Desarrollo del lenguaje en bilingües familiares : mezcla de código, cambio de código.

Estudiar las peculiaridades y el desarrollo del lenguaje en los bilingües familiares. Tres sujetos: 1) trilingüe inglés-castellano-catalán, 4'2 años; 2) bilingüe inglés-castellano, 3'11 años; 3) bilingüe inglés-castellano, 3'11 años. Recogido el material durante el periodo de dos años. Tras el marco teórico se formula el concepto de bilingüismo familiar. Analiza posteriormente dos bloques: 1) análisis de datos segun los resultados de Slabin (1985); 2) aparición del fenomeno de Code Mixing y Code Switching en el habla bilingüe. Se realizan grabaciones magnetofónicas de los sujetos en situaciones naturales. Se realiza el análisis de contenido y del material observacional recogido y se extraen las conclusiones pertinentes. Los sujetos fueron grabados con cassette durante media hora cada sesión, siempre en condiciones naturales, cada sesión se daba cada 3 o 4 semanas. El análisis se realiza bajo tres bloques: 1) desarrollo morfosintáctico; 2) mezcla y cambio de códigos; 3) aparición de la conciencia metalingüística, tomando el error como término de análisis, siendo un análisis de técnicas observacionales o de contenido. Tanto el Code Mixing como el Code Switching son fenómenos con entidad propia, genuinos de las producciones bilingües. La elección del código está en consonancia con una situación contextual. En lo referente a la conciencia metalingüística llega a coincidir con la definición de Jackobson, teniendo el niño dos significantes para un solo significado que puede utilizar en diferentes situaciones, según sea el contexto. Obtención de resultados interesantes en el estudio de diferentes aspectos del lenguaje de bilingües familiares. Desvela estrategias que estas utilizan en el desarrollo de las dos lenguas. Son necesarias posteriores investigaciones, desde metodologías de análisis de la Psicología Cognitiva, Lingüística y Sociolingüística, así como una unificación de criterios.

La creación del español mestizo en la literatura chicana : identidad y elección lingüística.

Título del congreso: 'El español, lengua del mestizaje y la interculturalidad'

Evidence for insertional codemixing: mixed compounds and French nominal groups in Brussels Dutch

In this paper we analyse mixed compounds, such as legume+winkel ‘vegetable shop, greengrocery’ and winter+paletot ‘winter coat’ which contain a French and a Dutch element, and French nominal groups, such as carte d’identité ‘identity card’, and journal parlé ‘radio news’, which bilingual speakers from Brussels frequently insert into Brussels Dutch utterances. Using Muysken’s (2000) typology of bilingual speech, we claim that the mixed compounds and the nominal groups display the characteristics of insertional code-mixing. In addition, some evidence for the existence of a continuum between borrowing and code-switching can be obtained from these examples. As the multimorphemic units that are inserted into Dutch are neither single words, nor full constituents, their status in the lexicon raises interesting issues for researchers interested in the interface between syntax and the lexicon (see also Backus 2003). We try to argue that nominal groups such as carte d’identité and journal parlé are probably best seen as lexical templates or constructional idioms (Booij, 2002b). The insertion of French constructional idioms in Brussels Dutch represents an innovation in the lexical patterns that are available to speakers of this language, which is highly relevant for theories of language change.

Using lexical diversity measures to operationalise language dominance in bilinguals

Treffers-Daller and Korybski propose to operationalize language dominance on the basis of measures of lexical diversity, as computed, in this particular study, on transcripts of stories told by Polish-English bilinguals in each of their languages They compute four different Indices of Language Dominance (ILD) on the basis of two different measures of lexical diversity, the Index of Guiraud (Guiraud, 1954) and HD-D (McCarthy & Jarvis, 2007). They compare simple indices, which are based on subtracting scores from one language from scores for another language, to more complex indices based on the formula Birdsong borrowed from the field of handedness, namely the ratio of (Difference in Scores) / (Sum of Scores). Positive scores on each of these Indices of Language Dominance mean that informants are more English-dominant and negative scores that they are more Polish-dominant. The authors address the difficulty of comparing scores across languages by carefully lemmatizing the data. Following Flege, Mackay and Piske (2002) they also look into the validity of these indices by investigating to what extent they can predict scores on other, independently measured variables. They use correlations and regression analysis for this, which has the advantage that the dominance indices are used as continuous variables and arbitrary cut-off points between balanced and dominant bilinguals need not be chosen. However, they also show how the computation of z-scores can help facilitate a discussion about the appropriateness of different cut-off points across different data sets and measurement scales in those cases where researchers consider it necessary to make categorial distinctions between balanced and dominant bilinguals. Treffers-Daller and Korybski correlate the ILD scores with four other variables, namely Length of Residence in the UK, attitudes towards English and life in the UK, frequency of usage of English at home and frequency of code-switching. They found that the indices correlated significantly with most of these variables, but there were clear differences between the Guiraud-based indices and the HDD-based indices. In a regression analysis three of the measures were also found to be a significant predictor of English language usage at home. They conclude that the correlations and the regression analyses lend strong support to the validity of their approach to language dominance.

Multiple schools, languages, experiences and affiliations: ideological becomings and positionings

This article focuses on the identity accounts of a group of Chinese children who attend a heritage language school. Bakhtin’s concepts of ideological becoming, and authoritative and internally persuasive discourse, frame our exploration. Taking a dialogic view of language and learning raises questions about schools as socializing spaces and ideological environments. The children in this inquiry articulate their own ideological patterns of alignment. Those patterns, and the children's code switching, seem mostly determined by their socialization, language affiliations, friendship patterns, family situations, and legal access to particular schools. Five patterns of ideological becoming are presented. The children’s articulated preferences indicate that they assert their own ideological stances towards prevailing authoritative discourses, give voice to their own sense of agency and internally persuasive discourses, and respond to the ideological resources that mediate their linguistic repertoires.

El cambio de código en hispanohablantes en Suecia : Experiencias y actitudes

In this thesis it is investigated how Spanish-speakers in Sweden experience living with two languages ​​and how common it is for them to use code-switching in their everyday speech. The study has focused on not only the experiences but also the use of code-switching among Hispanics who have become bilinguals in Sweden. The study has also examined the attitudes the informants show towards code – switching.The aim of this study is to provide a picture of the experiences Spanish-speakers have of becoming bilinguals in Sweden and of learning and using Swedish as a second language. It is of interest to see how the bilinguals converse inside and outside the home and how frequent and accepted it is among the Hispanics in Sweden with the use of code-switching in different social contexts. In summary, we can see that the Hispanics in Sweden are satisfied with the linguistic development they have experienced by learning a new language and that they consider it beneficial being bilingual. The study shows that code-switching is very much used, but not fully accepted even by those who use it on a daily basis. Code-switching is in many cases not considered appropriate and it is sometimes performed unconsciously.

L1 Use in the EFL-classroom : A Literature Review on Teachers’ Use of the L1 in the EFL-classroom on Upper Secondary Level

Even though English should mainly be used in the EFL-classroom according to the Swedish national curriculum, some recent scholars have argued that a judicious use of the students’ L1 by the teachers in some particular situations may benefit the learning environment there. From this context, this thesis examines what research says about in what particular situations the L1 is used by teachers in upper secondary EFL-classrooms as well as the teachers’ and the students’ attitudes towards this practice. The method used was a systematic literature review, where seven articles from all across the globe were analyzed, compared and synthesized. The results show that the L1 was mainly used by the teachers when managing discipline, when explaining grammar and when teaching vocabulary. However, the articles did not conclude how the L1 could be used strategically by the teachers. Concerning the teachers’ and students’ attitudes, the majority of these were positive towards L1 use by the teacher in the above mentioned situations. However, the teachers were not aware of how the L1 could be used by them in a judicious and a strategic way. Lastly, it can be concluded that more research is needed on how the L1 can be used more strategically by the teachers as well as on the students’ perspective on this.

Teaching Mathematics in English to Swedish Speaking Students : The Use of Second Language Teaching Practices in the Teaching of Mathematics in English to Swedish Speaking Students in Lower Secondary School

Over 20,000 Swedish lower high school students are currently learning mathematics in English but little research has been conducted in this area. This study looks into the question of how much second language learner training teachers teaching mathematics in English to Swedish speaking students have acquired and how many of those teachers are using effective teaching practices for second language learners. The study confirms earlier findings that report few teachers receive training in second language learning but indicates that some of the teaching practices shown to be effective with second language learners are being used in some Swedish schools

Aquisição e/ou aprendizagem: a constituição da subjetividade e identidade de uma criança falante de português brasileiro e de espanhol

Pós-graduação em Linguística e Língua Portuguesa - FCLAR

Alternância de códigos em narrativas orais do povo Parkatêjê: aspectos linguísticos do contato com o português

“Mistura irregular de dois sistemas distintos” (Labov, 1971, p. 457). A afirmação de Labov reflete o que durante décadas se pensou sobre um comportamento linguístico comum a falantes bilíngues: a alternância de código (ou code-switching). Esse fenômeno, que se caracteriza pela mudança de uma língua para outra sem haver mudança de tópico ou falante, é, no entanto, sistematicamente organizado e está sujeito a restrições gramaticais, ocorrendo em pontos específicos e recorrentes nas sentenças, não de maneira aleatória. Um dos modelos teóricos frequentemente usados para dar conta da gramaticalidade do code-switching é o proposto por Poplack (1978/1881), que sugere duas restrições ao fenômeno: a “restrição morfema livre”, segundo a qual a alternância pode ocorrer após qualquer constituinte desde que não seja um morfema fixo; e a “restrição de equivalência”, que prevê a ocorrência em pontos onde elementos de ambas as línguas são equivalentes, para não haver violação de regras sintáticas das línguas envolvidas. Este trabalho apresenta a aplicação desse modelo à análise descritiva de alternância de código entre português e parkatêjê, língua Timbira falada no sudeste do Pará. Os dados que embasam este estudo são histórias tradicionais do povo, coletadas entre os anos de 2008 e 2011, nas quais é possível encontrar diversas ocorrências do fenômeno.

Estratégias utilizadas por aprendizes de línguas afins: a troca de código

Neste artigo analisamos a troca de código, uma estratégia de compensação que consiste na utilização de uma palavra ou frase em L1, L3 ou L4, no interior do enunciado em L2, empregada por aprendizes de italiano LE cuja língua materna é o português brasileiro, durante a realização em dupla de uma tarefa escrita. A pesquisa, que se baseou nos instrumentos propostos pela etnografia, mostra que a troca de código constitui um potencial para o desenvolvimento da interlíngua e para a aquisição/aprendizagem de LE e que tal estratégia, além de compensar eventuais lacunas linguísticas originadas pela falta de recursos adequados para expressar-se em LE, é usada pelos falantes como procedimento típico da conversação bilíngue para facilitar a comunicação.

Spagnolo, inglese e spanglish a new york. Analisi sociolinguistica della comunita portoricana

L'elaborato intende proporre un'analisi sociolinguistica della comunità portoricana di New York. Il lavoro di ricerca, condotto proprio nella città di New York, ha lo scopo di fornire una prospettiva, il più ampia possibile, sull'uso dell'inglese, dello spagnolo e delle pratiche linguistiche legate allo Spanglish da parte di questa specifica comunità ispanofona. Lo studio si è concentrato prevalentemente sull'analisi del comportamento linguistico di due generazioni di portoricani, i cui usi linguistici variano in relazione a specifici parametri riscontrati all'interno dell'organizzazione sociale.

La traduzione dei racconti di Pat Mora: muoversi tra due lingue e due culture

This dissertation deals with the translations of seven books for children written by the Chicano author Pat Mora. I started to be interested in the Chicano world, a world suspended between Mexico and the United States, after reading a book by Sandra Cisneros. I decided to deepen my curiosity and for this reason, I discovered a hybrid reality full of history, culture and traditions. In this context, the language used is characterized by a continuous code switching between Spanish and English and I thought it was an interesting phenomenon from the literary and translation point of view. During my research in the Chicano culture, I ran across Pat Mora. Her books for children fascinated me because of their actual themes (the cultural diversity and the defense of identity) and their beautiful illustrations. For this reason, I chose to translate seven of her books because I believe they could be an enrichment for children literature in Italy. The work consists of five chapters. The first one deals with the identity of Chicano people, their history, their literature and their language. In the second chapter, I outline Pat Mora’s profile. I talk about her biography and I analyze her most famous works. In the third chapter, I introduce the seven books for children to be translated and I point out their plots and main themes. In the fourth chapter, I present the translation of the books. The fifth chapter is the translation comment. I deal with the linguistic analysis of the source texts and the analysis of the target texts focusing on the choices made during the translation process.

The Process and Factors of Language Shift and Maintenance: Sociolinguistic Research into the Romanian Minority Community in Hungary

This study of the process of language shift and maintenance in the bilingual community of Romanians living in Hungary was based on 40 tape-recorded Romanian sociolinguistic interviews. These were transcribed into computerised form and provide an excellent source of sociolinguistic, contact linguistic and discourse analysis data, making it possible to show the effect of internal and external factors on the bilingual speech mode. The main topics considered were the choice of Romanian and Hungarian in community interactions, factors of language choice, code-switching: introlanguage and interlanguage, reasons for code-switching, the relationship between age and the frequency of code switching in the interview situation, and the unequal competition of minority and majority languages at school.

The Process and Factors of Language Shift and Maintenance: Sociolinguistic Research into the Romanian Minority Community in Hungary"

This study of the process of language shift and maintenance in the bilingual community of Romanians living in Hungary was based on 40 tape-recorded Romanian sociolinguistic interviews. These were transcribed into computerised form and provide an excellent source of sociolinguistic, contact linguistic and discourse analysis data, making it possible to show the effect of internal and external factors on the bilingual speech mode. The main topics considered were the choice of Romanian and Hungarian in community interactions, factors of language choice, code-switching: introlanguage and interlanguage, reasons for code-switching, the relationship between age and the frequency of code switching in the interview situation, and the unequal competition of minority and majority languages at school.