996 resultados para Esaú e Jacó


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Bibliograf??a al final del art??culo

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Este artículo realiza un análisis de los principales elementos de la coyuntura actual en la región andina, así como de las perspectivas del proceso andino de integración, tomando como punto de referencia la posición de los miembros de la CAN frente al ALCA y a la firma de acuerdos bilaterales con Estados Unidos. Finalmente el autor explora las perspectivas de la CAN a la luz de la nueva orientación propuesta desde la Secretaría General.

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Desde 1492 América Latina ha heredado distintas formas de dominio hegemónicas promovidas por las grandes metrópolis; gracias a la expoliación de sus recursos posibilitó los recursos materiales para lo que la civilización occidental llama la modernidad y que algunos autores señalan que sus promesas concluyeron con el horror de la II Guerra Mundial. En la década del 70 se desarrollaron las teorías de la dependencia que pretendían explicar la situación de nuestro continente a partir de la matriz productiva y el permanente deterioro de los términos de intercambio. A pesar de los vertiginosos cambios de las últimas décadas, esta situación no ha cambiado, así lo refleja el Panorama Económico y Social del 2014 publicado por la CEPAL, que demuestra que tanto los recursos naturales como los agrícolas han tenido retrocesos en sus términos de intercambio. Además en estas décadas América Latina ha enfrentado dictaduras, el retorno a la democracia, procesos de ajuste neoliberal y una mayor subordinación a otras potencias mundiales como Estados Unidos, que ha mantenido su hegemonía en los países de la región, por medio de formas de dominación económica, por ejemplo, la deuda externa que varios países mantienen con los países más ricos y organismos multilaterales; lo que les permitió en la década del 90 la orientar las políticas económicas y sociales, así como, establecer nuevos fenómenos que “atentaban” la seguridad de la potencia más poderosa de América, uno de estas “amenazas” era el narcotráfico, perpetuado en algunos países como Colombia y México. En las dos últimas décadas, en algunos países, se han desarrollado procesos identificados con la construcción de lo que se ha llamado políticas post neoliberales en lo económico y post liberales en lo político; así también hace frente a una serie de problemas de naturaleza transnacional que se presentan en la región, como la trata de personas, delincuencia organizada, el narcotráfico, etc. Omar Rincón señala que para millares de campesinos la única posibilidad de acceder a las promesas de la modernidad como son el progreso, superación de la pobreza y movilidad social ha significado la vinculación con el narcotráfico. Estos problemas han marcado los imaginarios colectivos de los habitantes de América Latina. Este nuevo fenómeno social, sumado a la política oficial antidrogas y el rol de los medios de comunicación para contrarrestar el tráfico y consumo de drogas, han configurado nuevos imaginarios colectivos, y distintos modos de mostrar las prácticas del narcotráfico. Es así que se ha desarrollado formas culturales-populares, que dejan entre ver los estereotipos, modismos, vida y contexto social reflejado a partir de un formato llamado “narco novela”. La cultura popular es una representación de las formas de vida sociales, y el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la “narco novela” como un producto de consumo televisivo, que da paso a una nueva industria de entretenimiento. A través de este trabajo se pretende analizar el discurso que se genera en torno al narcotráfico, sus forma jerárquicas y patriarcales de poder, las formas culturales de producción, y el discurso de género presente en la sociedad narco; así como el rol representativo de las mujeres en la “narco novela”, que refuerzan la construcción de estereotipos femeninos a partir de la sociedad del dinero.

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Observations of Earth from space have been made for over 40 years and have contributed to advances in many aspects of climate science. However, attempts to exploit this wealth of data are often hampered by a lack of homogeneity and continuity and by insufficient understanding of the products and their uncertainties. There is, therefore, a need to reassess and reprocess satellite datasets to maximize their usefulness for climate science. The European Space Agency has responded to this need by establishing the Climate Change Initiative (CCI). The CCI will create new climate data records for (currently) 13 essential climate variables (ECVs) and make these open and easily accessible to all. Each ECV project works closely with users to produce time series from the available satellite observations relevant to users' needs. A climate modeling users' group provides a climate system perspective and a forum to bring the data and modeling communities together. This paper presents the CCI program. It outlines its benefit and presents approaches and challenges for each ECV project, covering clouds, aerosols, ozone, greenhouse gases, sea surface temperature, ocean color, sea level, sea ice, land cover, fire, glaciers, soil moisture, and ice sheets. It also discusses how the CCI approach may contribute to defining and shaping future developments in Earth observation for climate science.

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Within the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project Aerosol_cci (2010–2013), algorithms for the production of long-term total column aerosol optical depth (AOD) datasets from European Earth Observation sensors are developed. Starting with eight existing pre-cursor algorithms three analysis steps are conducted to improve and qualify the algorithms: (1) a series of experiments applied to one month of global data to understand several major sensitivities to assumptions needed due to the ill-posed nature of the underlying inversion problem, (2) a round robin exercise of "best" versions of each of these algorithms (defined using the step 1 outcome) applied to four months of global data to identify mature algorithms, and (3) a comprehensive validation exercise applied to one complete year of global data produced by the algorithms selected as mature based on the round robin exercise. The algorithms tested included four using AATSR, three using MERIS and one using PARASOL. This paper summarizes the first step. Three experiments were conducted to assess the potential impact of major assumptions in the various aerosol retrieval algorithms. In the first experiment a common set of four aerosol components was used to provide all algorithms with the same assumptions. The second experiment introduced an aerosol property climatology, derived from a combination of model and sun photometer observations, as a priori information in the retrievals on the occurrence of the common aerosol components. The third experiment assessed the impact of using a common nadir cloud mask for AATSR and MERIS algorithms in order to characterize the sensitivity to remaining cloud contamination in the retrievals against the baseline dataset versions. The impact of the algorithm changes was assessed for one month (September 2008) of data: qualitatively by inspection of monthly mean AOD maps and quantitatively by comparing daily gridded satellite data against daily averaged AERONET sun photometer observations for the different versions of each algorithm globally (land and coastal) and for three regions with different aerosol regimes. The analysis allowed for an assessment of sensitivities of all algorithms, which helped define the best algorithm versions for the subsequent round robin exercise; all algorithms (except for MERIS) showed some, in parts significant, improvement. In particular, using common aerosol components and partly also a priori aerosol-type climatology is beneficial. On the other hand the use of an AATSR-based common cloud mask meant a clear improvement (though with significant reduction of coverage) for the MERIS standard product, but not for the algorithms using AATSR. It is noted that all these observations are mostly consistent for all five analyses (global land, global coastal, three regional), which can be understood well, since the set of aerosol components defined in Sect. 3.1 was explicitly designed to cover different global aerosol regimes (with low and high absorption fine mode, sea salt and dust).

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The cosmological constant Λ seems to be a not satisfactory explanation of the late-time accelerated expansion of the Universe, for which a number of experimental evidences exist; therefore, it has become necessary in the last years to consider alternative models of dark energy, meant as cause of the accelerated expansion. In the study of dark energy models, it is important to understand which quantities can be determined starting from observational data, without assuming any hypothesis on the cosmological model; such quantities have been determined in Amendola, Kunz et al., 2012. In the same paper it has been further shown that it is possible to estabilish a relation between the model-independent parameters and the anisotropic stress η, which can be also expressed as a combination of the functions appearing in the most general Lagrangian for the scalar-tensor theories, the Horndeski Lagrangian. In the present thesis, the Fisher matrix formalism is used to perform a forecast on the constraints that will be possible to make on the anisotropic stress η in the future, starting from the estimated uncertainties for the galaxy clustering and weak lensing measurements which will be performed by the European Space Agency Euclid mission, to be launched in 2020. Further, constraints coming from supernovae-Ia observations are considered. The forecast is performed for two cases in which (a) η is considered as depending from redshift only and (b) η is constant and equal to one, as in the ΛCDM model.