Geography and international assessment: Opportunity or distraction

Assessments of students in primary and secondary education are debated among practitioners, policy-makers, and parents. In some countries, assessment scores serve a criterion for passage between levels of education, for example, from secondary school to post-secondary education. Those practices are often traditions and while they come under criticism, they are a long-accepted part of the educational practices within a country. In those countries, the students’ assessment and examination scores are posted in public places or published in local news media. In other countries, assessments are used for the periodic checks on individual student progress. The results of assessments may be used for rating schools, and in some cases, they are used for evaluating the performance of teachers. Assessments are used less often to analyze student performance and make judgments regarding the performance of the curriculum. Even less often, assessments serve to critically establish strategies for the improvement of student learning and educational practices. The ends on the continuum of the assessment debate often focus on the opportunities that assessments present to improve education on one end. The other end is that assessments serve as a major distraction from the important work of teachers by removing classroom room time from instruction. The debate on those issues continues.

Destabilising Privilege: Disrupting Deficit Thinking in White Pre-service Teachers on Field Experience in Culturally Diverse, High Poverty Schools

This chapter examines the personal reflections and experiences of several pre-service and newly graduated teachers, including Kristie, who were involved in the NETDS program. Their documented professional journeys, which include descriptions of struggling when their privileged, taken-for-granted ways of being were destabilized, and grappling with tensions related to their own predispositions and values, are investigated in the context of Whiteness and privilege theory.

Performance pay for Australian teachers: A critical policy historiography

In May 2011, the Australian Federal Education Minister announced there would be a unique, innovative and new policy of performance pay for teachers, Rewards for Great Teachers (Garrett, 2011a). In response, this paper uses critical policy historiography to argue that the unintended consequences of performance pay for teachers makes it unlikely it will deliver improved quality or efficiency in Australian schools. What is new, in the Australian context, is that performance pay is one of a raft of education policies being driven by the federal government within a system that constitutionally and historically has placed the responsibility for schooling with the states and territories. Since 2008, a key platform of the Australian federal Labor government has been a commitment to an Education Revolution that would promote quality, equity and accountability in Australian schools. This commitment has resulted in new national initiatives impacting on Australian schools including a high-stakes testing regime 14 National Assessment Program 13 Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) 14a mandated national curriculum (the Australian Curriculum), professional standards for teachers and teacher accreditation 14Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL) 14and the idea of rewarding excellent teachers through performance pay (Garrett, 2011b). These reforms demonstrate the increased influence of the federal government in education policy processes and the growth of a 1Ccoercive federalism 1D that pits the state and federal governments against each other (Harris-Hart, 2010). Central to these initiatives is the measuring, or auditing, of educational practices and relationships. While this shift in education policy hegemony from state to federal governments has been occurring in Australia at least since the 1970s, it has escalated and been transformed in more recent times with a greater emphasis on national human capital agendas which link education and training to Australia 19s international economic competitiveness (Lingard & Sellar, in press). This paper uses historically informed critical analysis to critique claims about the effects of such policies. We argue that performance pay has a detailed and complex historical trajectory both internationally and within Australian states. Using Gale 19s (2001) critical policy historiography, we illuminate some of the effects that performance pay policies have had on education internationally and in particular within Australia. This critical historical lens also provides opportunities to highlight how teachers have, in the past, tactically engaged with such policies.

Perspectives on Australian, Indian and Malaysian approaches to STEM education

STEM education faces an interesting conundrum. Western countries have implemented constructivist inspired student centred practices which are argued to be more engaging and relevant to student learning than the traditional, didactic approaches. However, student interest in pursuing careers in STEM have fallen or stagnated. In contrast, students in many developing countries in which teaching is still somewhat didactic and teacher centred are more disposed to STEM related careers than their western counterparts. Clearly, factors are at work which impact the way students value science and mathematics. This review draws on three components that act as determinants of science education in three different countries – Australia, India and Malaysia. We explore how national priorities and educational philosophy impacts educational practices as well as teacher beliefs and the need for suitable professional development. Socio-economic conditions for science education that are fundamental for developing countries in adopting constructivist educational models are analysed. It is identified that in order to reduce structural dissimilarities among countries that cause fragmentation of scientific knowledge, for Malaysia constructivist science education through English medium without losing the spirit of Malaysian culture and Malay language is essential while India need to adopt constructivist quality indicators in education. While adopting international English education, and reducing dominance of impact evaluation, India and Malaysia need to prevent losing their cultural and social capital vigour. Furthermore the paper argues that Australia might need to question the efficacy of current models that fail to engage students’ long term interest in STEM related careers. Australian and Malaysian science teachers must be capable of changing the personal biographies of learners for developing scientific conceptual information. In addition both Malaysia and Australia need to provide opportunities for access to different curricular programmes of knowledge based constructivist learning for different levels of learner competencies.

Exploring university-community partnerships in arts-based service learning with Australian First Peoples and Arts Organizations

In this chapter we focus on the importance of partnerships in arts-based service learning with Australian First Peoples and community arts organizations. Drawing on six years of our own partnership and a wide body of literature, this chapter aims to act as a trigger for further reflection on ways to engage in meaningful partnerships with First Peoples and arts organizations. In particular, the continuum between transactional and transformational types of relationships provides a useful means for understanding our work and for positioning the various benefits and challenges associated with university-community partnerships more broadly.

Monikulttuurisen akateemisen opetuksen hallinta

Starting point for the study was the notion made in previous studies that the Finnish educational practices are not sufficient in multicultural teaching. The main objective of the research was to find out good multicultural teaching practices developed by experienced teachers. The subject of the research was teachers narratives about the problems, solutions and the development of multicultural academic teaching. Previous research has shown that disturbances in multicultural activity can be caused among other things by cultural and linguistic differences, racism and prejudice and stress related to immigration. The management of multicultural teaching can be examined from the individual point of view as intercultural competence and from the collective point of view as management of the disturbances of multicultural teaching. The development of the management has been illustrated with the models of adaptation and transformative/expansive learning. The methodological approach of the research was narrative. I interviewed six teachers with narrative methods. Half of the interviews were pair interviews. As an analytical framework I used the basic story model by Labov (1972). I analysed critical incidents, resolutions and evaluations of the stories. According to the results the problems of the multicultural academic teaching are diverse. Most often mentioned problems were cultural differences and racism. Problems were managed by developing practices that support the multicultural activity broadly and by reacting to sudden problems intuitively or reflectively. In the management of the academic multicultural teaching the experienced teachers emphasised flexibility, group building and trust, intensified guidance, acting against racism and prejudice and characteristics of the teacher, like patience and sense of humour. The management of multicultural teaching has developed through the accumulation of intercultural experiences, reflection of experiences, cooperative problem solving, following the research of the field and experimenting different approaches. In accordance with the previous studies, this research showed that continuous learning is needed in the management of multicultural teaching. The results can be used in developing academic multicultural teaching and education.

Education, pedagogy and sport for development: Addressing seldom asked questions

This special issue features the growing field of Sport for Development. Importantly few questions have been raised about the educative quality of sport for development programs or the pedagogies by which they are delivered. This seems to be something of an oversight since; by definition development infers some sort of learning or educative process. This introductory paper provides an editorial commentary and summary on the papers included in this issue. We also comment on Sport for Development as a growing field of research and identify what might be some fruitful areas of research direction based on the papers included in the issue. Our reading of the papers suggest that there are important concerns related to pedagogy and educational practices in sport for development projects that stem from a dominance of neoliberal agendas, unintended though this may be. At the same time however, it is apparent that this challenge is being met head on by a growing number of researchers, and reports of this progress can be found in this issue.

Perspectives on knowledge creating inquiry in higher education

Higher education is faced with the challenge of strengthening students competencies for the constantly evolving technology-mediated practices of knowledge work. The knowledge creation approach to learning (Paavola et al., 2004; Hakkarainen et al., 2004) provides a theoretical tool to address learning and teaching organized around complex problems and the development of shared knowledge objects, such as reports, products, and new practices. As in professional work practices, it appears necessary to design sufficient open-endedness and complexity for students teamwork in order to generate unpredictable and both practically and epistemologically challenging situations. The studies of the thesis examine what kinds of practices are observed when student teams engage in knowledge creating inquiry processes, how the students themselves perceive the process, and how to facilitate inquiry with technology-mediation, tutoring, and pedagogical models. Overall, 20 student teams collaboration processes and productions were investigated in detail. This collaboration took place in teams or small groups of 3-6 students from multiple domain backgrounds. Two pedagogical models were employed to provide heuristic guidance for the inquiry processes: the progressive inquiry model and the distributed project model. Design-based research methodology was employed in combination with case study as the research design. Database materials from the courses virtual learning environment constituted the main body of data, with additional data from students self-reflections and student and teacher interviews. Study I examined the role of technology mediation and tutoring in directing students knowledge production in a progressive inquiry process. The research investigated how the scale of scaffolding related to the nature of knowledge produced and the deepening of the question explanation process. In Study II, the metaskills of knowledge-creating inquiry were explored as a challenge for higher education: metaskills refers to the individual, collective, and object-centered aspects of monitoring collaborative inquiry. Study III examined the design of two courses and how the elaboration of shared objects unfolded based on the two pedagogical models. Study IV examined how the arranged concept-development project for external customers promoted practices of distributed, partially virtual, project work, and how the students coped with the knowledge creation challenge. Overall, important indicators of knowledge creating inquiry were the following: new versions of knowledge objects and artifacts demonstrated a deepening inquiry process; and the various productions were co-created through iterations of negotiations, drafting, and versioning by the team members. Students faced challenges of establishing a collective commitment, devising practices to co-author and advance their reports, dealing with confusion, and managing culturally diverse teams. The progressive inquiry model, together with tutoring and technology, facilitated asking questions, generating explanations, and refocusing lines of inquiry. The involvement of the customers was observed to provide a strong motivation for the teams. On the evidence, providing team-specific guidance, exposing students to models of scientific argumentation and expert work practices, and furnishing templates for the intended products appear to be fruitful ways to enhance inquiry processes. At the institutional level, educators do well to explore ways of developing collaboration with external customers, public organizations or companies, and between educational units in order to enhance educational practices of knowledge creating inquiry.

Theorizing the Nature of Reflection

For the past decades reflection has been the buzzword of adult and higher education. Reflection is facilitated in many practices and there is abundant research on the issue. Despite the popularity of the concept, the reasons why bringing about reflection in educational practices is difficult remain unclear. The prevailing theories inform of the process in its ideal form. However, to a great extent, they fail to offer conceptual tools for understanding and working with the actualities of reflection. The aim of the doctoral thesis was to explore the challenges and prerequisites of reflection in order to theorize the nature of reflection. By the term reflection it is here referred to becoming aware of and questioning the assumptions that orient our thinking, feelings and actions. The doctoral thesis consists of five studies that approach these questions from different viewpoints and within different contexts. The methods involve both a philosophical and an empirical approach. This multifaceted approach embodies the aim of both gaining a more thorough grasp of the phenomenon and to develop the methodology of researching reflection. The theory building is based on conceptual analysis and rational reconstruction (see Davia 1998; Habermas 1979; Rorty1984) of Mezirow s (1981; 1991; 2000; 2009) theory of transformative learning. In order to explore the aspects which, based on the analysis, appeared insufficiently considered within Mezirow s theory, Damasio s (1994; 1999; 2003; 2010) theory on emotions and consciousness as well as Clausewitz s (1985) view on friction are used as complementary theories. Empirical analyses are used in dialogue with the theoretical, in order to challenge and refine the emerging theorization. Reflection is examined in three different contexts; regarding university teachers pedagogical growth, involuntarily childless women recovering from a life-event crisis, and soldiers preparing to act in chaotic situations of the battlefield as well as recovering from it. The choice of these contexts is based on Mezirow s notion of disorienting dilemma as a trigger for reflection. This notion indicates that reflection may more naturally emerge in association to life-event crises or other cumulative sets of instances, which bring our worldview and beliefs under question. Nevertheless, reflection is often being promoted in educational contexts in which the trigger conditions may not readily prevail. These contextual issues as well as the differences between the facilitated and non-facilitated contexts have not, however, been considered in detail within the research on reflection (or transformative learning). The doctoral thesis offers a new perspective into reflection which, as a further development on Mezirow s transformative learning theory, theorizes the nature of reflection. The developed theory explicates the prerequisites and challenges to reflection. The theory suggests that the challenges of reflection are fundamentally connected to the way the biological life-support system affects our thinking through emotions. While depicting the mechanisms that function as a counterforce to reflection, the developed theory also opens a perspective for considering possibilities for carrying out reflection, and suggests ways to locate and deal with the assumptions to be reflected on. The basic dynamic of the challenges to reflection was explicated by conceptually bridging the gap between Mezirow s and Damasio s theories, through exploring the connections between the meaning perspective and the biological functions of emotions. The concepts of comfort zone and edge-emotions were formed so as to depict the emotional orientation of our thinking, as part of the explanation of the nature of reflection.

Análisis de las prácticas educativas para su mejora desde un enfoque inclusivo en el centro Hijas de la Caridad de Nuestra Señora de Begoña en Bilbao

En la última década, la diversidad social se ha visto reflejada en nuestras escuelas, y ha llevado a nuestro sistema educativo a desarrollar políticas y planes de actuación que favorezcan el desarrollo de una escuela de calidad para todos. En el presente trabajo planteamos analizar las prácticas educativas que llevan a cabo en el centro Hijas de la Caridad de Nuestra Señora de Begoña, y realizar propuestas de mejora que puedan contribuir al progreso hacia un centro más inclusivo. Para el desarrollo del trabajo hemos utilizado la técnica de grupos focales contando con la participación de miembros activos de la comunidad educativa. (Español)

A prática educativa como expressão da prática profissional no contexto da equipe de saúde da família no município do Rio de Janeiro

Este estudo teve como objeto as práticas educativas em saúde desenvolvidas no Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), no Município do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo geral foi a compreensão das práticas educativas realizadas pelos profissionais que atuam no PSF. O interesse se deu pelo fato de reconhecer o PSF como espaço privilegiado no desenvolvimento de práticas educativas voltadas para a conscientização popular, nos aspectos sociais, políticos e da saúde, pelas suas características de atuação em território definido, e na lógica de vigilância à saúde. Ressalta-se a importância da Educação em Saúde como estratégia de intervenção por uma sociedade mais saudável. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, realizada entre 2007 e 2008. A análise dos dados foi orientada pelo método de Análise de Conteúdo. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semi-estruturada, com cinco equipes de saúde da família, totalizando vinte profissionais. Na análise foram identificadas quatro categorias: organização do processo de trabalho, papel do profissional na equipe, organização da prática educativa e fatores que interferem na realização das práticas educativas. Na análise verificou-se que os profissionais enfrentam dificuldades no planejamento das práticas educativas, relacionadas, principalmente, à falta de capacitação pedagógica e à dificuldade de organização do processo de trabalho, centrado no modelo biomédico. Os agentes comunitários se destacam na realização das atividades, com o apoio da equipe, principalmente da enfermeira. Os temas são escolhidos, prioritariamente, a partir da identificação das necessidades de saúde dos usuários pelos profissionais. Verifica-se que há dificuldade na definição dos objetivos das práticas educativas. Predomina o formato de grupos, voltados para a promoção da saúde, mas também com enfoque preventivista. Verifica-se a presença de práticas com outras formas de relação entre profissionais e usuários, num exercício de cidadania para a qualidade de vida. A avaliação é realizada informalmente, entre os profissionais e, geralmente, se detém à quantidade de usuários participantes, ou na constatação de mudança de comportamento do usuário. Os fatores que interferem dizem respeito às relações estabelecidas entre os profissionais, e entre estes e os usuários. A violência associada ao narcotráfico surge como fator que prejudica a atividade no território. As capacitações em prática educativa também são mencionadas. Verifica-se que a forma de organização do processo de trabalho influencia fortemente, visto que a realização das práticas educativas depende diretamente da dinâmica dada ao trabalho, e do espaço destinado para essa atividade na divisão do trabalho. As questões relacionadas à infra-estrutura são relatadas, principalmente, no que diz respeito à escassez de material, recursos financeiros, e espaço físico inadequado. Percebe-se que a falta da sistematização da prática educativa parece comprometer as transformações necessárias para o seu aprimoramento e reflete a falta de compreensão dos profissionais sobre a importância do processo educativo para a saúde e como instrumento de transformação social e política dos sujeitos. Percebe-se, ainda, a necessidade de investimentos para a qualificação do profissional do PSF, não somente em relação às práticas educativas, mas também para que seja possível operar as mudanças necessárias para a reorientação do modelo de atenção à saúde proposto pelo PSF.

Práticas educativas durante a gestação na Estratégia de Saúde da Família: refletindo sobre limites e possibilidades

Estudo de natureza qualitativa que teve como objetivo analisar as práticas de Educação em Saúde desenvolvidas com gestantes atendidas pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família no município de Quissamã no Rio de Janeiro. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizada a técnica do grupo focal, sendo realizados três grupos em unidades com elevadas taxas de cesárea, a fim de refletir sobre a relação entre a participação nas atividades e a escolha pelo tipo de parto. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 18 mulheres que tiveram seus filhos no ano de 2008 e que participaram de qualquer atividade educativa desenvolvida pelas unidades. A análise de dados foi orientada pela análise de conteúdo de Bardin e das falas das mulheres emergiram 03 categorias e uma subcategoria. A investigação apontou que a participação nas práticas educativas ajuda nas escolhas durante a gestação, pois as mulheres sentem-se mais seguras e preparadas para o parto e o pós-parto. Contudo, a escolha pelo tipo de parto ainda é determinada pelos profissionais. O estudo indica que há uma disputa entre o projeto de assistência obstétrica delineado pela mulher e o projeto do profissional, de modo que a indicação médica continua a prevalecer. Apesar dos esforços dos profissionais da Estratégia de Saúde da Família do município investigado, as práticas educativas realizadas com as gestantes, ainda precisam ser desenvolvidas a fim de possuir um cunho emancipatório, na superação de uma prática transmissora de modo a empoderar a mulher para a sustentação de suas decisões. Observa-se que as atividades são orientadas por um planejamento, entretanto, a avaliação das ações não acontecem, de modo que se faz necessária a reflexão dos profissionais acerca das formas de avaliação das práticas desenvolvidas. A pesquisa recomenda a criação de comitês de avaliação das indicações de cesárea; o investimento na formação permanente dos profissionais, sobretudo em Educação e Saúde; e a reavaliação da metodologia de desenvolvimento dessas atividades com o intuito de se pensar em estratégias que possam envolver as mulheres na construção das práticas educativas, no sentido de empoderá-las para a tomada de decisão e para a defesa de seu projeto de parto.

Educação em saúde no Programa de Saúde da Família de Petrópolis: desafios na prática do enfermeiro

O presente estudo tem objetivo investigar as práticas educativas desenvolvidas por enfermeiros, no interior da Equipe de Saúde da Família. A profissão de Enfermeiro no Brasil foi marcada, desde a sua origem, por ser aquela incumbida das ações de educação em saúde. No processo de trabalho das equipes de saúde da família, estão incluídas ações educativas, que tanto devem interferir no processo saúde- doença como ampliar o controle social em defesa da qualidade de vida. Assim, essas práticas estão presentes no cotidiano dos enfermeiros, sendo importante a reflexão a respeito das mesmas para a construção de uma prática educativa mais consciente. Participaram do estudo 21 enfermeiros do Programa Saúde da Família do município de Petrópolis- RJ. A pesquisa foi realizada pelo método qualitativo. A entrevista semi-estruturada foi utilizada como técnica de coleta de dados, que foram tratados pelo método da análise de conteúdo temática. Foram obtidas cinco categorias empíricas, que demonstraram que no cenário estudado, predominam as práticas educativas em grupo. Nelas, há priorização do trabalho em equipe, sendo que os profissionais mais atuantes são os enfermeiros e os médicos. Em relação aos locais onde são realizados os grupos, poucos postos de saúde dispõem de uma sala específica para a sua realização, sendo então utilizadas escolas, igrejas, clubes e associações de moradores, que nem sempre são considerados adequados. A falta de infra- estrutura e de incentivo por parte dos gestores não impedem a realização das práticas educativas, mas traduzem a falta de valorização das mesmas. A complexidade do trabalho do enfermeiro no Programa de Saúde da Família é reconhecida como um dificultador para o trabalho educativo. A maioria dos entrevistados teve alguma aproximação, prática ou teórica, com a educação em saúde durante sua formação acadêmica. Embora haja predominância do enfoque preventivo, são percebidas aproximações a enfoques mais críticos. Os enfermeiros percebem que o trabalho educativo traz mudanças benéficas às comunidades e aos indivíduos assistidos. Também referem gostar desse trabalho, percebendo-o como integrante do trabalho do enfermeiro e do Programa Saúde da Família. O estudo recomenda a formação e a capacitação dos enfermeiros a respeito das abordagens em educação em saúde, assim como a priorização da educação em saúde por parte desses profissionais. Recomenda também a busca de um relacionamento transdisciplinar entre os membros das equipes. Sugere a realização de pesquisas a respeito de técnicas para a abordagem a grupos educativos, por profissionais de saúde, especialmente por enfermeiros.

Avaliação de um programa para o desenvolvimento da empatia em crianças no contexto escolar

A importância da empatia como um elemento indispensável para o desenvolvimento infantil saudável tem sido apontada em diversos estudos. Contudo, são muito poucos os registros de pesquisas nacionais sobre programas desenvolvidos com o objetivo de promovê-la, ou de potencializar o seu desenvolvimento. Embora parta de uma base biológica inata, a empatia depende da estimulação social, das práticas educativas e do contexto em que as crianças crescem, para desabrochar plenamente. Ao lado dos pais, a escola, onde as crianças passam grande parte do seu dia, ocupa um lugar de destaque na educação infantil. Considerando a importância da empatia para o desenvolvimento infantil saudável, e a influência que a educação escolar pode ter sobre ela, propôs-se a realização de um programa com o objetivo de potencializar o seu desenvolvimento, na escola. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi desenvolver o programa e testar a sua eficácia. Os objetivos específicos foram os seguintes: a) Elaborar e descrever os procedimentos utilizados na intervenção; b) Verificar se, após a conclusão do programa, os participantes apresentariam níveis significativamente mais elevados nas medidas de empatia, em comparação à linha de base; c) Verificar se, após a conclusão do programa, os participantes do grupo experimental apresentariam níveis significativamente mais elevados nas medidas de empatia em comparação às crianças do grupo controle; d) Adicionalmente, continuar a normatizar o Teste de Empatia em Ceninhas (TEC: Motta, 2005). Para a avaliação da empatia, usamos: uma medida de auto-relato a Escala de Empatia para Crianças e Adolescentes (EECA: Bryant, 1982); uma medida de empatia acurada o TEC (Motta, 2005); a avaliação do professor o Teachers Rating of Empathy (Barnett & cols., 1982); e a avaliação dos alunos o Empatia do Coleguinha, adaptado do Peers Rating of Empathy (Barnett & cols., 1982). Participaram do programa 43 alunos, da segunda e terceira série do ensino fundamental, de uma escola municipal do Rio de Janeiro. Cada turma foi dividida, aleatoriamente, em dois grupos, um deles experimental/placebo (EP experimental no primeiro segmento da pesquisa, placebo, no segundo) e o outro, placebo/experimental (PE placebo no primeiro segmento da pesquisa, experimental, no segundo). Seguimos o modelo longitudinal pré e pós-teste. Na primeira fase da pesquisa, os grupos EP participaram de 11 encontros de uma hora de duração, com atividades orientadas para o desenvolvimento da empatia, enquanto os grupos PE participaram de atividades de recreação infantil. Na segunda fase, os grupos PE receberam o mesmo tratamento oferecido aos grupos EP, na primeira fase, vice-versa. Os resultados indicaram que o treinamento beneficiou a empatia dos participantes da pesquisa. Sugere-se que a implementação de programas para o desenvolvimento da empatia pode contribuir para a promoção e o aperfeiçoamento desta habilidade nas escolas.