Rhodium(I) catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions: experimental and theoretical studies

The [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction involves the formation of three carbon-carbon bonds in one single step using alkynes, alkenes, nitriles, carbonyls and other unsaturated reagents as reactants. This is one of the most elegant methods for the construction of polycyclic aromatic compounds and heteroaromatic, which have important academic and industrial uses. The thesis is divided into ten chapters including six related publications. The first study based on the Wilkinson’s catalyst, RhCl(PPh3)3, compares the reaction mechanism of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition process of acetylene with the cycloaddition obtained for the model of the complex, RhCl(PH3)3. In an attempt to reduce computational costs in DFT studies, this research project aimed to substitute PPh3 ligands for PH3, despite the electronic and steric effects produced by PPh3 ligands being significantly different to those created by PH3 ones. In this first study, detailed theoretical calculations were performed to determine the reaction mechanism of the two complexes. Despite some differences being detected, it was found that modelling PPh3 by PH3 in the catalyst helps to reduce the computational cost significantly while at the same time providing qualitatively acceptable results. Taking into account the results obtained in this earlier study, the model of the Wilkinson’s catalyst, RhCl(PH3)3, was applied to study different [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions with unsaturated systems conducted in the laboratory. Our research group found that in the case of totally closed systems, specifically 15- and 25-membered azamacrocycles can afford benzenic compounds, except in the case of 20-membered azamacrocycle (20-MAA) which was inactive with the Wilkinson’s catalyst. In this study, theoretical calculations allowed to determine the origin of the different reactivity of the 20-MAA, where it was found that the activation barrier of the oxidative addition of two alkynes is higher than those obtained for the 15- and 25-membered macrocycles. This barrier was attributed primarily to the interaction energy, which corresponds to the energy that is released when the two deformed reagents interact in the transition state. The main factor that helped to provide an explanation to the different reactivity observed was that the 20-MAA had a more stable and delocalized HOMO orbital in the oxidative addition step. Moreover, we observed that the formation of a strained ten-membered ring during the cycloaddition of 20-MAA presents significant steric hindrance. Furthermore, in Chapter 5, an electrochemical study is presented in collaboration with Prof. Anny Jutand from Paris. This work allowed studying the main steps of the catalytic cycle of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction between diynes with a monoalkyne. First kinetic data were obtained of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition process catalyzed by the Wilkinson’s catalyst, where it was observed that the rate-determining step of the reaction can change depending on the structure of the starting reagents. In the case of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction involving two alkynes and one alkene in the same molecule (enediynes), it is well known that the oxidative coupling may occur between two alkynes giving the corresponding metallacyclopentadiene, or between one alkyne and the alkene affording the metallacyclopentene complex. Wilkinson’s model was used in DFT calculations to analyze the different factors that may influence in the reaction mechanism. Here it was observed that the cyclic enediynes always prefer the oxidative coupling between two alkynes moieties, while the acyclic cases have different preferences depending on the linker and the substituents used in the alkynes. Moreover, the Wilkinson’s model was used to explain the experimental results achieved in Chapter 7 where the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction of enediynes is studied varying the position of the double bond in the starting reagent. It was observed that enediynes type yne-ene-yne preferred the standard [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction, while enediynes type yne-yne-ene suffered β-hydride elimination followed a reductive elimination of Wilkinson’s catalyst giving cyclohexadiene compounds, which are isomers from those that would be obtained through standard [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions. Finally, the last chapter of this thesis is based on the use of DFT calculations to determine the reaction mechanism when the macrocycles are treated with transition metals that are inactive to the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction, but which are thermally active leading to new polycyclic compounds. Thus, a domino process was described combining an ene reaction and a Diels-Alder cycloaddition.

Azide 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to N-propynoyl and N-propenoyl (5R)-5-phenylmorpholin-2-one: diastereocontrolled aziridine formation

N-Propynoyl (5R)-5-phenylmorpholin-2-one undergoes nonregioselective cycloaddition with aromatic azides to furnish mixtures of the corresponding triazoles, whereas N-propenoyl (5R)-5-phenylmorpholin-2-one reacts to furnish the corresponding diastereoisomerically pure aziridines in moderate to good yields, presumably via the intermediate triazolines.

Cycloaddition reaction of the azido-bridged cyclometallated complex [Pd(dmba)N-3](2) with CS2. Crystal and molecular structure of DI(mu, N,S-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole-5-thiolate) bis[(N,N-dimethylbenzyl-amine-C-2,N)palladium(II)]

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of carbon disulfide to the coordinated azide in the cyclometallated compound [Pd(dmba)(N-3)](2) (1), dmba = N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, was investigated. The compound obtained di(mu, N,S-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole-5-thiolate)-bis[(N,N-dimethylbenzylamine-C-2,N)palladium(II)] (2), was characterized by IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Complex (2) is dimeric with the two [Pd(N,N-dimethylbenzylamine)] moieties being connected by the two vicinal bridging N,S-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole-5-thiolate anions in a square-planar coordination for the palladium atoms.

Increase of leishmanicidal and tubercular activities using steroids linked to aminoquinoline

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Synthese von Carbolinen durch übergangsmetall-katalysierte [2+2+2]-Cycloaddition von Alkinen und Nitrilen: Ein neuer Weg zur Totalsynthese von Lavendamycin

Carboline sind eine große Gruppe von natürlich vorkommenden Alkaloiden, die eine tricyclische Pyrido[b]indol-Ringstruktur gemeinsam habe. Das breite Spektrum biologischer Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungsklasse macht sie zu einem interessanten Syntheseziel. Die größte Herausforderung in der Darstellung von Carbolinen ist die regioselektive Funktionalisierung an den aromatischen Positionen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte ein A ABC-Zugang zu beta- und gamma-Carbolinen entwickelt werden, dessen Schlüsselschritt der Aufbau des Carbolin-Gerüsts durch eine übergangsmetall-katalysierte [2+2+2]-Cycloaddition von 1,6-Diin-Einheiten und Nitrilen ist. Die benötigten Diin-Einheiten wurden in wenigen Schritten ausgehend von 2-Iodanilin durch eine Reaktionssequenz aus Sonogashira-Reaktion mit terminalen Alkinen, N-Tosylierung und N-Ethinylierung mit Alkinyliodonium-Salzen synthetisiert. Eine flexible Funktionalisierung dieser Diine wurde durch palladium-katalysierte sp2-sp-Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen der terminalen Alkine mit Aryl- und Alkenylhalogeniden erreicht. Cp*RuCl- und [Rh(cod)2]BF4/BINAP-katalysierte [2+2+2]-Cycloadditionen der 1,6-Diine mit elektronenarmen Nitrilen lieferte in hoher Regioselektivität beta- oder gamma-Carboline. In Übereinstimmung mit literaturbekannten übergangsmetall-katalysierten [2+2+2]-Cycloadditionen konnte dabei eine starke Abhängigkeit von sterischen und elektronischen Faktoren beobachtet werden. Um das Potential dieser Methode zu demonstrieren, wurde der Einsatz der [2+2+2]-Cycloaddition in Totalsynthese von Lavendamycin untersucht. Lavendamycin, ein aus Bakterien stammendes Chinochinolin-substituiertes beta-Carbolin mit antimikrobieller und signifikanter Antitumor-Aktivität, wurde ausgehend von Hydrochinon und 2-Iodanilin in 14 Schritten und in einer Gesamtausbeute von 29% dargestellt.

Nuovi complessi alchinil tetrazolici di iridio(III) e renio(I): Sintesi, reattività e proprietà fotofisiche.

In this experimental thesis, two luminescent Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes which have a terminal alkynyl group on the tetrazole ligand were prepared. The aim was to use them as building blocks, in order to synthesize more complex structures. We explored two simple reactions: the first one was a coupling, for the formation of Ir(III)/Au(III) and Re(I)/Au(III) hetero binuclear complexes, and the second was a 1,3-dipolar Cu(I)-catalyzed “Click” cycloaddition, between the terminal alkyne and azide. The synthesized products were characterized through photophysical analysis, evaluating how the photoemissive properties of these substrates were affected by the formation of more complex structures. In questo lavoro di tesi sperimentale sono stati preparati due complessi luminescenti di Ir(III) e Re(I) che presentano un alchino terminale sul legante tetrazolico. Lo scopo è stato quello di utilizzarli come building blocks per la sintesi di strutture più complesse. Sono state esplorate due semplici reazioni: la prima di coupling, per la formazione di complessi etero binucleari Ir(III)/Au(III) e Re(I)/Au(III), e la seconda di “click”, ossia una cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare Cu(I) catalizzata tra l’alchino terminale e un’azide. I prodotti sintetizzati sono stati caratterizzati attraverso analisi fotofisiche, valutando come le proprietà fotoemissive di questi substrati siano influenzate in seguito alla formazione di strutture più complesse.

Functionalization of hyperbranched polycarbosilanes - block copolymers and electrochemistry

Polycarbosilanes are a class of polymers at the interface between organic and inorganic chemistry. They are characterized by a high thermal and chemical inertness and high flexibility, especially pronounced for branched structures. Linear polycarbosilanes are well known as precursors for the preparation of SiCx ceramics. Additionally, more sophisticated architectures like dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers or block copolymers have been the subject of research for more than a decade. The scope of this work was to expand the properties and fields of application for polycarbosilane-containing structures. Thus, the work is divided in two major parts. The first part covers the synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched polycarbosilanes containing organometallic moieties. Hyperbranched poly-carbosilanes were synthesized using hydrosilylation of diallylmethylsilane and methyldiundecenylsilane. The degree of branching for polydiallymethylsilane was determined using standard 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The functional building blocks ferrocenyldimethylsilane and diferrocenylmethylsilane were synthesized which contain an isolated ferrocene unit or two ferrocenes bridged by silicon, respectively. Hyperbranched polycarbosilanes functionalized with ferrocenyl moieties were synthesized by modification of preformed polymers or by copolymerization of AB2 carbosilane monomers with AX-type ferrocenylsilanes. Polymers with Mn = 2500-9000g/mol and ferrocene contents of up to 67wt% were obtained. Electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry revealed that polymers functionalized with isolated ferrocene units showed a single reversible oxidation wave, while voltammograms for polymers functionalized with diferrocenyl silane exhibited two well-separated reversible oxidation-reduction waves. This shows that the polymer bound ferrocenes bridged by silicon are electronically communicating and thus oxidation of the first ferrocene shifts the oxidation potential for the adjacent one. The polymers were utilized successfully for the preparation of modified electrodes with persistent and reproducible electrochemical response in organic solvents as well as in aqueous solution. The presented work has proven that ferrocenyl-functionalized hyperbranched polymers exhibit similar electrochemical properties as the analogous dendrimers. In a further approach it was shown that hyperbranched polymers containing organometallic moieties can be synthesized by polymerization of a new ferrocene-containing AB2 monomer - diallylferrocenylsilane. The second part of this work is dedicated to the preparation of core-functional hyperbranched polycarbosilanes. Low molecular weight ambifunctional molecules were synthesized that contain double bonds for the attachment of a polycarbosilane polymer as well as a second functionality available for further reaction and modification. Reactive vinyl groups in the core molecule allow an efficient attachment of hyperbranched polycarbosilane which was proven by MALDI-ToF and GPC. In combination with slow monomer addition techniques molecular weight and polydispersity of the polymers were controlled successfully. Core-functional polymers were characterized by NMR-spectroscopy, MALDI-ToF and GPC. Polymers with polydispersities <2 and molecular weights up to 5300g/mol were obtained. Transformation of the double bonds of the carbosilane was demonstrated with various silanes using hydrosilylation reaction or hydrogenation. Additionally, the core-functionality was varied resulting in polymers with bromo-, phthalimide-, amine- or azide moieties. Thus, a versatile synthetic strategy was developed that allows the synthesis of tailor-made polymers.A promising approach is the application of the polymer building blocks in copolymer synthesis. Bisglycidolization of amine-functional polycarbosilanes produces macro-initiators that are suitable for the multibranching-ring opening polymerization of glycidol. This experiments lead to the first example of hyperbranched-hyperbranched amphiphilic block copolymers, hb-PG-b-hb-PCS. Furthermore, the implementation of copper-catalyzed cycloaddition between azide-functional polycarbosilane and alkyne-functional poly(ethoxyethyl glycidylether) resulted in linear-hyperbranched block copolymers. The facile removal of acetal protecting groups provided convenient access to lin-PG-b-hb-PCS.

18 F-Click-Radiomarkierung polymerer Trägersysteme zur ex vivo- und in vivo-Evaluierung

Die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) ist ein leistungsstarkes, nicht-invasives, bildgebendes Verfahren in der Nuklearmedizin und hat darüber hinaus zunehmende Bedeutung in der Arzneistoffentwicklung. Zur Verbesserung des therapeutischen Index von niedermolekularen Pharmaka werden vermehrt Wirkstofftransportsysteme eingesetzt. Eine Klasse dieser Wirkstofftransportsysteme sind Liposomen. Die Weiterentwicklung der klassischen Liposomen sind sogenannte „Stealth“-Liposomen, die eine Polyethylenglykol (PEG)-Korona zur Herabsetzung der Erkennung und Ausscheidung tragen. Zur (Weiter-)Entwicklung und deren in vivo-Evaluierung bietet die PET die Möglichkeit, die Auswirkungen von strukturellen Anpassungen auf die pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften solcher Transportsysteme zu untersuchen. Zur Evaluierung neuartiger, cholesterolverankerter, linear-hyperverzweigter Polyglycerole (Ch-PEG-hbPG) als sterisch stabilisierende Polymere in Liposomen wurden diese im Rahmen dieser Arbeit mit der prosthetischen Gruppe 18F-TEG-N3 über kupferkatalysierte Alkin-Azid Cycloaddition (CuAAC) in sehr hohen Ausbeuten radiomarkiert. Zum systematischen Vergleich des in vivo-Verhaltens wurde ebenfalls ein cholesterolbasiertes lineares PEG (Ch-PEG) mit CuAAC nahezu quantitativ radiomarkiert. Als drittes Element wurde die Direktmarkierung von Cholesterol mit [18F]F- entwickelt. Diese drei Verbindungen wurden zuerst separat als Einzelkomponenten und anschließend, in Liposomen formuliert, in Tierstudien an Mäusen hinsichtlich ihrer initialen Pharmakokinetik und Biodistribution untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich ein ähnliches Verhalten der neuartigen Ch-PEG-hbPG-Derivate zu den bekannten Ch-PEG, mit dem Vorteil der Multifunktionalität an den hyperverzweigten Strukturen. Die liposomalen Strukturen mit der neuartigen sterischen Stabilisierung wiesen eine erhöhte Blutzirkulationszeit und vorteilhafte Blut-zu-Leber- und Blut-zu-Lunge-Verhältnisse im Vergleich zu den linear stabilisierten Analoga auf.rnEine weitere Klasse von Wirkstofftransportsystemen sind polymere Trägersysteme wie pHPMA. Alkinfunktionalisierte Polymere konnten in zwei verschiedenen Größen (~12 und 60 kDa) mittels CuAAC in sehr hohen Ausbeuten mit der prosthetischen Gruppe 18F-TEG-N3 radiomarkiert werden. Bicyclononinderivate der gleichen Größen konnten ohne Kupferkatalyse über ringspannungsvermittelte Alkin-Azid-Cycloaddition (SPAAC) mikrowellengestützt markiert werden und stehen somit zur in vivo-Untersuchung hinsichtlich des Einflusses der Markierungsart zur Verfügung.

Poly(3-hexylthiophene) based block copolymers prepared by "click" chemistry

p-Conjugated block copolymers have been prepared from terminal azide functionalized polystyrenes (PS) and alkyne functionalized poly(3- hexylthiophene)s (P3HT) via a copper(I) catalyzed Huisgen [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The functionalized a-azido-PS homopolymer was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization from a specifically designed initiator bearing the azide function, whereas ?-ethynyl-P3HT and a,?-pentynyl-P3HT were synthesized by a modified Grignard metathesis polymerization using alkynyl Grignard derivatives. The electronic environment of the alkynyl end groups was shown to be decisive in determining triazole ring formation.

Synthesis of thioenol ether functionalized cyclooctyne and its orthogonal cycloaddition sequence

In this work, the synthesis of a new bifunctionalized cyclooctyne for a possible layer by layer surface functionalization is presented. The main objective is to find a more stable molecule than the literature known methyl enol ether substituted cyclooctyne. Accordingly, the two target functionalities are an internal alkyne group and a vinyl methyl sulfide group. The synthesis was achieved in 9 steps and consists first of all in the preparation of an aldehyde starting from 1,5-cyclooctadiene with a cyclopropanation reaction followed by a reduction and the SWERN oxidation to an aldehyde. The new functionality was introduced by exploiting the WITTIG reaction. For the alkyne group a bromination followed by a double elimination gave good results. The reactivity of the new molecule was tested using a sequential application of SPAAC and iEDDA reactions, comparing it with the cyclooctyne functionalized with a methyl enol ether. Concerning the comparison of both compounds the sulfur ether is significantly slower and therefore more stable. It will be tested in the future for surface functionalization from the KOERT group.

Synthesis And Antiproliferative Activity Of 8-hydroxyquinoline Derivatives Containing A 1,2,3-triazole Moiety.

Twelve novel 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives were synthesized with good yields by performing copper-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (click reaction) between an 8-O-alkylated-quinoline containing a terminal alkyne and various aromatic or protected sugar azides. These compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiproliferative activity on various cancer cell types. Protected sugar derivative 16 was the most active compound in the series, exhibiting potent antiproliferative activity and high selectivity toward ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-03, GI50 < 0.25 μg mL(-1)); this derivative was more active than the reference drug doxorubicin (OVCAR-03, GI50 = 0.43 μg mL(-1)). In structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, the physico-chemical parameters of the compounds were evaluated and docking calculations were performed for the α-glucosidase active site to predict the possible mechanism of action of this series of compounds.

Expanding cyclitol structural diversity by biocatalysis and metalocatalysis. A click chemistry approach

The palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of phenyltrifluoroborate with a chemoenzymatically derived bromoazidoconduritol, combined with 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, with a variety of alkynes is described. Fourteen new compounds were synthesized in moderate to good yields. The click chemistry reaction can be effected by using sodium ascorbate and CuSO(4) center dot 5H(2)O as catalyst in toluene-H(2)O at room temperature.

Consecutive biocatalysis-palladium catalysis II: Synthesis of conduritol-alkyne conjugates

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of potassium alkynyltrifluoroborates with a chemoenzymatically derived deoxyconduritol is described. Six new compounds were synthesized in moderate to good yields. The alkynyl cross-coupling reaction can be effected using 10 mol% of Pd(PPh(3))(4) as Catalyst in toluene-H(2)O in the presence Of Cs(2)CO(3) as the inorganic base. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Grafting of adipic anhydride to carbon nanotubes through a Diels-Alder cycloaddition/oxidation cascade reaction

Accepted Manuscript

Synthesis of iminosugars through diastereo/enantioselective diels-alder cycloaddition

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências (Especialidade em Química)