a mutation-selection-drift balance in a class-structured population allowing for demographically varying class sizes and/or changing environmental conditions. The salient feature of the stationary distribution is that it can be entirely characterized in terms of the average size of the gene pool and Hamilton's inclusive fitness effect. The exploration of the phenotypic space varies exponentially with the cumulative inclusive fitness effect over state space, which determines an adaptive landscape. The peaks of the landscapes are those phenotypes that are candidate evolutionary stable strategies and can be determined by standard phenotypic selection gradient methods (e.g. evolutionary game theory, kin selection theory, adaptive dynamics). The curvature of the stationary distribution provides a measure of the stability by convergence of candidate evolutionary stable strategies, and it is evaluated explicitly for two biological scenarios: first, a coordination game, which illustrates that, for a multipeaked adaptive landscape, stochastically stable strategies can be singled out by letting the size of the gene pool grow large; second, a sex-allocation game for diploids and haplo-diploids, which suggests that the equilibrium sex ratio follows a Beta distribution with parameters depending on the features of the genetic system.

The role of reputation, punishment and their interplay in human cooperation

The problem of how cooperation can evolve between individuals or entities with conflicting interests is central to biology as many of the major evolutionary transitions, from the first replicating molecules to human societies, have required solving this problem. There are many routes to cooperation but humans seem to be distinct from other species as they have more complex and diverse mechanisms, often due to their higher cognitive skills, allowing them to reap the benefits from living in groups. Among those mechanisms, the use of reputation or past experience with others as well as sanctioning mechanisms both seem to be of major importance. They have often been considered separately but the interaction between the two might provide new insights as to how punishment could have appeared as a means to enforce cooperation in early humans. In this thesis, I firstly use theoretical approaches from evolutionary game theory to investigate the evolution of punishment and cooperation through a reputation system based on punitive actions, and compare the efficacy of this system, in terms of cooperation achieved, with one based on cooperative actions. On the other hand, I use empirical approaches from economics to test, in real life, predictions from theoretical models but also to explore further conditions such as environmental variation, constrained memory, or even the scale of competition between individuals. Both approaches have allowed contributing to the understanding of how these factors affect reputation and punishment use, and ultimately how cooperation is achieved.