Home-range size in juveniles of the temperate reef fish, the common triplefin (Forsterygion lapillum)

An organism’s home range dictates the spatial scale on which important processes occur (e.g. competition and predation) and directly affects the relationship between individual fitness and local habitat quality. Many reef fish species have very restricted home ranges after settlement and, here, we quantify home-range size in juveniles of a widespread and abundant reef fish in New Zealand, the common triplefin (Forsterygion lapillum). We conducted visual observations on 49 juveniles (mean size = 35-mm total length) within the Wellington harbour, New Zealand. Home ranges were extremely small, 0.053 m2 ± 0.029 (mean ± s.d.) and were unaffected by adult density, body size or substrate composition. A regression tree indicated that home-range size sharply decreased ~4.5 juveniles m–2 and a linear mixed model confirmed that home-range sizes in high-density areas (>4.5 juveniles m–2) were significantly smaller (34%) than those in low-density areas (after accounting for a significant effect of fish movement on our home-range estimates). Our results suggest that conspecific density may have negative and non-linear effects on home-range size, which could shape the spatial distribution of juveniles within a population, as well as influence individual fitness across local density gradients.

Real-time estimation of battery internal temperature based on a simplified thermoelectric model

Li-ion batteries have been widely used in the EVs, and the battery thermal management is a key but challenging part of the battery management system. For EV batteries, only the battery surface temperature can be measured in real-time. However, it is the battery internal temperature that directly affects the battery performance, and large temperature difference may exist between surface and internal temperatures, especially in high power demand applications. In this paper, an online battery internal temperature estimation method is proposed based on a novel simplified thermoelectric model. The battery thermal behaviour is first described by a simplified thermal model, and battery electrical behaviour by an electric model. Then, these two models are interrelated to capture the interactions between battery thermal and electrical behaviours, thus offer a comprehensive description of the battery behaviour that is useful for battery management. Finally, based on the developed model, the battery internal temperature is estimated using an extended Kalman filter. The experimental results confirm the efficacy of the proposed method, and it can be used for online internal temperature estimation which is a key indicator for better real-time battery thermal management.

Parallel decoding of turbo codes using multi-point trellis termination and collision-free interleavers

The UMTS turbo encoder is composed of parallel concatenation of two Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) encoders which start and end at a known state. This trellis termination directly affects the performance of turbo codes. This paper presents performance analysis of multi-point trellis termination of turbo codes which is to terminate RSC encoders at more than one point of the current frame while keeping the interleaver length the same. For long interleaver lengths, this approach provides dividing a data frame into sub-frames which can be treated as independent blocks. A novel decoding architecture using multi-point trellis termination and collision-free interleavers is presented. Collision-free interleavers are used to solve memory collision problems encountered by parallel decoding of turbo codes. The proposed parallel decoding architecture reduces the decoding delay caused by the iterative nature and forward-backward metric computations of turbo decoding algorithms. Our simulations verified that this turbo encoding and decoding scheme shows Bit Error Rate (BER) performance very close to that of the UMTS turbo coding while providing almost %50 time saving for the 2-point termination and %80 time saving for the 5-point termination.

Effect of vitamin D on Epstein-Barr (EBV)-specific CD8+T cells in patients with early multiple sclerosis (MS)

Background: Infection with EBV and a lack in vitamin D may be important environmental triggers of MS. 1,25-(OH)2D3 mediates a shift of antigen presenting cells (APC) and CD4+ T cells to a less inflammatory profile. Although CD8+ T cells do express the vitamin D receptor, a direct effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on these cells has not been demonstrated until now. Since CD8+ T cells are important immune mediators of the inflammatory response in MS, we examined whether vitamin D directly affects the CD8+ T cell response, and more specifically if it modulates the EBV-specific CD8+ T cell response. Material and Methods: To explore whether the vitamin D status may influence the pattern of the EBV-specific CD8+ T cell response, PBMC of 10 patients with early MS and 10 healthy controls (HC) were stimulated with a pool of immunodominant 8-10 mer peptide epitopes known to elicit CD8+ T cell responses. PBMC were stimulated with this EBV CD8 peptide pool, medium (negative control) or anti- CD3/anti-CD28 beads (positive control). The following assays were performed: ELISPOT to assess the secretion of IFN-gamma by T cells in general; cytometric beads array (CBA) and ELISA to determine whichcytokines were released by EBV-specific CD8+ T cells after six days of culture; and intracellular cytokine staining assay to determine by which subtype of T cells secreted given cytokines. To examine whether vitamin D could directly modulate CD8+ T cell immune responses, we depleted CD4+ T cells using negative selection. Results: We found that pre-treatment of vitamin D had an antiinflammatory action on both EBV-specific CD8+ T cells and on CD3/ CD28-stimulated T cells: secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNgamma and TNF-alpha) was decreased, whereas secretion of antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-5 and TGF-beta) was increased. At baseline, CD8+ T cells of early MS patients showed a higher secretion of TNFalpha and lower secretion of IL-5. Addition of vitamin D did not restore the same levels of both cytokines as compared to HC. Vitamin D-pretreated CD8+T cells exhibited a decreased secretion of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, even after depletion of CD4+ T cells from culture. Conclusion: Vitamin D has a direct anti-inflammatory effect on CD8+ T cells independently from CD4+ T cells. CD8+ T cells of patients with earlyMS are less responsive to the inflammatory effect of vitamin D than HC, pointing toward an intrinsic dysregulation of CD8+ T cells. The modulation of EBV-specific CD8+T cells by vitaminDsuggests that there may be interplay between these twomajor environmental factors of MS. This study was supported by a grant from the Swiss National Foundation (PP00P3-124893), and by an unrestricted research grant from Bayer to RDP.

Inflammatory markers and incident heart failure risk in older adults: the Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between inflammation and heart failure (HF) risk in older adults. BACKGROUND: Inflammation is associated with HF risk factors and also directly affects myocardial function. METHODS: The association of baseline serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and C-reactive protein (CRP) with incident HF was assessed with Cox models among 2,610 older persons without prevalent HF enrolled in the Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study (age 73.6 +/- 2.9 years; 48.3% men; 59.6% white). RESULTS: During follow-up (median 9.4 years), HF developed in 311 (11.9%) participants. In models controlling for clinical characteristics, ankle-arm index, and incident coronary heart disease, doubling of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and CRP concentrations was associated with 29% (95% confidence interval: 13% to 47%; p < 0.001), 46% (95% confidence interval: 17% to 84%; p = 0.001), and 9% (95% confidence interval: -1% to 24%; p = 0.087) increase in HF risk, respectively. In models including all 3 markers, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not CRP, remained significant. These associations were similar across sex and race and persisted in models accounting for death as a competing event. Post-HF ejection fraction was available in 239 (76.8%) cases; inflammatory markers had stronger association with HF with preserved ejection fraction. Repeat IL-6 and CRP determinations at 1-year follow-up did not provide incremental information. Addition of IL-6 to the clinical Health ABC HF model improved model discrimination (C index from 0.717 to 0.734; p = 0.001) and fit (decreased Bayes information criterion by 17.8; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory markers are associated with HF risk among older adults and may improve HF risk stratification.

Application of Fermentation Techniques in the Utilization of Prawn Shell Waste

The present study aimed at the utlisation of microbial organisms for the production of good quality chitin and chitosan. The three strains used for the study were Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacililus brevis and Bacillus subtilis. These strains were selected on the basis of their acid producing ability to reduce the pH of the fermenting substrates to prevent spoilage and thus caused demineralisation of the shell. Besides, the proteolytic enzymes in these strains acted on proteinaceous covering of shrimp and thus caused deprotenisation of shrimp shell waste. Thus the two processes involved in chitin production can be affected to certain extent using bacterial fermentation of shrimp shell.Optimization parameters like fermentation period, quantity of inoculum, type of sugar, concentration of sugar etc. for fermentation with three different strains were studied. For these, parameters like pH, Total titrable acidity (TTA), changes in sugar concentration, changes in microbial count, sensory changes etc. were studied.Fermentation study with Lactobacillus plantarum was continued with 20% w/v jaggery broth for 15 days. The inoculum prepared yislded a cell concentration of approximately 108 CFU/ml. In the present study, lactic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid were used for initial pH adjustment because; without adjusting the initial pH, it took more than 5 hours for the lactic acid bacteria to convert glucose to lactic acid and during this delay spoilage occurred due to putrefying enzymes active at neutral or higher pH. During the fermentation study, pH first decreased in correspondence with increase in TTA values. This showed a clear indication of acid production by the strain. This trend continued till their proteolytic activity showed an increasing trend. When the available sugar source started depleting, proteolytic activity also decreased and pH increased. This was clearly reflected in the sensory evaluation results. Lactic acid treated samples showed greater extent of demineralization and deprotenisation at the end of fermentation study than hydrochloric acid treated samples. It can be due to the effect of strong hydrochloric acid on the initial microbial count, which directly affects the fermentation process. At the end of fermentation, about 76.5% of ash was removed in lactic acid treated samples and 71.8% in hydrochloric acid treated samples; 72.8% of proteins in lactic acid treated samples and 70.6% in hydrochloric acid treated samples.The residual protein and ash in the fermented residue were reduced to permissible limit by treatment with 0.8N HCI and 1M NaOH. Characteristics of chitin like chitin content, ash content, protein content, % of N- acetylation etc. were studied. Quality characteristics like viscosity, degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of chitosan prepared were also compared. The chitosan samples prepared from lactic acid treated showed high viscosity than HCI treated samples. But degree of deacetylation is more in HCI treated samples than lactic acid treated ones. Characteristics of protein liquor obtained like its biogenic composition, amino acid composition, total volatile base nitrogen, alpha amino nitrogen etc. also were studied to find out its suitability as animal feed supplement.Optimization of fermentation parameters for Lactobacillus brevis fermentation study was also conducted and parameters were standardized. Then detailed fermentation study was done in 20%wlv jaggery broth for 17 days. Also the effect of two different acid treatments (mild HCI and lactic acid) used for initial pH adjustment on chitin production were also studied. In this study also trend of changes in pH. changes in sugar concentration ,microbial count changes were similar to Lactobacillus plantarum studies. At the end of fermentation, residual protein in the samples were only 32.48% in HCI treated samples and 31.85% in lactic acid treated samples. The residual ash content was about 33.68% in HCI treated ones and 32.52% in lactic acid treated ones. The fermented residue was converted to chitin with good characteristics by treatment with 1.2MNaOH and 1NHCI.Characteristics of chitin samples prepared were studied and extent of Nacetylation was about 84% in HCI treated chitin and 85%in lactic acid treated ones assessed from FTIR spectrum. Chitosan was prepared from these samples by usual chemical method and its extent of solubility, degree of deacetylation, viscosity and molecular weight etc were studied. The values of viscosity and molecular weight of the samples prepared were comparatively less than the chitosan prepared by Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation. Characteristics of protein liquor obtained were analyzed to determine its quality and is suitability as animal feed supplement.Another strain used for the study was Bacillus subtilis and fermentation was carried out in 20%w/v jaggery broth for 15 days. It was found that Bacillus subtilis was more efficient than other Lactobacillus species for deprotenisation and demineralization. This was mainly due to the difference in the proteolytic nature of the strains. About 84% of protein and 72% of ash were removed at the end of fermentation. Considering the statistical significance (P

Herramienta funcional para desarrollo y manejo de un modelo de gestión de inventarios

Esta tesis surge como una oportunidad de crear una herramienta de mejora en las empresas, para controlar los inventarios de la manera más adecuada. Debido a los desórdenes de los precios en el mercado, las promociones no planeadas, y la confrontación de pronósticos optimistas Vs. Pronósticos conservadores, se presenta un gran volumen de devoluciones, repercutiendo en el deterioro de la cartera y afectando directamente las metas estratégicas de las empresas. Tras esta clara oportunidad de mejora, se toma la decisión de evaluar el modelo de pronóstico que arroje los valores más acertados para la planeación de la demanda. Por otro lado, se analizo el mejor modelo de inventarios con sus respectivos indicadores de control. Dando como resultado una herramienta parametrizada en Excel, que arroja datos de pronósticos de ventas más acertados y optimiza la gestión de los inventarios. Esta herramienta contiene un modelo de gestión de inventarios de revisión continua, lo cual brinda información más acertada de la demanda que enfrenta la compañía, las ventas que puede generar, y los procesos que necesita planear para respaldar su actividad.

Análisis de las tendencias del sector de artes gráficas colombiano para el diseño de un plan estratégico de la empresa Editorial Edeco Ltda.

El presente texto expone el análisis del sector de artes gráficas, un sector que continúa en crecimiento y trae consigo nuevas tendencias y retos para las empresas, como por ejemplo la digitalización de contenidos, impresión por demanda, conciencia medioambiental, entre otros. Adicionalmente se expone las diferentes oportunidades y amenazas del sector, la competencia como una variable que afecta directamente la rentabilidad; debido a la guerra de precios existente y la Comoditización de productos y servicios. En el marco teórico se estudian herramientas como DOFA, matriz de Ansoff, benchmarking y primordialmente el análisis estructural de sectores estratégicos, que permite construir una percepción amplia de lo que ocurre en el sector, de tal forma que la empresa pueda replantear su modelo de negocio y pueda construir valor. Se realizaran propuestas de estrategias a desarrollar, con el fin de visualizar nuevos modelos de negocio que en el largo plazo garanticen la supervivencia del negocio, desde un enfoque de adaptación a las nuevas tendencias; así mismo se busca estudiar la posibilidad de entrar en el mundo de la digitalización de contenidos y la creación de nuevos productos que atiendan a los mismos segmentos de clientes actuales de una forma diferente.

La subpoliarquía colombiana. Deficiencias estatales, democracia deficitaria

El artículo analiza la democracia colombiana en la década 2002-2011. El argumento central es que Colombia representa un caso de una democracia con déficits, que no alcanza a cubrir las condiciones mínimas de las democracias políticas y se constituye en una subpoliarquía. En esta condición incide de forma  directa las deficiencias estatales, en sus dimensiones de coacción y cohesión social. Los déficits democráticos se presentan en las condiciones básicas de la competencia  política, con elecciones periódicas, pero no libres ni competitivas ni limpias; en la presencia continuada de fraude y manipulación de los resultados electorales y en la  ausencia de garantías para las libertades civiles y políticas. Estas características justifican los diversos adjetivos aplicados a la democracia colombiana, siempre  en clave negativa.

Análisis de la sentencia interpretativa 0006-09-SIC-CC, caso 0012-08-IC. ¿Tiene el Estado ecuatoriano derecho a participar en al menos el 50% de los beneficios que se generan en el sector de las telecomunicaciones? (Jurisprudencia)

Se revisa la sentencia interpretativa no. 0006-09-sIC-CC, caso 0012-08-IC, expedida por la Corte Constitucional para el período de transición. en lo principal, esta sentencia analiza si el segundo inciso del art. 408 de la Constitución ecuatoriana es aplicable al sector de las telecomunicaciones. la mencionada norma dispone que el estado debe participar en los beneficios del aprovechamiento de varios recursos –entre ellos los no renovables y el espectro radioléctrico– en un monto que no debe ser inferior a los de la empresa que los explota. la importancia económica de la decisión de la Corte es evidente, pues incide directamente en el alcance del derecho de propiedad, tanto del estado como de los particulares que realizan actividades en el sector de las telecomunicaciones. Pese a la relevancia económica del asunto, la motivación es escasa, y la línea de argumentación obscura, e inclusive contradictoria.

The influence of eddy parameterizations on the transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in coupled climate models

The transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) varies strongly across the coupled GCMs (general circulation models) used for the IPCC AR4. This note shows that a large fraction of this across-model variance can be explained by relating it to the parameterization of eddy-induced transports. In the majority of models this parameterization is based on the study by Gent and McWilliams (1990). The main parameter is the quasi-Stokes diffusivity kappa (often referred to less accurately as ’’thickness diffusion’’). The ACC transport and the meridional density gradient both correlate strongly with kappa across those models where kappa is a prescribed constant. In contrast, there is no correlation with the isopycnal diffusivity jiso across the models. The sensitivity of the ACC transport to kappa is larger than to the zonal wind stress maximum. Experiments with the fast GCM FAMOUS show that changing kappa directly affects the ACC transport by changing the density structure throughout the water column. Our results suggest that this limits the role of the wind stress magnitude in setting the ACC transport in FAMOUS. The sensitivities of the ACC and the meridional density gradient are very similar across the AR4 GCMs (for those models where kappa is a prescribed constant) and among the FAMOUS experiments. The strong sensitivity of the ACC transport to kappa needs careful assessment in climate models.

Consumers' attitudes, trust and willingness to pay for food information

Market failure can be corrected using different regulatory approaches ranging from high to low intervention. Recently, classic regulations have been criticized as costly and economically irrational and thus policy makers are giving more consideration to soft regulatory techniques such as information remedies. However, despite the plethora of food information conveyed by different media there appears to be a lack of studies exploring how consumers evaluate this information and how trust towards publishers influence their choices for food information. In order to fill such a gap, this study investigates questions related to topics which are more relevant to consumers, who should disseminate trustful food information, and how communication should be conveyed and segmented. Primary data were collected both through qualitative (in depth interviews and focus groups) and quantitative research (web and mail surveys). Attitudes, willingness to pay for food information and trust towards public and private sources conveying information through a new food magazine were assessed using both multivariate statistical methods and econometric analysis. The study shows that consumer attitudes towards food information topics can be summarized along three cognitive-affective dimensions: the agro-food system, enjoyment and wellness. Information related to health risks caused by nutritional disorders and food safety issues caused by bacteria and chemical substances is the most important for about 90% of respondents. Food information related to regulations and traditions is also considered important for more than two thirds of respondents, while information about food production and processing techniques, life style and food fads are considered less important by the majority of respondents. Trust towards food information disseminated by public bodies is higher than that observed for private bodies. This behavior directly affects willingness to pay (WTP) for food information provided by public and private publishers when markets are shocked by a food safety incident. WTP for consumer association (€ 1.80) and the European Food Safety Authority (€ 1.30) are higher than WTP for the independent and food industry publishers which cluster around zero euro. Furthermore, trust towards the type of publisher also plays a key role in food information market segmentation together with socio-demographic and economic variables such as gender, age, presence of children and income. These findings invite policy makers to reflect on the possibility of using information remedies conveyed using trusted sources of information to specific segments of consumers as an interesting soft alternative to the classic way of regulating modern food markets.

Electrification of precipitating systems over the Amazon: Physical processes of thunderstorm development

This study investigated the physical processes involved in the development of thunderstorms over southwestern Amazon by hypothesizing causalities for the observed cloud-to-ground lightning variability and the local environmental characteristics. Southwestern Amazon experiences every year a large variety of environmental factors, such as the gradual increase in atmospheric moisture, extremely high pollution due to biomass burning, and intense deforestation, which directly affects cloud development by differential surface energy partition. In the end of the dry period it was observed higher percentages of positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning due to a relative increase in +CG dominated thunderstorms (positive thunderstorms). Positive (negative) thunderstorms initiated preferentially over deforested (forest) areas with higher (lower) cloud base heights, shallower (deeper) warm cloud depths, and higher (lower) convective potential available energy. These features characterized the positive (negative) thunderstorms as deeper (relatively shallower) clouds, stronger (relatively weaker) updrafts with enhanced (decreased) mixed and cold vertically integrated liquid. No significant difference between thunderstorms (negative and positive) and nonthunderstorms were observed in terms of atmospheric pollution, once the atmosphere was overwhelmed by pollution leading to an updraft-limited regime. However, in the wet season both negative and positive thunderstorms occurred during periods of relatively higher aerosol concentration and differentiated size distributions, suggesting an aerosol-limited regime where cloud electrification could be dependent on the aerosol concentration to suppress the warm and enhance the ice phase. The suggested causalities are consistent with the invoked hypotheses, but they are not observed facts; they are just hypotheses based on plausible physical mechanisms.

Unsupervised learning to cluster the disease stages in parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder (after Alzheimer's disease) and directly affects upto 5 million people worldwide. The stages (Hoehn and Yaar) of disease has been predicted by many methods which will be helpful for the doctors to give the dosage according to it. So these methods were brought up based on the data set which includes about seventy patients at nine clinics in Sweden. The purpose of the work is to analyze unsupervised technique with supervised neural network techniques in order to make sure the collected data sets are reliable to make decisions. The data which is available was preprocessed before calculating the features of it. One of the complex and efficient feature called wavelets has been calculated to present the data set to the network. The dimension of the final feature set has been reduced using principle component analysis. For unsupervised learning k-means gives the closer result around 76% while comparing with supervised techniques. Back propagation and J4 has been used as supervised model to classify the stages of Parkinson's disease where back propagation gives the variance percentage of 76-82%. The results of both these models have been analyzed. This proves that the data which are collected are reliable to predict the disease stages in Parkinson's disease.

Colestase crônica em crianças e em adolescentes : avaliação nutricional, avaliação neurológica e níveis plasmáticos de vitaminas D e E

A colestase crônica na infância e na adolescência interfere diretamente no cres-cimento e no desenvolvimento do indivíduo e produz conseqüências clínicas relacionadas com a má absorção das vitaminas lipossolúveis da dieta. A vitamina E exerce um importante papel na estrutura e na função dos sistemas nervoso e musculoesquelético. A vitamina D tem reconhecida influência sobre a fisiopatologia da osteopenia colestática que se manifesta como osteoporose, raquitismo ou osteomalácia. A realização de dosagens plasmáticas dessas vitami-nas é essencial para detectar precocemente suas deficiências, bem como para monitorizar uma adequada suplementação. Essas dosagens não são realizadas de rotina no nosso meio. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram verificar os níveis plasmáticos de vitami-nas D e E em uma amostra de crianças e adolescentes com colestase crônica; verificar o esta-do nutricional e a ingestão de macro e micronutrientes desses pacientes; verificar o uso de su-plemento de vitaminas, o tempo de colestase; e realizar avaliação neurológica para estabelecer eventual relação com os níveis plasmáticos de vitamina E. A amostra constou de 22 crianças e adolescentes com colestase crônica que con-sultavam no ambulatório ou estiveram internadas na Unidade de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre no período de dezembro de 2000 a abril de 2002. Como controles, participaram 17 crianças eutróficas e normais do ponto de vista gastroentero-lógico com faixa etária correspondente. Foram realizadas avaliação nutricional e avaliação neurológica. Foi pesquisado o tempo de colestase e o uso de suplemento de vitaminas lipossolúveis. A técnica utilizada para as dosagens da vitamina E foi a cromatografia líquida de alta precisão (HPLC) e as dosagens plasmáticas de vitamina D pela técnica de radioimunoensaio. A prevalência de desnutrição variou entre 23,8% a 63,0% considerando as diferentes medidas e padrões utilizados. O inquérito alimentar realizado demonstrou uma ingestão calórica média de 89,33 ± 27,4% em relação ao recomendado para idade com uma distribui-ção dos macronutrientes em relação às calorias ingeridas dentro dos valores de referência para o grupo em questão, havendo, porém, uma pobre ingestão de micronutrientes como ferro e zinco. O exame neurológico foi alterado em 43% dos pacientes colestáticos, em que foram constatadas vinte alterações neurológicas em nove pacientes. Não obtivemos resultados con-fiáveis para os níveis plasmáticos de vitamina E, apesar de realizar 3 etapas para validação. O valor médio de vitamina D entre os pacientes foi de 13,7 ± 8,39 ng/ml, enquanto que no grupo controle foi de 25,58 ± 16,73 ng/ml (P = 0,007), havendo uma prevalência de hipovitaminose D entre esses pacientes de 36%. Não foi observada relação entre estado nutricional, tempo de colestase ou uso de suplemento oral de vitaminas lipossolúveis e os níveis plasmáticos refe-ridos. Concluímos que a média de níveis plasmáticos de vitamina D nas crianças e nos adolescentes colestáticos do estudo foi significativamente menor do que nos controles nor-mais sem relação significativa com estado nutricional, tempo de colestase ou uso de suple-mento de vitaminas. As alterações neurológicas foram freqüentes e a prevalência de desnutri-ção nos pacientes foi semelhante à encontrada na literatura. A ingesta calórica foi deficiente havendo porém, um equilíbrio dos macronutrientes e ingestão insuficiente de ferro e zinco.