The British Intervention in South Russia 1918-1920

Soon after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, a three-year civil war broke out in Russia. As in many other civil wars, foreign powers intervened in the conflict. Britain played a leading role in this intervention and had a significant effect on the course of the war. Without this intervention on the White side, the superiority of numbers in manpower and weaponry of the Bolsheviks would have quickly overwhelmed their opponents. The aim of this dissertation is to explain the nature and role of the British intervention on the southern, and most decisive, front of the Civil War. The political decision making in London is studied as a background, but the focus of the dissertation is on the actual implementation of the British policy in Russia. The British military mission arrived in South Russia in late 1918, and started to provide General Denikin s White army with ample supplies. General Denikin would have not been able to build his army of more than 200,000 men or to make his operation against Moscow without the British matériel. The British mission also organized the training and equipping of the Russian troops with British weapons. This made the material aid much more effective. Many of the British instructors took part in fighting the Bolsheviks despite the orders of their government. The study is based on primary sources produced by British departments of state and members of the British mission and military units in South Russia. Primary sources from the Whites, including the personal collections of several key figures of the White movement and official records of the Armed Forces of South Russia are also used to give a balanced picture of the course of events. It is possible to draw some general conclusions from the White movement and reasons for their defeat from the study of the British intervention. In purely material terms the British aid placed Denikin s army in a far more favourable position than the Bolsheviks in 1919, but other military defects in the White army were numerous. The White commanders were unimaginative, their military thinking was obsolete, and they were incapable of organizing the logistics of their army. There were also fundamental defects in the morale of the White troops. In addition to all political mistakes of Denikin s movement and a general inability to adjust to the complex situation in Revolutionary Russia, the Whites suffered a clear military defeat. In South Russia the Whites were defeated not because of the lack of British aid, but rather in spite of it.

”Uskonto puoluepyyteiden palveluksessa” – Punaisen hallinnon edustajien ja kannattajien suhde kirkkoon ja uskontoon Suomen sisällissodan aikana 1918

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on mentaliteettihistoriallista kuorimismenetelmää hyväksi käyttäen selvittää uskonnon asemaa punaisen hallinnon edustajien ja kannattajien elämänkatsomuksessa Suomen sisällissodan aikana 1918. Kuorimismenetelmä perustuu teoriaan, jonka mukaan ihmisryhmän elämänkatsomus on jaettavissa eri kerroksiin. Kerrokset voidaan saada näkyviin tulkitsemalla ihmisten jättämiä jälkiä, joskus luovalla ja mielikuvituksellisellakin tavalla. Tärkeimmät lähdeaineistot ovat kansanvaltuuskunnan asiakirjat sekä kolme keskeistä punaisessa Suomessa ilmestynyttä lehteä. Kansanvaltuuskunta pyrki politiikallaan tekemään valtiosta uskonnollisesti neutraalin. Luterilaisen kirkon erityisasema haluttiin murtaa ja saattaa kirkko samanlaiseen asemaan muiden uskonnollisten ryhmien kanssa. Uskonnon- tai katsomuksenvapaus itseisarvona ei juuri noussut esille lehdistössä; keskeisimmät perustelut valtiokirkon lakkauttamiselle olivat sen antama tuki porvarilliselle yhteiskuntajärjestykselle sekä sen aiheuttama moraalin rappio. Kirkon toiminnasta olemassa olevien tietojen ja työväenlehtien ilmoittelun perusteella uskonnonvapaus näkyy toteutuneen punaisessa Suomessa jotenkuten. Uskonnolliset ryhmät saivat ilmoitella toiminnastaan ja pääsääntöisesti myös järjestää kokouksiaan. Paikallisen punaisen vallan suhtautuminen kirkkoon ja muihin uskonnollisiin ryhmiin vaihteli huomattavasti. Kirkkoon kohdistettiin paikoin väkivaltaisuuksia, mutta kirkko ei ollut punaisen terrorin erityinen kohde. Valtion ja kirkon erottamistavoite oli ilmeisen tärkeä osa vallankumousta. Se ei kuitenkaan kuulunut kansanvaltuuskunnan tilannearviossa välttämättömimpiin uudistuksiin. Lehdistössä kirkkoa ja uskontoa käsittelevät aiheet näyttävät saaneen suuremman huomion kuin kansanvaltuuskunnan politiikassa. Kirkkoon tai uskontoon liittyneet asiat, joissa paikallistason vallankumouselimet ottivat yhteyttä kansanvaltuuskuntaan, olivat hyvin käytännönläheisiä. Yhteydenotot sinänsä sekä joidenkin kohdalla myös niiden sävy kertovat jonkinlaisesta kunnioituksesta kirkkoa kohtaan. Kirkkoon kohdistuneet väkivaltaisuudet, kirkollisen elämän rajoittamiset sekä uskonnonopetukseen puuttuminen kouluissa jäivät koko punaisen Suomen mittakaavassa vähäiseksi, mikä viittaa asioiden vähäiseen tärkeyteen. Toisaalta näissä kohden paikallisella tasolla oltiin kansanvaltuuskuntaa jyrkempiä. Lehdistössä pappien moraalittomuus näyttäytyi erityisen huonossa valossa. Pappien osallistuminen valkoisten sotaponnistuksiin sai lehdistössä sen todelliseen laajuuteen nähden suunnattoman suuren huomion. Pidän tätä osoituksena siitä, että kirkko oli pettänyt kirjoittajien odotukset. Käsitys kirkosta pyhyyden edustajana oli voimassaan punalehtien kirjoittajienkin mielissä. Näkemykseni on, että maailmankuvan ja maailmankatsomuksen tasolla uskonto piti pintansa punaisen hallinnon edustajien ja kannattajien elämänkatsomuksessa. Tästä kertoo uskonnollisten tekstien ja symbolien runsaus kuolinilmoituksissa sekä kirkollisten seremonioiden liittäminen jopa punaisten virallisiin sankarihautajaisiin. Vaikka lehdistössä nähtiin ihanteena kuolemaan liittyvien uskonnollisten käsitysten häviäminen, niille annettiin tilaa. Huolimatta voimakkaista hyökkäyksistä kirkkoa vastaan monissa kirjoituksissa sosialismi katsottiin yhteensopivaksi kristinuskon kanssa. Lisäksi lukuisissa kirjoituksissa sosialismista tehtiin uskonto. Uskonnollisella retoriikalla sitoutettiin yhteiseen asiaan. Uskontoa siis käytettiin puoluepyyteiden palvelukseen. Samalla ylläpidettiin sen vahvaa asemaa punaisen hallinnon kannattajien – kenties edustajienkin – elämänkatsomuksessa.

Vapaussodan perintö : Valkoisuus paikallisyhteisössä sisältö, ylläpitäjät ja rapautuminen Iisalmessa 1918 1933

Legacy of the Finnish Civil War. White nationalism in a local community - content, supporters and disintegration in Iisalmi 1918 - 1933. Using one local community (Iisalmi) as an example, this study centres around the winners of the 1918 Finnish Civil War, exploring their collectivity its subsequent breakdown during 1918 - 1933. Referring to this collectivity by the methodological concept of white nationalism, the thesis first discusses its origin, content and forms. This is done by elucidating the discourses and symbols that came to constitute central ideological and ritualistic elements of white nationalism. Next, the thesis describes and analyzes fundamental actors of the Finnish civil society (such as White Guard and Lotta Svärd) that maintained white nationalism as a form of counter or parallel hegemony to the integration policy of the 1920s. Also highlighted is the significance of white nationalism as a power broker and an instrument of moral regulation in inter-war Finnish society. A third contribution of this thesis involves presenting a new interpretation of the legacy of the Civil War, i.e., the right-wing radicalism during the years 1919 - 1933. I shall describe attempts of the extreme right (Lapua Movement and IKL, Patriotic People s Movement) to use the white nationalism discourse as a vehicle for their political ambitions, as well as the strong counter-reaction these attempts induced among other middle-class groups. At the core of this research is the concept of white nationalism, whose key elements were the sacrifice of 1918, fatherland under threat and warrior citizenship. Winners of the civil war strove to blend these ideals into a homogenized culture, to which the working class and wavering members of the middle-class were coaxed and pressurized to subscribe. The thesis draws on Anglo-American symbol theories, theory of social identity groups, Antonio Gramsci s concept of cultural hegemony and Stuart Hall s approach to discourse and power.

Collecção das Leis da Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brazil de 1918

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo.

Synopse dos trabalhos da Camara dos Srs. Deputados : relativos ao anno de 1918 : acompanhados de differentes documentos : organizados na Secretaria da mesma Camara

Sinopse dos trabalhos da Câmara dos Deputados, em 1918.

Spatial-temporal excess mortality patterns of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in Spain

Background: The impact of socio-demographic factors and baseline health on the mortality burden of seasonal and pandemic influenza remains debated. Here we analyzed the spatial-temporal mortality patterns of the 1918 influenza pandemic in Spain, one of the countries of Europe that experienced the highest mortality burden. Methods: We analyzed monthly death rates from respiratory diseases and all-causes across 49 provinces of Spain, including the Canary and Balearic Islands, during the period January-1915 to June-1919. We estimated the influenza-related excess death rates and risk of death relative to baseline mortality by pandemic wave and province. We then explored the association between pandemic excess mortality rates and health and socio-demographic factors, which included population size and age structure, population density, infant mortality rates, baseline death rates, and urbanization. Results: Our analysis revealed high geographic heterogeneity in pandemic mortality impact. We identified 3 pandemic waves of varying timing and intensity covering the period from Jan-1918 to Jun-1919, with the highest pandemic-related excess mortality rates occurring during the months of October-November 1918 across all Spanish provinces. Cumulative excess mortality rates followed a south-north gradient after controlling for demographic factors, with the North experiencing highest excess mortality rates. A model that included latitude, population density, and the proportion of children living in provinces explained about 40% of the geographic variability in cumulative excess death rates during 1918-19, but different factors explained mortality variation in each wave. Conclusions: A substantial fraction of the variability in excess mortality rates across Spanish provinces remained unexplained, which suggests that other unidentified factors such as comorbidities, climate and background immunity may have affected the 1918-19 pandemic mortality rates. Further archeo-epidemiological research should concentrate on identifying settings with combined availability of local historical mortality records and information on the prevalence of underlying risk factors, or patient-level clinical data, to further clarify the drivers of 1918 pandemic influenza mortality.

Monteiro Lobato: editor gráfico (1918-1925)

O objetivo desta dissertação é mostrar como se deu o envolvimento de Monteiro Lobato com o design gráfico enquanto editor e gestor de suas editoras: a Edições da Revista do Brasil, a Monteiro Lobato e Cia. e a Cia. Graphico-Editora Monteiro Lobato, no período de 1918 a 1925. A análise gráfica das publicações editadas por Lobato, neste intervalo, serviu como fio condutor da pesquisa. Por fim, foi feita uma descrição gráfica dos exemplares coletados, que foram produzidos no mesmo período.

Humpback and Fin Whaling in the Gulf of Maine from 1800 to 1918

The history of whaling in the Gulf of Maine was reviewed primarily to estimate removals of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, especially during the 19th century. In the decades from 1800 to 1860, whaling effort consisted of a few localized, small-scale, shore-based enterprises on the coast of Maine and Cape Cod, Mass. Provincetown and Nantucket schooners occasionally conducted short cruises for humpback whales in New England waters. With the development of bomb-lance technology at mid century, the ease of killing humpback whales and fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus, increased. As a result, by the 1870’s there was considerable local interest in hunting rorquals (baleen whales in the family Balaenopteridae, which include the humpback and fin whales) in the Gulf of Maine. A few schooners were specially outfitted to take rorquals in the late 1870’s and 1880’s although their combined annual take was probably no more than a few tens of whales. Also in about 1880, fishing steamers began to be used to hunt whales in the Gulf of Maine. This steamer fishery grew to include about five vessels regularly engaged in whaling by the mid 1880’s but dwindled to only one vessel by the end of the decade. Fin whales constituted at least half of the catch, which exceeded 100 animals in some years. In the late 1880’s and thereafter, few whales were taken by whaling vessels in the Gulf of Maine.

A produção de enunciados sobre os criminosos portugueses e suas práticas criminais no Boletim Policial na Capital Federal, 1907-1918

Em março de 1907, o Decreto no 6.640 enunciou uma reforma policial na cidade do Rio de Janeiro que, entre outras modificações, fez emergir o periódico Boletim Policial. Este trabalho analisa como essa revista, como enunciado do discurso policial, foi um arquivo construtor da polícia da Capital Federal como polícia científica e moderna entre os anos 1907 e 1918. Esse período é marcado pela reorganização dos parâmetros científicos acerca do crime e do criminoso, em várias partes do mundo, que serviram de base para a polícia científica. É o momento em que a aplicação da antropologia criminal ainda estava em voga, do uso de novos métodos de identificação de criminosos, de inovações na análise do local do crime, entre outras transformações. Abordo, também, a aplicabilidade do discurso policial modernizador em diálogo com os pressupostos da Escola Positiva e com novas formas de tecnologias de identificação dos criminosos nos ditos sobre os portugueses na esfera criminal.

Comparison of physicochemical properties of muscle proteins in cultured and wild prawns (Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) orientalis Kishinouye, 1918)

Protein physicochemical properties in cultured and wild prawns (Penaeus (F.) orientalis Kishinouye, 1918) were studied and compared. Protein fractions were separated into water-soluble, salt-soluble, alkali-soluble, and stroma. The results showed that salt- and alkali-soluble proteins were slightly higher in wild prawns and water-soluble proteins were higher in cultured prawns. There were only slight differences in Ca2+-ATPase, MG2+-ATPase, and ATP sensitivities. The textural values of wild prawns were significantly higher than the cultured ones.

Comparison of physicochemical properties of muscle proteins in cultured and wild prawns (Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) orientalis Kishinouye, 1918)

Protein physicochemical properties in cultured and wild prawns (Penaeus (F.) orientalis Kishinouye, 1918) were studied and compared. Protein fractions were separated into water-soluble, salt-soluble, alkali-soluble, and stroma. The results showed that salt- and alkali-soluble proteins were slightly higher in wild prawns and water-soluble proteins were higher in cultured prawns. There were only slight differences in Ca super(2+)-ATPase, MG super(2+)-ATPase, and ATP sensitivities. The textural values of wild prawns were significantly higher than the cultured ones.

Morphology, biometry and distribution of Difflugia biwae Kawamura, 1918 (Protozoa : Rhizopoda)

The freshwater testate amoeba Difflugia biwae Kawamura, 1918, isolated from Mulan Lake, Hubei Province, China is investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The morphology, biometry and distribution of this little known species are supplied. After careful comparison with three other similar species, including D. delicatula Gauthier-Livre et Thomas, D. elegans Penard and D. oblonga caudata Stepanek, we believe that the characteristics of smooth fusiform shell, conspicuous great collar flare (always larger than body-width) around the aperture, constriction behind the aperture and a somewhat curved aboral horn set D. biwae apart from all other Difflugia species. This species shows a great diversity in total length, collar height and aboral horn length which have high variability (CV between 11.76 and 24.52). However, body width, collar diameter, neck width, body length and aperture diameter are fairly constant with low variability (CV between 5.34 and 8.79) which shows a remarkable uniformity of D. biwae. Also, the size frequency distributions of both body width and body length yield bell-shaped (normally distributed) curves and indicate that D. biwae is a size-monomorphic species, characterized by a main-size class and a small size range. D. biwae is probably endemic to East Asia (China and Japan) because it has such a large size (165-306 mu m) that it would have been easily found in Europe and North America, if it were there. Consequently, D. biwae must have a restricted geographical distribution, disproving the old hypothesis that microscopic organisms are cosmopolitan.

Conservatism and Revolution: The All-Russian Union of Landowners, 1916-1918

Rendle, Matthew, 'Conservatism and Revolution: The All-Russian Union of Landowners, 1916-1918', Slavonic and East European Review (2006) 84(3) pp.481-507 RAE2008

Zionism and the Jewish People, 1918-1960: From Minority to Hegemony

Rubinstein, W. (2001). Zionism and the Jewish People, 1918-1960: From Minority to Hegemony. The Jewish Journal of Sociology. 43(1-2), pp.5-36. RAE2008