Il child language brokering: Un case-study presso la scuola primaria G. Marconi e la scuola secondaria di I grado G. Diotti di casalmaggiore (CR).

Questa tesi presenta i risultati di un case-study condotto presso la scuola primaria G. Marconi e la scuola secondaria di I grado G. Diotti di Casalmaggiore (CR), volto ad indagare sul fenomeno della mediazione linguistica ad opera di bambini che, nel panorama moderno caratterizzato da una presenza straniera in continuo aumento, risulta una delle soluzioni più accessibili ai migranti per garantirsi un supporto linguistico che permetta l’accesso ai servizi pubblici fondamentali. La prima parte del testo costituisce un quadro teorico che consente di comprendere meglio gli obiettivi e i risultati dell’indagine condotta. Il primo capitolo si concentra sul rapporto immigrazione-scuola analizzando la situazione attuale, illustrando le caratteristiche e le esigenze della popolazione scolastica straniera ed esaminando le proposte ministeriali in materia di integrazione e accoglienza. Il secondo capitolo, invece, sposta l’attenzione sulla mediazione linguistica e culturale in Italia. Nello specifico viene dapprima approfondita la mediazione professionale facendo riferimento al quadro normativo e alle competenze specifiche del mediatore linguistico e culturale. In un secondo momento, viene introdotto il fenomeno della mediazione non professionale e viene illustrata la letteratura inerente. Da ultimo viene introdotto il tema del Child Language Brokering (CLB), ovvero il fenomeno della mediazione ad opera di minori. Partendo da una panoramica generale viene studiato lo sviluppo del CLB come oggetto di ricerca e ne vengono valutati aspetti positivi e negativi, soffermandosi in particolare sul contesto scolastico. Gli ultimi due capitoli, invece, sono dedicati alla parte operativa del lavoro di ricerca. Nel terzo capitolo viene presentato in maniera dettagliata il case-study analizzando la metodologia applicata, il campione selezionato e l’elaborazione dei questionari realizzati per la raccolta dei dati. Infine, nel quarto capitolo, sono esaminati i dati raccolti sul campo. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti viene dapprima delineato il profilo del fenomeno in ciascuna delle scuole campione per poi mettere a confronto le tendenze generali emerse.

Mediatori invisibili: la pratica del Child Language Brokering al centro di aggregazione giovanile “Welcome” di Forlì

Questo lavoro si prefigge di analizzare il fenomeno del Child Language Brokering (CLB), ossia la mediazione linguistica interculturale ad opera di bambini e adolescenti, immigrati o figli di immigrati, che si trovano spesso a tradurre per i genitori, i membri della propria comunità etnica di appartenenza e i rappresentati delle istituzioni locali del paese ospitante. L’obiettivo principale è quello di mettere in luce questo fenomeno, ancora pressoché invisibile e trascurato, sulla scia del progetto In MediO PUER(I) realizzato dall’Università di Bologna. Nel primo capitolo si propone una panoramica sulla situazione migratoria a livello nazionale e internazionale e si traccia un breve excursus sullo stato dell’arte della ricerca in materia di CLB. Nel secondo capitolo, invece, ci si concentra su episodi reali di mediazione a opera di bambini avvenuti nell’ambito del centro “Welcome”, realtà forlivese che opera nell’ambito dell’integrazione, del sociale e dell’educazione. Dopo aver analizzato gli aspetti più peculiari delle interazioni, nel terzo capitolo si illustreranno le conclusioni tratte dall’analisi dei dati presentati, sottolineando maggiormente la necessità di ulteriori approfondimenti del fenomeno del CLB, sia a livello nazionale che internazionale.

Child Language Brokering: cause ed effetti della mediazione linguistica e culturale svolta dai bambini immigrati

Il presente elaborato si pone l’obiettivo di mostrare e analizzare il fenomeno sempre più diffuso del Child Language Brokering (CLB). Si tratta di una scelta dettata non solo dall’attualità dell’argomento, tenuto conto dei grandi flussi migratori che hanno caratterizzato di recente lo scenario europeo, ma anche da motivi di carattere personale. Nelle pagine seguenti mi occuperò di descrivere la situazione all’interno della quale questo fenomeno si sviluppa, i motivi per i quali il bambino riveste il ruolo di language broker, in che misura questo lo condiziona a livello emotivo e come cambiano le sue relazioni all’interno della famiglia e con i propri pari. Successivamente analizzerò cosa significa realmente mediare e quali sono le strategie che questi piccoli mediatori adottano per svolgere questa attività. Nell’ultimo capitolo mi soffermerò sull’impatto che tale ruolo può avere sull’identità e sulle conseguenze che comporta il vivere tra due culture.

The child's grammar : first lessons in language /

Mode of access: Internet.

Refining Child Pornography Law : Crime, Language, and Social Consequences /

The legal definition of child pornography is, at best, unclear. In part because of this ambiguity and in part because of the nature of the crime itself, the prosecution and sentencing of perpetrators, the protection of and restitution for victims, and the means for preventing repeat offenses are deeply controversial. In an effort to clarify the questions and begin to formulate answers, in this volume, experts in law, sociology, and social examine child pornography law and its consequences. Focusing on the roles of language and crime definition, the contributors present a range of views about the increasingly visible role that child pornography plays in the national conversation on child safety, as well as the wisdom of the punishment of those who produce, distribute, and possess materials which may be considered child pornography.

On early English pronunciation, with especial reference to Shakespeare and Chaucer ; containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present day, preceded by a systematic notation of all spoken sounds by means of the ordinary printing types, including a rearrangement of F.J. Child's memoirs on the language of Chaucer and Gower, and reprints of the rare tracts by Salesburv on English, 1547, and Welch, 1567, and by Barclay on French, 1521 /

An abridgement of the 5th part was published by the English Dialect Society, 1899, in v. 24 under title: "English dialects, their sounds and homes."

The performance of South African English first language child speakers on a "low linguistically loaded" central auditory processing test protocol

The lack of standardized tests of central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) in South Africa (SA) led to the formation of a SA CAPD Taskforce, and the interim development of a "low linguistically loaded" CAPD test protocol using test recordings from the 'Tonal and Speech Materials for Auditory Perceptual Assessment Disc 2.0'. This study inferentially compared the performance of 16 SA English first, and 16 SA English second, language adult speakers on this test protocol, and descriptively compared their performances to previously published American normative data. Comparisons between the SA English first and second language speakers showed a poorer right ear performance (p < .05) by the second language speakers on the two-pair dichotic digits test only. Equivalent performances (p < .05) were observed on the left ear performance on the two pair dichotic digits test, and the frequency patterns test, the duration patterns test, the low-pass filtered speech test, the 45% time compressed speech test, the speech masking level difference test, and the consonant vowel consonant (CVC) binaural fusion test. Comparisons between the SA English and the American normative data showed many large differences (up to 37.1% with respect to predicted pass criteria as calculated by mean-2SD cutoffs), with the SA English speakers performing both better and worse depending on the test involved. As a result, the American normative data was not considered appropriate for immediate use as normative data in SA. Instead, the preliminary data provided in this study was recommended as interim normative data for both SA English first and second language adult speakers, until larger scale SA normative data can be obtained.

Literacy, numeracy and learning in school-aged children identified as having speech and language impairment in early childhood

The progress of a nationally representative sample of 3632 children was followed from early childhood through to primary school, using data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). The aim was to examine the predictive effects of different aspects of communicative ability, and of early vs. sustained identification of speech and language impairment, on children's achievement and adjustment at school. Four indicators identified speech and language impairment: parent-rated expressive language concern; parent-rated receptive language concern; use of speech-language pathology services; below average scores on the adapted Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III. School outcomes were assessed by teachers' ratings of language/literacy ability, numeracy/mathematical thinking and approaches to learning. Comparison of group differences, using ANOVA, provided clear evidence that children who were identified as having speech and language impairment in their early childhood years did not perform as well at school, two years later, as their non-impaired peers on all three outcomes: Language and Literacy, Mathematical Thinking, and Approaches to Learning. The effects of early speech and language status on literacy, numeracy, and approaches to learning outcomes were similar in magnitude to the effect of family socio-economic factors, after controlling for child characteristics. Additionally, early identification of speech and language impairment (at age 4-5) was found to be a better predictor of school outcomes than sustained identification (at aged 4-5 and 6-7 years). Parent-reports of speech and language impairment in early childhood are useful in foreshadowing later difficulties with school and providing early intervention and targeted support from speech-language pathologists and specialist teachers.

Justifications in young children’s language in an early childhood classroom

This paper examines the interactional phenomenon of justification as it is produced in young children’s language. A justification provides a reason for one’s position and can be produced in children’s language at an early age. There are various pragmatic reasons for justifications. For example, justifications may be drawn upon by members to compensate for the disruption of the existing social order or to explain something that is possibly questionable. Justifications are also drawn upon to extend or close disputes. This study uses the analytical techniques of conversation analysis and membership categorisation to analyse video-recorded and transcribed interactions of young children (aged 4-6 years) in a preparatory classroom in a primary school in Australia. The focus is an episode that occurred within the block play area of the classroom that involved a dispute of ownership relating to a small, wooden plank. In analysing this dispute, justifications were frequent occurrences and the young participants drew upon justificatory devices in their everyday arguments. As the turns surrounding the justificatory language were examined, a pattern emerged: in each excerpt observed, a justification arose in response to a challenge. This pattern provided the basis for developing a model that helped to discern where, why and what type of justifications occurred in the interaction. To depict this interactional phenomenon, the model of ‘if x, then y’ was used, ‘x’ referring to the challenge or prompt, and ‘y’ referring to the justificatory response. Justifications related to the concepts of ownership and were used as devices by those engaged in disputes to support their positions and provide reasons for their actions. The children drew upon these child-constructed rules as resources to use in disputes with their peers, in order to construct and maintain the social order of the block area in the classroom.

‘Keep telling until someone listens’ : understanding prevention concepts in children’s picture books dealing with child sexual abuse

Children’s picture books dealing with the topic of child sexual abuse appeared in the 1980s with the aim of addressing the need for age-appropriate texts to teach sexual abuse prevention concepts and to provide support for young children who may be at risk of or have already experienced sexual abuse. Despite the apparent potential of children’s picture books to convey child sexual abuse prevention concepts, very few studies have addressed the topic of child sexual abuse in children’s literature. This article critically examines a selection of 15 picture books (published in the US, Canada and Australia) for children aged 3–8 years dealing with this theme. It makes use of an established set of evaluative criteria to conduct an audit of the books’ content and applies techniques of literary discourse analysis to explain how these picture books satisfy criteria for child sexual abuse prevention. The analysis is used as a way to understand the discourses available to readers, both adults and children, on the topic of child sexual abuse. Key themes in the books include children’s empowerment and agency, and the need for persistence and hope.

An ecology of centre-based child care

The studies in the thesis were derived from a program of research focused on centre-based child care in Australia. The studies constituted an ecological analysis as they examined proximal and distal factors which have the potential to affect children's developmental opportunities (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). The project was conducted in thirty-two child care centres located in south-east Queensland. Participants in the research included staff members at the centres, families using the centres and their children. The first study described the personal and professional characteristics of one hundred and forty-four child care workers, as well as their job satisfaction and job commitment. Factors impinging on the stability of care afforded to children were examined, specifically child care workers' intentions to leave their current position and actual staff turnover at a twelve month follow-up. This is an ecosystem analysis (Bronfenbrenner & Crouter, 1983), as it examined the world of work for carers; a setting not directly involving the developing child, but which has implications for children's experiences. Staff job satisfaction was focused on working with children and other adults, including parents and colleagues. Involvement with children was reported as being the most rewarding aspect of the work. This intrinsic satisfaction was enough to sustain caregivers' efforts to maintain their employment in child care programs. It was found that, while improving working conditions may help to reduce turnover, it is likely that moderate turnover rates will remain as child care staff work in relatively small centres and they leave in order to improve career prospects. Departure from a child care job appeared to be as much about improving career opportunities or changing personal circumstances, as it was about poor wages and working conditions. In the second study, factors that influence maternal satisfaction with child care arrangements were examined. The focus included examination of the nature and qualities of parental interaction with staff. This was a mesosystem analysis (Bronfenbrenner & Crouter, 1983), as it considered the links between family and child care settings. Two hundred and twenty-two questionnaires were returned from mothers whose children were enrolled in the participating centres. It was found that maternal satisfaction with child care encompassed the domains of child-centred and parent-centred satisfaction. The nature and range of responses in the quantitative and qualitative data indicated that these parents were genuinely satisfied with their children's care. In the prediction of maternal satisfaction with child care, single parents, mothers with high role satisfaction, and mothers who were satisfied with the frequency of staff contact and degree of supportive communication had higher levels of satisfaction with their child care arrangements. The third study described the structural and process variations within child care programs and examined program differences for compliance with regulations and differences by profit status of the centre, as a microsystem analysis (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). Observations were made in eighty-three programs which served children from two to five years. The results of the study affirmed beliefs that nonprofit centres are superior in the quality of care provided, although this was not to a level which meant that the care in for-profit centres was inadequate. Regulation of structural features of child care programs, per se, did not guarantee higher quality child care as measured by global or process indicators. The final study represented an integration of a range of influences in child care and family settings which may impact on development. Features of child care programs which predict children's social and cognitive development, while taking into account child and family characteristics, were identified. Results were consistent with other research findings which show that child and family characteristics and child care quality predict children's development. Child care quality was more important to the prediction of social development, while family factors appeared to be more predictive of cognitive/language development. An influential variable predictive of development was the period of time which the child had been in the centre. This highlighted the importance of the stability of child care arrangements. Child care quality features which had most influence were global ratings of the qualities of the program environment. However, results need to be interpreted cautiously as the explained variance in the predictive models developed was low. The results of these studies are discussed in terms of the implications for practice and future research. Considerations for an expanded view of ecological approaches to child care research are outlined. Issues discussed include the need to generate child care research which is relevant to social policy development, the implications of market driven policies for child care services, professionalism and professionalisation of child care work, and the need to reconceptualise child care research when the goal is to develop greater theoretical understanding about child care environments and developmental processes.

Sh-h-h-h : representations of perpetrators of sexual child abuse in picturebooks

Children’s picturebooks dealing with the topic of child sexual abuse first appeared in the early 1980s with the aim of addressing the need for age-appropriate texts to teach sexual abuse prevention concepts and to provide support for young children who may be at risk of or have already experienced sexual abuse. Despite the apparent potential of children’s picturebooks to convey child sexual abuse prevention concepts, very few studies have addressed the topic of child sexual abuse in children’s literature. Based on a larger study of 60 picturebooks about sexual child abuse published over the past 25 years, this paper critically examines eight picturebook representations of the perpetrators of sexual child abuse as a way to understand how potentially dangerous adults are explained to the young readers of these texts.