Observatórios locais de políticas públicas no Brasil: seu papel na produção, disseminação e transparência das informações

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal estudar os observatórios locais de políticas públicas e sua contribuição à democracia quanto à transparência e à produção das informações. Em razão dos observatórios serem ainda pouco estudados, estetrabalho tem caráter exploratório no sentido de buscar compreender a origem deste tipo de instituição, e a descrição e análise de suas principais características, ressaltando-se seu objetivo principal de produção de informações sobre políticas públicas em nível local de governo. A análise empírica buscou contribuir para a compreensão deste fenômeno institucional por meio de dois estudos de caso de observatórios locais de políticas públicas no Brasil: o Observatório dos Direitos do Cidadão, em São Paulo, e o Observatório das Metrópoles, no Rio de Janeiro. Em ambos, buscou-se revelar suas características principais, analisando-se seus objetivos e atividades realizados, relacionados à produção, disseminação e “tradução” das informações (no sentido de torná-las acessíveis ao cidadão comum), além seu uso no monitoramento das políticas públicas. As informações sobre os estudos de caso provêm da análise de: documentos (publicações e relatórios institucionais) dos observatórios; análise de sites na internet; entrevistas e observações realizadas nas sedes dos observatórios. Os resultados obtidos relacionam a origem destas instituições no Brasil ao contexto histórico da redemocratização e aos atores sociais e temáticas que emergem desse contexto. Buscou-se apresentar a complexidade deste arranjo institucional que, voltado à produção de informação de qualidade e aliando modernas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, tornou-se um espaço de relações intersociais, dado que desenvolvidas entre personagens oriundos da universidade, das ONGs e dos movimentos sociais. Por fim, buscou-se demonstrar a contribuição destas instituições para o fortalecimento de setores excluídos da sociedade no sentido de sua capacitação para a participação, o controle social, e o desenvolvimento de uma cidadania ativa.

A institucionalização do programa nacional de Educação Fiscal nos estados brasileiros e Distrito Federal

The research seeks to comprehend the development of the promoting and structuring Fiscal Education actions in the states and in the federal district, attending to the guideline and the administrative requirements established by the Escola de Administração Fazendária (ESAF) to implement the Programa Nacional de Educação Fiscal (PNEF). The study has an exploratory content with a qualitative approach. The informations were collect with a questionnaire applied through the Google-docs by the managers of the program in any federated unit. Were founded several results, as the fragility of the program in the budgeting and financial area, the low frequency of the Grupo de Educação Estadual (GEFE) in regular meetings, the absence to monitor undertaken actions and the absence of interlocution between the GEFE and the forums of national discussions, especially the Conselho Nacional de Política Fazendária (CONFAZ). Despite the fragilities, the work shows the occurrence of some actions to disseminate Fiscal Education in schools and universities, the establishment of partnerships and the participation of the GEFE‟s in the national meetings. With the study, it was possible to conclude that in spite of the weaknesses found in its structure, the PNEF s institutionalized in the states and in the federal district, observing the differences between the federal units in relation to the ripening of the program. Despite the difficulties evidenced, it appears that they are capable of resolution, as far as it recognizes the importance of the Program for the promotion of a culture of active citizenship in the society and it will gives better conditions of implementation

Metodologia para o gerenciamento integrado saudável dos resíduos sólidos da bacia da estrada nova do município de Belém/PA

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de criar uma metodologia para o Gerenciamento Integrado dos Resíduos Sólidos (GIRS) que associa a prática pertinente ao tema, com programas que envolvam a comunidade, no sentido de manter o meio ambiente limpo e saudável, tendo como cenário o município de Belém, especificamente a Bacia Hidrográfica da Estrada Nova (BHEN). Objetiva também identificar porquê, apesar da BHEN possuir coleta de resíduos e serviços de limpeza realizada pela Secretaria Municipal de Saneamento (SESAN), a mesma permanece, constantemente, suja, principalmente, de lixo e entulho lançados nas vias públicas e canais de drenagem dessa bacia. A pesquisa de campo consistiu de entrevistas com os principais atores desse trabalho, a comunidade da BHEN. Inova no município um modelo de programas de participação da população com o nome de Cidadania e Participação Ativa da Comunidade (CIPAC) propondo 20 programas: Mascote da educação ambiental; Boteco em boteco; Eu amo minha cidade; Alô comunidade; TV SOS “Meio ambiente”; Rádio “Desperta comunidade; Coral e teatro “Reciclar”; Educa móvel; Coleta seletiva nas escolas; O meio ambiente pede carona; Centro de memória; A escola do lixo; Conhecer o lixo; Comunidade nota 10; Futuro verde; Coleta seletiva “porta a porta” Implantação dos LEVs; Criação das unidades básicas ecológicas; Criação da central de reciclagem de entulho; Criação das unidades de triagem de materiais recicláveis; Criação das cooperativas de catadores e carroceiros. Faz uma previsão de investimentos para implantação e manutenção desses programas assim como o retorno do investimento aplicado com a implantação. Como resultado, apresenta um novo modelo, baseado na prática, como sustentação para o estabelecimento de uma política municipal, de acordo com a Lei da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) que tramita no Congresso Nacional. Também foram identificados parâmetros capazes de identificar a inadequação do processo atual de coleta de lixo e dos serviços de limpeza nessa bacia. Esses resultados alcançados permitem concluir que grande parte da população da BHEN não está preparada para aderir a um programa de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos (GRS), que tenha como ponto de partida o GIRS. O grau de escolaridade e o nível de conhecimento da comunidade não representam obstáculos para isso, mas sim a falta de programas que envolvam a sua participação, a coleta de resíduos e serviços de limpeza urbana corretamente prestados, pois, atualmente, na pesquisa de campo realizada, foram visivelmente reprovados. Finalmente, ainda conclui que somente com a implantação de um GIRS, com apoio do CIPAC o meio ambiente seria consideravelmente beneficiado, mas não resolveria os graves problemas ambientais da BHEN, será necessária a melhoria de todos os sistemas de infra-estrutura urbana nessa importante bacia, para um efeito realmente mais saudável. É importante destacar que, no momento atual, as propostas apresentadas por este trabalho são consideradas bastante oportunas, pois com o inicio da implantação do Programa de Recuperação Urbano-Ambiental da Bacia da Estrada Nova (PROMABEM) pela Administração Municipal financiado pelo Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (BID), os problemas sanitários e ambientais dessa importante bacia têm grande probabilidade de ser resolvidos.

Planejamento participativo e intercessão-pesquisa como dispositivos de participação e emancipação do trabalho e do trabalhador na saúde mental coletiva

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O impacto da extensão universitária sobre a formação acadêmica em Odontologia

This qualitative study of descriptive and exploratory nature was conducted with the aim of evaluating the contribution of university extension towards the training and life histories of dentistry students, using the focus group technique. The material was assessed using the collective subject discourse analysis technique. The results showed the impact exerted by academic experience, in extension activities within the personal, professional and active citizenship spheres. The subjects' perceptions revealed an opportunity to develop and improve their professional skills, through recognition of distinct realities of life, through breaking away from the traditional model of teaching and through fruitful relationships between students, university and society. Feelings of satisfaction, personal fulfillment, recognition and being an active and critical citizen were reported. It was concluded that experience within the field of extension is an important agent for the individual and collective process of academic training.

Educazione alla cittadinanza per cittadini immigrati adulti. Il contributo della formazione linguistico-giuridica all'acquisizione di competenze di cittadinanza in lingua seconda

The research examines which cultural and linguistic instruments can be offered to provide adult migrants with formative access to citizenship competences. Starting from the questions: How can individuals of all community groups present in a nation-state acquire high standards of linguistic, sociolinguistic and discourse competences in order to be fully integrated, that is to participate and be included in social activities in the public domain such as work and institutional environments? How are these competencies developed in an educational context? How do adult migrants behave linguistically in this context, according to their needs and motivations? The research hypothesis aimed at outlining a formative project of citizenship education targeted at adult foreign citizens, where a central role is assigned both to law education and linguistic education. Acoordingly, as the study considered if the introduction of a law programme in a second language course could be conceived as an opportunity to further the access to active citizenship and social participation, a corpus of audiodata was collected in law classes of an Italian adult professional course attended by a 50% of foreign students. The observation was conducted on teacher and learner talk and learner participation in classroom interaction when curriculum legal topics were introduced and discussed. In the classroom law discourse two dimensions were analyzed: the legal knowledge construction and the participants’ interpersonal and identity construction. From the analysis, the understanding is that drawn that law classes seem to represent an educational setting where foreign citizens have an opportunity to learn and practise citizenship. The social and pragmatic approach to legal contents plays a relevant role, in a subject which, in non-academic contexts, loses its technical specificity and refers to law as a product of social representation. In the observed educational environment, where students are adults who bring into the classroom multiple personal and social identities, legal topics have the advantage of increasing adult migrants’ motivation to ‘go back to school’ as they are likely to give hints, if not provide solutions, to problems relating to participation in socio-institutional activities. At the same time, these contents offer an ideal context where individuals can acquire high discourse competences and citizenship skills, such as agency and critical reflection. Besides, the analysis reveals that providing adult learners with materials that focus on rights, politics and the law, i.e. with materials which stimulate discussion on concerns affecting their daily lives, is welcomed by learners themselves, who might appreciate the integration of these same topics in a second language course.

Die Erziehung zu einer aktiven Bürgerschaft

Trying to give a definition of Citizenship Education is a challenging operation: it is characterized by a variety of meanings flowing from Civic Education (related to knowledge and practice about the system of laws, rules, conventions referring to a particular civil community) to Socio-political education (related to the awareness of being part of the system of cultural elements, values, traditions historically produced by the community itself). It would be not be correct identifying Citizenship Education only with elements of Civic Education, as it would restrict its range to formal level of rules and laws, rights and duties. Otherwise, limiting its understanding only on elements of Sociopolitical Education, would offer the risk of investing in cultural similarities, common roots, values homogeneity, that are strong in giving hold on identity, membership, participation, but so exposed to acts of fanaticism, exclusion of diversity, hostility towards minorities. Therefore, it is necessary to assume that Citizenship Education has to be established on problematic integration of the two presented perspectives, thus founding knowledge and practice about the rules of civil society on the system of values and cultural aspects that every single micro-community (and every single individual) recognizes to be source of the rules: a complex system of various elements made of homogeneity and inhomogeneity, similarities and differences in constant modification an dynamic intercommunication.

Neighbourhoods Mobilise the Troops - Community Organising, Violence and Governmentality

The article reflects on the difficult relation between community work against domestic violence and local crime prevention under the conditions of the neoliberal state that cuts down on social benefits and promotes self-help, active citizenship and self-responsibility instead while at the same time restoring the punishing state with its strict regime of law-and-order. The author describes a project Tarantula - she started herself while being a social worker in Hamburg, Germany. Tarantula was aimed at strengthening social networks and the neighbours' willingness to get involved in favour of affected women. Although conceptualized as an emancipatory approach referring to community organizing in the tradition of social movements it is questionable whether and how this can really work in the current situation. At present, the field of crime control is being reconfigured as a result of political and administrative decisions, which, for their part, are based on a new structure of social relations and cultural attitudes. The demolition of the 'welfare state' means the re-coding of the security policy that facilitates the development of interventionist techniques that govern and control individuals through their own ability to act.

Con las mejores intenciones... : Estudio sobre las prácticas políticas de los jóvenes estudiantes en la actual escuela secundaria obligatoria, en un contexto de fragmentación social

Este trabajo de investigación se ha propuesto indagar y comprender las prácticas asociadas con la construcción de una ciudadanía activa y participativa que desarrollan los jóvenes estudiantes en las escuelas secundarias seleccionadas, en la ciudad de Olavarría, durante el período 2009-2011. Iniciado un proceso de reposicionamiento estatal, la Ley de Educación Nacional No 26.206 deposita en la escuela sus expectativas de formación de una ciudadanía activa, construida sobre la base jurídica de "igualdad de derechos". Las escuelas, como parte de un sistema educativo fragmentado, tienen serias dificultades para instituir normas democráticas e igualitarias en el marco del escenario social contemporáneo. En su interior se desarrollan prácticas sociales que revelan la contingencia de lo social caracterizado por la desigualdad y la fragmentación, situación que genera, para los jóvenes, diversas y desiguales posibilidades de producir acciones orientadas a la convivencia, la participación y la generación de demandas ante situaciones de conflictos irresueltos. El formato del curriculum escolar, que mantiene en su desarrollo el peso de la historia de la escuela secundaria tradicional, pareciera, por momentos, constituirse en un obstáculo para sostener las nuevas relaciones pedagógicas y sociales necesarias para educar a los jóvenes como sujetos políticos. Ya sea para comprender las disposiciones de los jóvenes como también la propuesta de la nueva LEN es preciso indicar que -a pesar de los nuevos aires democratizantes que surcan el cono sur del continente- sigue siendo necesario reflexionar sobre las nuevas formas de construcción de hegemonía neoliberal, de acuerdo con los posicionamientos que marcan reconocidos referentes de la Pedagogía Crítica (Apple, Torres, entre otros)

Con las mejores intenciones... : Estudio sobre las prácticas políticas de los jóvenes estudiantes en la actual escuela secundaria obligatoria, en un contexto de fragmentación social

Este trabajo de investigación se ha propuesto indagar y comprender las prácticas asociadas con la construcción de una ciudadanía activa y participativa que desarrollan los jóvenes estudiantes en las escuelas secundarias seleccionadas, en la ciudad de Olavarría, durante el período 2009-2011. Iniciado un proceso de reposicionamiento estatal, la Ley de Educación Nacional No 26.206 deposita en la escuela sus expectativas de formación de una ciudadanía activa, construida sobre la base jurídica de "igualdad de derechos". Las escuelas, como parte de un sistema educativo fragmentado, tienen serias dificultades para instituir normas democráticas e igualitarias en el marco del escenario social contemporáneo. En su interior se desarrollan prácticas sociales que revelan la contingencia de lo social caracterizado por la desigualdad y la fragmentación, situación que genera, para los jóvenes, diversas y desiguales posibilidades de producir acciones orientadas a la convivencia, la participación y la generación de demandas ante situaciones de conflictos irresueltos. El formato del curriculum escolar, que mantiene en su desarrollo el peso de la historia de la escuela secundaria tradicional, pareciera, por momentos, constituirse en un obstáculo para sostener las nuevas relaciones pedagógicas y sociales necesarias para educar a los jóvenes como sujetos políticos. Ya sea para comprender las disposiciones de los jóvenes como también la propuesta de la nueva LEN es preciso indicar que -a pesar de los nuevos aires democratizantes que surcan el cono sur del continente- sigue siendo necesario reflexionar sobre las nuevas formas de construcción de hegemonía neoliberal, de acuerdo con los posicionamientos que marcan reconocidos referentes de la Pedagogía Crítica (Apple, Torres, entre otros)

Con las mejores intenciones... : Estudio sobre las prácticas políticas de los jóvenes estudiantes en la actual escuela secundaria obligatoria, en un contexto de fragmentación social

Este trabajo de investigación se ha propuesto indagar y comprender las prácticas asociadas con la construcción de una ciudadanía activa y participativa que desarrollan los jóvenes estudiantes en las escuelas secundarias seleccionadas, en la ciudad de Olavarría, durante el período 2009-2011. Iniciado un proceso de reposicionamiento estatal, la Ley de Educación Nacional No 26.206 deposita en la escuela sus expectativas de formación de una ciudadanía activa, construida sobre la base jurídica de "igualdad de derechos". Las escuelas, como parte de un sistema educativo fragmentado, tienen serias dificultades para instituir normas democráticas e igualitarias en el marco del escenario social contemporáneo. En su interior se desarrollan prácticas sociales que revelan la contingencia de lo social caracterizado por la desigualdad y la fragmentación, situación que genera, para los jóvenes, diversas y desiguales posibilidades de producir acciones orientadas a la convivencia, la participación y la generación de demandas ante situaciones de conflictos irresueltos. El formato del curriculum escolar, que mantiene en su desarrollo el peso de la historia de la escuela secundaria tradicional, pareciera, por momentos, constituirse en un obstáculo para sostener las nuevas relaciones pedagógicas y sociales necesarias para educar a los jóvenes como sujetos políticos. Ya sea para comprender las disposiciones de los jóvenes como también la propuesta de la nueva LEN es preciso indicar que -a pesar de los nuevos aires democratizantes que surcan el cono sur del continente- sigue siendo necesario reflexionar sobre las nuevas formas de construcción de hegemonía neoliberal, de acuerdo con los posicionamientos que marcan reconocidos referentes de la Pedagogía Crítica (Apple, Torres, entre otros)

Viviendas productivas

El presente trabajo recoge los resultados de una investigación sobre la «vivienda productiva», es decir, de la casa como lugar de trabajo. Dicha investigación se ha ocupado de explorar cómo influyen las cotidianeidades doméstico-laborales actuales —junto con sus arquitecturas y los urbanismos que estas generan— en la sociedad, en especial en temas sociales centrales como la construcción de las subjetividades, y de una vida en comunidad. Asimismo, explora cómo podrían influir en un futuro. La hipótesis sobre la que se trabaja, y que finalmente se intenta demostrar, consiste en que, en la territorialidad múltiple de lo laboral, la vivienda, como plataforma doméstica multiusos, productiva y reproductiva de la que muchas personas disponen, desempeña un papel nodal, y es posible que en el futuro su papel sea aún más importante y más visible. La vivienda productiva funciona como una infraestructura urbana desde la cual se construyen diferentes tipos de bienes materiales e inmateriales, pero sobre todo formas de relación, sociales y productivas con otros, además de imaginarios y afectos. La vivienda como infraestructura productiva y reproductiva es tanto «fábrica fundamental de lo social», como nos enseña Silvia Federici, como «fábrica de lo urbano». El trabajo en casa, como parte de diferentes dinámicas «dispersas» del trabajo que se dan en la actualidad, presenta tanto problemáticas y desafíos importantes, como capitales y posibilidades sociales. Por un lado, puede facilitar una absorción de tipo «24/7» vinculada a las lógicas de producción dispersa y consumo dominantes además de la que se da por las dinámicas patriarcales tradicionales, y en múltiples casos situaciones de evidente asimetría y de explotación laboral. También puede propiciar situaciones socialmente extendidas o impuestas de soledad y aislamiento. Sin embargo, está asimismo vinculado al surgimiento de espacios de experimentación tanto en soledad como en compañía, de cooperación y de intercambio, además de a la evidente posibilidad de construir rutinas propias y, por tanto, una subjetividad laboral propia. Por otro lado, frente a la idea general y homogénea del trabajador casero como un sujeto mayoritariamente aislado de su entorno, las jornadas de trabajo de los trabajadores caseros estudiados presentan una gran diversidad. Estas pueden conllevar aislamiento y exclusión, así como acompañar diferentes formas de construcción de una ciudadanía activa, tanto en solitario, como mediante formas de participación activa en la construcción de una vida en comunidad. En esta investigación se analizan, pues, desafíos y oportunidades de estas espacialidades del trabajo y, a través de este análisis, se indaga en el papel de los marcos físicos, organizativos y simbólicos actuales para la vivienda y para la ciudad pensada desde los trabajadores caseros. Al mismo tiempo se exploran nuevos tipos de vivienda y urbanismos que puedan quizás acompañar procesos sociales de inclusión, así como de emancipación, cooperación e intercambio y, en general, nuevas formas de vecindad y bienestar compartido en los ámbitos doméstico-productivos. Metodológicamente, las singularidades presentes en las realidades estudiadas invitan además a explorar protocolos de análisis, métodos de diseño, de gestión y gobierno que, desde lo micro, puedan dialogar con lo cotidiano y sus singularidades. Diego Barajas, autor de la tesis, es arquitecto dedicado a la práctica, a la investigación y la docencia. Su trabajo se focaliza en explorar el carácter mediador de la arquitectura frente a lo cotidiano y sus microrrealidades. Es profesor de proyectos de urbanismo en la IE School of Architecture y es miembro de Husos, una plataforma de investigación y diseño orientada a la innovación en arquitectura y urbanismo, con sede en Madrid. Es el autor del libro Dispersion, A Study of Global Mobility and the Dynamics of a Fictional Urbanism (Episode Publishers, Róterdam, 2003). Sus trabajos teóricos y de investigación han aparecido en libros y revistas internacionales tales como The Domestic and The Foreign in Architecture (010 Publishers, 2008), Public Spheres, a Europan Discussion (Europan9, 2007), Photoespaña 05 (La Fábrica, Madrid, 2005), Domus, Volume, Abitare, Architese, Plot, y Summa+. Su trabajo se ha expuesto en la Bienal de Venecia (selección principal), la Bienal de Róterdam, la Fundación Tapies, Photoespaña, entre otros y es parte de la colección permanente del FRAC Centre en Orleans y del Historisch Museum de Róterdam entre otros. Antes de estudiar en Róterdam, se gradúa con Honores en la Universidad de los Andes en 1999 y su tesis de grado de arquitectura recibe la máxima distinción como proyecto de Grado Meritorio. ABSTRACT The present study records an investigation into the «productive house», or the home as a workplace. This investigation looks at how working from home, its architectures, and the urban dynamics generated around it influence daily life and the construction of society. It also explores what influences home-based work might have in the future, particularly in central themes such as the biopolitical construction of subjectivities and community life. The central hypothesis revolves around the idea that the home, as a multi-use infrastructure that most of us have access to, plays a fundamental role in the contemporary work sphere, due to —or even in spite of— the omnipresence of work in practically every moment and area of our daily lives, and might play a main role in the future. The home functions as a kind of hub from which we create different kinds of material and immaterial goods, but above all relationships with others, both social and productive, as well as imaginaries and affections. The home, as a machine for production and reproduction, is as much a main «factory of the social» as Silvia Federici describes it, as a «factory of the urban». Working from home, as one of several «dispersed» work dynamics that are part of the contemporary world of work, presents as many important problematics and challenges as it does possibilities and social capital. On the one hand, it can contribute to kind of «24/7» absorption linked both to the logistics of the current dispersed production and consumption, and to that of traditional patriarchal dynamics, and in some cases even clearly asymmetrical situations that exploit the workforce. It can also lead to the socially widespread phenomena of isolation and loneliness, at times imposed upon home-based workers. However, by the same token, it is also linked to the growth of experimental spaces of cooperation and exchange, both solitary and in company, as well as the clear possibility of constructing individualised routines and, therefore, a personal laboural subjectivity. On the other hand, contrary to the generalised, homogenous idea of a home-based worker who is mostly isolated from his or her environment, the working days of those we studied went hand in hand with different ways of building subjectivities. This could be as much in exclusion and isolation as through building an active citizenship, at times in solitary and at times actively participating in the construction of communal life. In this investigation, therefore, the challenges and opportunities of the home as workplace have been analysed, and through this analysis we have inquired into the role of current physical, organisational and symbolic frameworks for the home and for the city from the perspective of home workers. At the same time we have explored new types of homes and of town planning that could perhaps accompany social processes of diversity and inclusion as well as emancipation, cooperation and exchange and, in general, new forms of shared welfare in productive domestic environments. Methodologically, the singularities present in the cases studied also invite us to explore protocols of analysis, methods of design, management and government that, from the micro level, could dialogue with the peculiarities of day-to-day life. The author of this thesis, Diego Barajas, is an architect dedicated to practice, investigation and teaching. His work is focussed on exploring the mediating nature of architecture and the built environment in terms of daily life and its microrealities. He is professor of urban projects at the IE School of Architecture and member of Husos, a platform for investigation and town planning based in Madrid. He is the author of the book Dispersion, A Study of Global Mobility and the Dynamics of a Fictional Urbanism (Episode Publishers, Rotterdam, 2003) and his theoretical works and investigations have appeared in books such as The Domestic and The Foreign in Architecture (010 Publishers, 2008), Public Spheres, a Europan Discussion (Europan9, 2007), Photoespaña 05 (La Fábrica, Madrid, 2005), and in international magazines such as Domus, Volume, Abitare, Architese, Plot and Summa+. His work has been exhibited in places such as the Venice Biennial (main selection), the Rotterdam Biennial, the Tapies Foundation and Photoespaña, among others, and forms part of the permanent collection of the FRAC Centre in Orleans and the Historisch Museum of Rotterdam. Before studying in Rotterdam, he graduated with Honours from the University of the Andes in 1999, and his architecture degree thesis received the maximum distinction of Meritorious Graduation Project.

Beyond the formal/informal economy binary hierarchy

Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate critically the conventional binary hierarchical representation of the formal/informal economy dualism which reads informal employment as a residual and marginal sphere that has largely negative consequences for economic development and needs to be deterred. Design/methodology/approach – To contest this depiction, the results of 600 household interviews conducted in Ukraine during 2005/2006 on the extent and nature of their informal employment are reported. Findings – Informal employment is revealed to be an extensively used form of work and, through a richer and more textured understanding of the multiple roles that different forms of informal employment play, a form of work that positively contributes to economic and social development, acting both as an important seedbed for enterprise creation and development and as a primary vehicle through which community self-help is delivered in contemporary Ukraine. Research limitations/implications – This survey reveals that depicting informal employment as a hindrance to development and deterring engagement in this sphere results in state authorities destroying the entrepreneurial endeavour and active citizenship that other public policies are seeking to nurture. The paper concludes by addressing how this public policy paradox might start to be resolved. Originality/value – This paper is one of the first to document the role of informal employment in nurturing enterprise creation and development as well as community exchange.

Percepção ambiental como ferramenta diagnóstica para o processo de integração entre uma unidade de conservação e a comunidade do entorno

It is remarkable the current planet’s situation of degradation and modification of natural assets and the considerable loss of the recovery power inherent to the ecosystems. Concomitant with this, all communities and species are suffering the consequences of these changes without planning. The creation of conservation units (UCs) through the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) was a concrete action on the deliberateness of halting these processes, which, on the other hand, generated socio-environmental, geo-economical and cultural-political conflict of interests between traditional communities in the vicinity of these units, institutions, governmental entities and society in general. The country’s National Program of Environmental Education (ProNEA) provides the integration of the communities and UCs’ managers in a co-participative administration to solve these conflicts. The principles of Environmental Education (EA) leads the methodology found to change the socio-educational paradigms of traditional teaching, still existing in our society and intrinsically related to environmental problems, which are contrary to the dialogic pedagogy from Paulo Freire, that valorize popular knowledge, pro-active citizenship, as well as contrary to Ecopedagogy, that re-integrate human being on its natural environment, the Earth. One of the tools for starting environmental sensitization is the diagnosis by environmental perception of individuals. In this context, the objective of our work was to identify the environmental perception of Tenda do Moreno community located nearby Pau Furado State Park (PEPF) in Uberlândia – MG. To reach this objective, the research sought, in a first moment, to evaluate the environmental perception of residents of this community through semi-structured interviews applied in their homes and, in a second moment, we evaluated the environmental perception of community’ school students and made Environmental Education intervention activities with the intention to make children aware of the importance of conservation and function of PEPF. Using the Content analysis methodology, we found in nearly 60% of the 118 residents a systemic perception of nature, while approximately 32% expressed an anthropocentric perception. Mixed perceptions were found in 21%. A considerable part of the residents (47 individuals) indicated not knowing the park, although many of them recognize its importance. Among the 46 interviewed students, half expressed an anthropocentric perception of nature, while almost 36% had a systemic view. Seventeen children said they did not know the park and almost half of the students recognize some aspect of the importance of its existence. During the intervention activities, we had huge participation and dedication of students, beyond the massive expression of their personal views and daily experiences. In relation to the ten students that subjected the second evaluation about their environmental perception after the intervention, 80% showed systemic perception and emphasized the importance of conservation and of park. We believe that the continuity of the intervention activities could generate positive perspectives of socio-environmental effective changes in the daily school. Activities lead by Ecopedagogy and that encourage the citizen leadership in the young students are fundamental, while in the community, closer ties and dialog by UC’s managers would be important elements to generate effective change.

Récits du vieillir « actif » et de la citoyenneté au quotidien : l’expérience des femmes aînées au Québec

Taken as a policy framework, active aging ranks high on most supranational bodies’ agenda. The new political economy of aging portrays “active” citizenship amongst seniors as a key challenge for the years to come. Our research focuses on, first, elderly women’s everyday ‘active’ practices, their meaning and purpose, in the context of Quebec’s active aging policy framework; and second, their day-to-day practical citizenship experiences. Informed by discourse analysis and a narrative approach, the life stories of women 60 to 70 years of age allowed for the identification of a plethora of distinctive old age activity figures. More specifically, four activity figures were identified by which respondents materialize their routine active practices, namely: (1) paid work; (2) voluntary and civic engagement; (3) physical activity; and (4) caregiving. Set against Quebec’s active aging policy framework, these patterns and set of practices that underpin them are clearly in tune with government’s dominant perspectives. Respondents’ narratives also show that active aging connotes a range of ‘ordinary’ activities of daily living, accomplished within people’s private worlds and places of proximity. Despite nuances, tensions and opposition found in dominant public discourse, as well as in active aging practices, a form of counter-discourse does not emerge from respondents’ narratives. To be active is normally the antithesis of immobility and dependence. Thus, to see oneself as active in old age draws on normative, positive assumptions about old age quite difficult to refute; nevertheless, discourses also raise identity and relational issues. In this respect, social inclusion issues cut across all active aging practices described by respondents. Moreover, a range of individual aims and quests underpin activity pattern. Such quests express respondents’ subjective interactions with their social environment; including their actions’ meaning and sense of social inclusiveness in old age. A first quest relates to personal identity and social integration to the world; a second one concerns giving; a third centers on the search for authenticity; whereas the fourth one is connected to a desire for freedom. It is through the objectivising of active practices and related existential pursuits that elderly woman recognize themselves as active citizens, rooted in the community, and variously contributing to society. Accordingly, ‘active’ citizenship experiences are articulated in a dialogic manner between the dimensions of ‘doing’, ‘active’ social practices, and ‘being’ in relation to others, within a context of interdependence. A proposed typology allows for the modeling of four ‘active’ citizenship figures. Overall, despite the role played by power relations and social inequality in structuring aging experiences, in everyday life ‘old age citizenship’ appears as a relational process, embedded in a set of social relations and practices involving individuals, families and communities, whereby elderly women are able to express a sense of agency within their social world.