Eficiência da avaliação formativa na aprendizagem

O presente trabalho descreve o estudo comparativo entre dois métodos de ensino aplicados à disciplina de Fisiologia Cárdio-respiratória do curso de Graduação em Medicina, no Centro de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Os métodos comparados foram: a auto-instrução e o método tradicional. A formulação do problema, o seu contexto e fundamentação teórica são descritos no início do trabalho, que prossegue' presentando o planejamento do curso com o emprego de ambos os métodos. Em seguida, descreve-se a metodologia utilizada no estudo experimental. Foi adotado o esquema de grupos equivalentes com pós-teste, sendo que o grupo experimental e os grupos de controle' foram escolhidos aleatoriamente. A hipótese experimental visava comprovar que a nota ' final', correspondente à verificação da aprendizagem na disciplina, apresenta diferença significativa entre os alunos que foram submetidos ao método de auto-instrução, comparativamente à nota dos alunos que foram submetidos ao método tradicional. O tratamento estatístico utilizado foi a análise da covariância com o nível de significância de 0,05. O resultado da análise da covariância não foi significativo, considerando a média final do aluno no teste-critério, assim como as notas parciais nas cinco semanas do curso. Uma análise de regressão por passos foi feita, visando controlar algumas variáveis pudessem intervir na diferença entre os grupos experimental e de controle. Entre as variáveis escolhidas, pode-se afirmar que é preditora da nota do aluno na disciplina Fisiologia Cárdio-respiratória, a nota anterior do aluno na disciplina Biofísica. Concluindo, sugere-se novas pesquisas no campo, principalmente relativas a tempo efetivamente gasto pelo professor e pelo aluno, utilizando o método de auto-instrução, assim como' medidas de retenção da aprendizagem.

Investigação de ganhos na aprendizagem de conceitos físicos envolvidos em circuitos elétricos por usuários da ferramenta computacional Modellus

O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa foi investigar o desempenho de alunos que trabalharam com atividades de simulação e modelagem computacionais no estudo de circuitos elétricos, utilizando o software Modellus, comparado com alunos expostos apenas ao sistema tradicional de ensino. A fundamentação teórica adotada esteve baseada no referencial de trabalho de Halloun sobre modelagem esquemática e na teoria de Ausubel sobre aprendizagem significativa. O estudo envolveu 193 alunos de cursos de Engenharia, da disciplina de Física-II oferecida pela UFRGS no 2° semestre de 2004. O procedimento didático ocorreu em duas etapas. Na primeira, os alunos do grupo experimental trabalharam com um conjunto de atividades sobre circuitos elétricos simples durante cinco aulas e na etapa seguinte, com um conjunto de atividades sobre circuitos RLC durante quatro aulas. Cada aula teve duração de 1h40min. Os resultados quantitativos mostram que houve melhorias estatisticamente significativas no desempenho dos alunos do grupo experimental, quando comparado aos alunos dos grupos de controle, expostos apenas ao método tradicional de ensino. Os resultados de nossa análise qualitativa sugerem que muitos dos alunos atingiram uma aprendizagem significativa. Nossas observações e o levantamento de opiniões mostraram que o procedimento didático adotado exigiu muita interação dos alunos com as atividades computacionais, dos alunos entre si e com o professor, tornando-se um elemento motivador na aprendizagem dos alunos.

A aprendizagem precoce das línguas estrangeiras no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e formação de professores

Esta investigação centrou-se essencialmente na importância da Língua Estrangeira (L.E.) na Formação de Professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e nas repercussões que o ensino/aprendizagem da mesma terá junto das crianças desse nível de ensino, no que diz respeito a competências sociais e cognitivas, constando de duas partes: o enquadramento teórico, sobre o qual se fundamenta a pesquisa realizada e o estudo empírico, que procura testar a hipótese formulada. O suporte teórico-conceptual assenta, por um lado, sobre as teorias de Vigotsky e de Piaget, especificamente no que se refere à articulação entre o pensamento e a linguagem na criança, e, por outro lado, em aspectos relacionados com o ensino das línguas em contexto europeu, sem esquecer a problemática do plurilinguísmo e do pluriculturalismo. Este suporte inclui ainda uma visão diacrónica da Formação Inicial de Professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, no que concerne à existência de uma componente de ensino e/ou ensino/aprendizagem da L.E. nos planos de estudos dessa formação. Em último lugar, abordámos o ensino precoce da L.E., dele ressaltando as competências essenciais. O trabalho de campo, que diz respeito a uma amostra de cento e noventa e cinco professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico a leccionar em escolas dos onze concelhos da Região Autónoma da Madeira (R.A.M.), distribuídos por três grupos (um grupo de professores que integra um projecto de formação em L.E. e outros dois grupos de professores sem formação), teve a duração de um ano lectivo e consistiu na recolha de informação sobre aspectos relacionados com o ensino/aprendizagem precoce da L.E. e sua implicação na aprendizagem de competências cognitivas e sociais por crianças do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, na opinião dos docentes que constituíam a amostra. Anteriormente havíamos procedido à recolha de informação sobre a situação desse ensino precoce nas escolas do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico da Região Autónoma da Madeira, junto da Directora Regional de Educação. Utilizámos dois instrumentos de recolha de dados, consoante a informação necessária e a natureza da análise a realizar. O primeiro instrumento foi uma Entrevista, cujo guião foi por nós estruturado e redigido e que foi aplicado à Directora Regional de Educação. O segundo instrumento, um Questionário, igualmente da nossa autoria, foi aplicado à amostra experimental, após ter sido pilotado numa amostra criada para esse efeito. Os elementos recolhidos foram abordados qualitativa e quantitativamente. Numa abordagem qualitativa, analisámos o texto das respostas às perguntas da Entrevista, as quais incidiam sensivelmente sobre aspectos contidos no Questionário e acima discriminados. Numa abordagem estatística, analisámos os dados do Questionário respeitantes às vantagens da aprendizagem de uma L.E. por crianças do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, à integração dessa aprendizagem no horário escolar das crianças, à articulação com as restantes áreas curriculares, assim como às metodologias adequadas (grupo I), para além dos dados relativos à Formação Inicial dos Professores em L.E. e às lacunas por eles sentidas, quando chamados a promover o ensino/aprendizagem da L.E. (grupo II). Os resultados do estudo sugerem que todos os alunos, de acordo com as respostas dos docentes interrogados, manifestam maior desenvolvimento tanto a nível das capacidades cognitivas como a nível das capacidades sociais. Os professores são unânimes em afirmar que o ensino/aprendizagem de L.E. deve ocorrer em horário extra-curricular, mas em articulação com as restantes áreas curriculares. É também consensual entre os professores o reconhecimento da necessidade da utilização de metodologias adequadas a esse ensino/aprendizagem, as quais deviam constar da Formação Inicial. O trabalho sublinha o significado que deve ser atribuído ao ensino precoce da L.E. e os resultados contribuem para validar a hipótese de que o sucesso dos alunos no ensino/aprendizagem de competências sociais e de competências cognitivas se deve também à aprendizagem de uma L.E., cuja preparação deve ser contemplada na Formação Inicial de Professores.

Efeitos de um programa de métodos e hábitos de estudo nas abordagens à aprendizagem: um estudo com alunos do Segundo Ciclo do Ensino Básico

A investigação tem vindo a demonstrar uma forte ligação entre as estratégias de estudo e o sucesso académico dos estudantes, pelo que é importante que estes desenvolvam competências que os conduzam a uma maior eficácia na aquisição de conhecimentos. Neste sentido, com este trabalho pretendemos analisar o impacto da implementação de um programa de métodos e hábitos de estudo, na promoção de competências mais eficazes, particularmente no desenvolvimento de uma abordagem profunda ao estudo por parte dos estudantes. De forma a compreender se esta abordagem ao estudo pode ser influenciada por outras dimensões, envolvendo as características dos alunos, procuramos também verificar se o autoconceito e alguns indicadores escolares, nomeadamente as suas metas académicas, a participação em atividades extracurriculares e as retenções no percurso escolar, se associam a que tipo de abordagem à aprendizagem. Nesta investigação, de natureza quasi-experimental, participam 76 alunos do 6º ano (cerca de 51% do sexo masculino), com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 16 anos, e que foram distribuídos em 2 grupos, o de experimental e o de controlo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Teste das Matrizes Progressivas de Raven (Raven, Court & Raven, 2001), o Inventário de Processos de Estudo (Rosário, Ferreira & Cunha, 2003), a Escala de Autoconceito para crianças e pré adolescentes de Susan Harter (Alves Martins, Peixoto, Mata & Monteiro, 1995) e o Inventário de Metas Académicas (Miranda & Almeida, 2011). Através de análises quantitativas e correlacionais, verificámos que a participação no programa não favoreceu, de forma estatisticamente significativa, uma abordagem profunda ao estudo, ainda que se tenha verificado uma tendência de evolução favorável no caso dos alunos do grupo experimental. Por outro lado, quanto às relações entre as características dos alunos e a abordagem ao estudo, verificamos que estas sugerem diferenças significativas no que diz respeito a adoção de uma abordagem mais profunda para os alunos que não têm registo de retenções escolares. Os resultados são analisados tendo em conta as limitações, assim como o facto de que o desenvolvimento de competências nos alunos deverá ser uma das metas que os educadores devem perseguir, motivando os alunos para o interesse pela aprendizagem.

Diagnóstico de enfermagem: estratégia educativa fundamentada na aprendizagem baseada em problemas

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficácia de uma estratégia de ensino sobre diagnósticos de enfermagem, fundamentada na aprendizagem, baseada em problemas no desempenho do raciocínio clínico e julgamento diagnóstico dos discentes de graduação. É estudo experimental, realizado em duas fases: validação de conteúdo dos problemas e aplicação da estratégia educativa. Os resultados mostraram melhora na capacidade de agrupamento dos dados dos discentes do grupo experimental. Conclui-se que houve influência positiva da estratégia implementada

A formação de conceitos no ensino de graduação em enfermagem à luz da teoria da aprendizagem significativa

The Theory of Meaningful Learning (TML) described by David Paul Ausubel offers a proposal for the teaching strategies to provide a more active and effective student learning. The projection of the TML practice is demonstrated through the development of concept maps (CM) technique, created by Joseph Donald Novak, which presents as a strategy, method or schematic feature, which is an indicator to identify the cognitive organization of the knowledge acquired by students. The survey was conducted in the light of TML in relation to learning concepts involving students of undergraduate nursing in a public university in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Thus, the study aimed to compare the concept learning of students of undergraduate nursing, when subjected to different forms of education, to point approaches that promote more effective and meaningful results. It was a quasi - experimental study with a qualitative analysis, conducted with students of the Undergraduate Nursing of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), approved by the Research Ethics Committee/UFRN Certification of Presention for Ethics Appreciation (CPEA) in 11706412.3.0000.5537. The study took place at two different times and involved content on complications mediate postoperative surgical wound in the same discipline with students who attended the 5th semester of the degree course in Nursing. For the viability of data collection, in the second half of 2013, we used the technique of CM, to represent the concept of complications mediate postoperative surgical wound covered in the classroom. CM were built at a different time from that of the discipline, with the support of tutors and preceded by a brief description and explanation about the form of preparation and application. In this study were subjected, 31 students of undergraduate nursing, registered in the discipline of Integral Attention to health I. In the first stage, 18 students participated in the survey, they had the teaching intervention based on TML, and in the second stage, all students participated in the lesson provided curriculum with the responsible teacher of the subject, on the same issue occurred. At the end of each meeting, the students 11 developed concept maps with the aid of software Cmap Tools®. Data analysis happened upon the technique of content analysis, supported by a conceptual map "glass", previously developed by researchers and aid in the preparation of the categories in which the concepts found were classified. The study found that the teaching intervention based on TML with the help of CM, managed to develop in students a more expressive teaching learning process than just classroom curriculum with the traditional teaching method, and also that the association between the intervention motion teaching with the traditional method and the use of the technique of CM encourages the student the ability to articulate the various acquired knowledge as well as apply them in real situations

A aprendizagem de inglês mediada por jogos eletrônicos do tipo MMORPG

Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) are role-playing games that, through the Internet, can integrate thousands of players interacting at the same time in at least one virtual world. This way, these games can provide, further than fun, a greater familiarity with the additional language and opportunity to improve the linguistic proficiency in a real context. Hence, what is proposed in this study is extended knowledge about the learning of an additional language mediated by MMORPGs for teachers to know how, if relevant, to present, use or encourage this practice to their students. Based on this major purpose, we seek to answer the following research questions: (a) what distinguishes the learning profile of the gamers and non-gamers; (b) if MMORPGs can, through a hybrid and systematic approach, assist the development of proficiency of the additional language and (c) what the think-aloud protocols show about the learning mediated by the MMORPG Allods Online. Following an experimental method (NUNAN, 1997), 16 students of the curricular component Reading and Writing Practices in English Language have comprised the control group and 17 students of the same class formed the experimental group and were submitted to a pre and post-test adapted from the Key English Test (KET) by the Cambridge University (2008). The tests were conducted before and after a period of 5 weeks of 3 hours of practice with Allods Online a week (experimental group), and classes of the curricular component (both groups). A quantitative analysis of the questionnaires about the exposure to English profiles of the participants, a quantitative analysis of the tests scores and a qualitative analysis of the thinkaloud protocols collected during the experiment were conducted based on the theories of (a) motivation (GARDNER, 1985, WILLIAMS & BURDEN, 1997, BROWN, 2007, HERCULANO-HOUZEL, 2005); (b) active learning (GASS, 1997, GEE, 2008, MATTAR, 2010); (c) interaction and collaborative learning (KRASHEN, 1991, GASS, 1997, VYGOTSKY, 1978); (d) situated learning (DAMASIO, 1994; 1999; 2003, BROWN, 2007, GEE, 2003) and (e), tangential learning (PORTNOW, 2008; MATTAR, 2010). The results indicate that the participants of the experimental group (gamers) seem to be more engaged in tangential English learning activities, such as playing games, listening to music in English, communicating with foreigners and reading in English. We also deduced that the period of experiment possibly generated positive results on the gamers proficiency scores, mainly in the parts related to orthographic development, reading and comprehension, writing with focus on content and orthographic accuracy. Lastly, the think-aloud protocols presented evidences that the gamers have engaged in active English language learning, they have interacted in English with other players, and learned linguistic aspects through the experience with the MMORPG Allods Online

O desenvolvimento da interlíngua na aprendizagem da escrita em inglês em uma escola bilíngue: um estudo exploratório

The aim of this study is to investigate the development of written Interlanguage in English as an Additional Language (AL) by students in the 2nd grade of Ensino Fundamental I in a bilingual school in the city of Natal-RN. For this purpose two research questions guided this study: (a) which hypotheses could be inferred from the writing development of the bilingual learners of English as AL? and, (b) what is the impact of the type of input monomodal or multimodal in the Interlanguage development in the AL of bilingual learners? The 38 learners were divided into a control group, with 21 learners exposed to monomodal input, and an experimental group, with 17 learners exposed to multimodal input, and pre and post-tests were applied to both groups. A mixed methods research design was conducted (DÖRNYEI, 2007) to involve both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis. The qualitative aspect comprehended descriptive characteristics that interpreted the central cognitive processes in the acquisition of writing in AL by the learners. Through these interpretations, it was possible to understand the constitution of written Interlanguage (SELINKER, 1972) according to the data generated by the learners. The quantitative data were presented as the results generated from the experimental design. Thus, they narrowed the relations between the dependent variable the writing development, that is, how close it is to the target form which was modified throughout the process by the independent variable the quality of input (VAN PATTEN, 2002, GASS, 1997, SCHMIDT, 1986, PARADIS, 2009; 2010, ELLIS, 1995), which, being monomodal or multimodal, its function was possibly to alter the route of acquisition. The quantitative results pointed towards significant gains by the experimental group, which had multimodality present, suggesting that the learners in this group seem to have been more able to cognitively register (SCHIMDT, 1990) aspects of learning than the learners in the control group

A ferramenta VoiceThread em uma abordagem hibrida: o desenvolvimento da produção oral e da habilidade de noticing na aprendizagem de inglês como L2

VoiceThread (VT) is a collaborative and asynchronous web 2.0 tool, which permits the creation of oral presentations with the help of images, documents, texts and voice, allowing groups of people to browse and contribute with comments using several options: voice (microphone or cell phone), text and audio-file or video (webcam) (BOTTENTUIT JUNIOR, LISBÔA E COUTINHO, 2009). The hybrid experience with VoiceThread allows learners to plan their speech before recording it, without the pressure often existent in the classroom. Furthermore, the presentations can be recorded several times, enabling students to listen to them, notice the gaps in their oral production (noticing) and edit innumerous times before publishing them online. In this perspective, oral production is seen as a process of L2 acquisition, not only as practice of already existent knowledge, because it can stimulate the learner to process the language syntactically (SWAIN, 1985; 1995). In this context, this study aims to verify if there is a relation between the oral production of the learners more specifically the grammatical accuracy and the global oral grade and their noticing capacity, how the systematic practice with VoiceThread, in a hybrid approach, can impact the learners global oral development, their oral production in terms of fluency (number of words per minute), accuracy (number of errors in hundred words), and complexity (number of dependent clauses per minute), and on their noticing capacity (SCHMIDT, 1990; 1995; 2001), that is, the learner s capacity of noticing the gaps existent in their oral production. In order to answer these research questions, 49 L2 learners of English were divided into an experimental group (25 students) and a control group (24 students). The experimental group was exposed to the hybrid approach with VT during two months and, through a pre- and post-test, we verified if this systematic practice would positively influence these participants oral production and noticing capacity. These results were compared to the pre- and post-test scores from the control group, which was not exposed to VT. Finally, learners impressions in relation to the use of this tool were also sought through a questionnaire applied after the post-test. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant correlation between the learners speech production (accuracy and global oral grade) and their noticing capacity. Besides, it was verified a positive impact of VoiceThread on the learners speech production variables and on their noticing capacity. They also reveal a positive reaction by the learners in relation to the hybrid experience with this web tool

Álcool e comportamento: efeitos na aprendizagem e memória

Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for many harmful effects on individuals and society. Despite years of research, the mechanisms by which alcohol affects neurological functions and the exact causes of cognitive impairment related to long-term use are unknown. In this sense, this master study proposed to observe how different doses of alcohol affect the addiction response and the learning ability of two fish species: Betta splendens and Danio rerio, the latter a commonly model due to organizational and functional characteristics shared with mammals. For this, different concentrations of ethanol (0%, 0.1%, 0.25%, 1% and 1.5%) were used in acute, chronic and withdrawal treatments. We tested the fish in three experimental protocols: 1) alcohol addiction potential using conditioned place preference, 2) associative conditioning using light as unconditioned stimulus and food as conditioned stimulus and 3) spatial learning using a maze without cues. For the alcohol addiction potential, preference between two different places in a shuttle box was tested before and after alcohol exposure (chronic and acute). In this test, the animals intoxicated by 0.1% did not change behavior, while animals receiving 1% and 1.5% alcohol changed the initial preference to the side where they received alcohol For the associative conditioning, the results show that the groups undergoing low dose (0.1%), both in chronic and withdrawal treatment, learned the task faster than control; groups under 0.25 and 1% alcohol withdrawal learned the task after control; groups chronically intoxicated with these doses did not learn the task. For the spatial learning test, fish submitted to acute and chronic treatments decreased the time to exit the maze; there were significant differences in the animal s performance in a dose-dependent pattern. This difference was not observed for the withdrawal treatment. Given these results, we conclude that the effects of alcohol on learning are dependent on the dosage. Furthermore, low doses of alcohol seem to maximize animal performance on learning tasks and do not alter their seeking behavior, while higher doses induced addition and hinder learning

As relações afetivas na prática tutorial e sua relações com a aprendizagem no curso a distância de licenciatura plena em Química

In distance learning degree in Chemistry in full of the Secretária de Educação a distância da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (SEDIS / UFRN). The teacher-tutor to establish the experimental subjects closer relationships with students, mediating the pedagogical actions that develop in the distance learning course, with a view to achieving the principles of autonomy and learning, contributing to the creation of learning environments collaborative, guided by affection.The article presents the results of an empirical research on affectivity in practice this tutorial experimental classes in higher distance education in the full degree course in Chemistry Polo Currais Novos/ RN, held between 2009 and 2010. The study is based on qualitative methodology, whose data were collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 48 (forty eight) students involved in distance learning courses and selected in order to compose a group of subjects who showed variability, as guidelines that guide the sampling procedures in qualitative research. The results, based on category theory and empirical analysis of data from the interviews were supplemented by information obtained from participant observation which also served to guide the data collection of the corpus of this work. With the results we understand that there is clarity about what characterizes a loving relationship between those involved in the process of teaching and learning in experimental classes in high school chemistry Distance Education. Furthermore, it was also clear that the communication process in dialogic teaching and learning in higher distance education in chemistry at the trial need to mark out in balanced affective attitudes, the experimental error that value and respect the many possible construction of knowledge by movements social interaction of individual and collective

As relações afetivas na prática tutorial e sua relação com a aprendizagem no curso a distância de licenciatura plena em química

In distance learning degree in Chemistry in full of the Secretária de Educação a distância da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (SEDIS / UFRN). The teacher-tutor to establish the experimental subjects closer relationships with students, mediating the pedagogical actions that develop in the distance learning course, with a view to achieving the principles of autonomy and learning, contributing to the creation of learning environments collaborative, guided by affection.The article presents the results of an empirical research on affectivity in practice this tutorial experimental classes in higher distance education in the full degree course in Chemistry Polo Currais Novos/ RN, held between 2009 and 2010. The study is based on qualitative methodology, whose data were collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 48 (forty eight) students involved in distance learning courses and selected in order to compose a group of subjects who showed variability, as guidelines that guide the sampling procedures in qualitative research. The results, based on category theory and empirical analysis of data from the interviews were supplemented by information obtained from participant observation which also served to guide the data collection of the corpus of this work. With the results we understand that there is clarity about what characterizes a loving relationship between those involved in the process of teaching and learning in experimental classes in high school chemistry Distance Education. Furthermore, it was also clear that the communication process in dialogic teaching and learning in higher distance education in chemistry at the trial need to mark out in balanced affective attitudes, the experimental error that value and respect the many possible construction of knowledge by movements social interaction of individual and collective

Análise das dificuldades de aprendizagem numa disciplina de química orgânica do curso de química na modalidade à distância da UFRN

In today`s society the use of so-called information technology and communication (ICT), is promoting a revolution in the forms of teaching and learning through the methods of distance learning courses, especially in higher education. Studies show that students in this way have great difficulties in the learning process, especially when dealing with experimental subjects that require high power of abstraction as chemistry. The goal of this work is to promote improvement in the teaching and learning in the discipline Chemistry of Life offered for the Bachelor`s Degree in Chemistry in distance UFRN. For this we analyzed evidence of the semester 2011.2, in order to identify what are the main difficulties of the students on the assessments. That`s why video lessons related to matters that create the majority of difficulties for students were developed, the final product this work. Being obtained the improvements by video classes in the learning process of the students, from a questionnaire answered by the students in the virtual learning environment, and from their success rate at the end of the course

A energia e suas implicações no ensino-aprendizagem da química

The area of Education in Chemistry in Brazil has appeared over 30 years and its growth has been accelerated by the need of comprehension of the processes of teaching and learning in chemistry. Many researches, in this area, has among its investigation objects the teaching tools like teaching materials and the learning processes of students in high school and basic education, but when dealing with higher levels of education, they are seldom portrayed. This study aimed to investigate the General Chemistry textbooks with respect to approach the concept of energy; know the main ideas of graduate students in Chemistry on the relation of the concept of energy and chemical transformations; finally, developing a cicle of studies with the proposition of an approach wich inter-relate the concept of energy and its implications in the teaching-learning process of a chemical transformation. To do so, we used as instruments a questionnaire, press conference, conceptual map and experimental activities. All activities of the study cicle were videotaped and recorded, transcribed and the results organized in tables. For the activities of the study cicle texts that have been developed and inter-relating concepts of chemistry and energy, which in turn gave theoretical support to the activities in the cycle. In the analysis it was used as a theoretical content the analysis of Laurence Bardin. The results revealed that the analysis of the book might be perceived that not always the concept of energy is used in order to generate the abstract thought of chemical transformations, but that the main macroscopic thermodynamic variables are present in the explanation of these transformations. During the study cicle, were studied two chemical reactions: the first one, made possible to approach the macroscopic dimension to quantify the concept of energy and the second one, made possible to demonstrate the macro and microscopic dimension of the concept of energy during a chemical transformation. In all reactions proposed, students used, in most of the times, as explanations, only macroscopic observations of the reactions under study and failed to realize that the concept of energy can be used to explain macro and microscopic chemical transformation. As a final action of the study cicle, students requested further discussion, to clarify the link between the concept of energy and the meanings constructed in the process of studying the reactions. This is done through an oral explanation, during the cycle, and registered in this thesis and attempts to show the interrelationship existing conceptual

Curva de aprendizado em cirurgia aórtica videolaparoscópica: estudo experimental em porcos

CONTEXTO: A cirurgia videolaparoscópica (CVL) vem evoluindo como alternativa cirúrgica menos invasiva para o tratamento da doença aterosclerótica oclusiva aorto-ilíaca e do aneurisma da aorta abdominal. Poucos estudos avaliaram objetivamente a curva de aprendizado com essa técnica em cirurgia vascular. OBJETIVO: Avaliar objetivamente os tempos e a evolução de cada passo cirúrgico e demonstrar a exeqüibilidade dessa técnica. MÉTODOS: Entre outubro 2007 e janeiro de 2008, dois cirurgiões vasculares iniciantes na CVL operaram, após cursos e treinamentos, seis porcos consecutivos, com dissecção aórtica e interposição de um enxerto de dácron em um segmento da aorta infra-renal abdominal, com técnica totalmente laparoscópica. RESULTADOS: Todos os tempos cirúrgicos foram decrescentes ao longo do estudo, apresentando redução de 45,9% no tempo total de cirurgia, 85,8% no tempo de dissecção da aorta, 81,2% na exposição da aorta, 55,1% no clampeamento total, 71% na confecção da anastomose proximal e 64,9% na anastomose distal. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostrou que os resultados técnicos satisfatórios da CVL vascular ocorreram somente após longa curva de aprendizado, que foi decrescente ao longo do tempo, à medida que aumentou a experiência e vivência com os materiais e com a visão não-estereoscópica. Essa técnica pode ser realizada com perfeição por cirurgiões vasculares desde que façam cursos especializados, com treinamento em simuladores e animais, e desde que busquem constante aprimoramento a fim de conseguir resultados similares aos obtidos com a cirurgia convencional.