968 resultados para 3.400.986
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岷江上游地区高山/亚高山植被分布的坡向性分异显著,阴阳坡高山林线不仅物种组成差异明显,并且分布海拔呈现出阴坡高阳坡低的格局.阳坡林线树种主要是圆柏属乔木,林线类型多为渐变型,海拔高度大约在3 400m~3 800m;阴坡林线树种主要是冷杉,林线类型多为骤变型,海拔高度约在3 800m~4 400m.本研究采用土壤种子库物理筛选、室内萌发实验及野外群落调查等方法,对岷江上游地区阴坡岷江冷杉和阳坡祁连圆柏两类林线树种不同海拔梯度上土壤种子库以及幼苗库特征进行了调查,从土壤种子库和幼苗更新特征的角度对林线乔木树种种群更新特征进行了分析,进而对该地区高山林线在阴阳坡分布差异的原因进行了探讨,结果显示: 1.土壤种子库 阴坡:阴坡高山林线附近岷江冷杉土壤种子的平均密度大约为50.96粒/m2,其中树线以上10m处土壤种子密度为1.00粒/m2,树线处大约19.33粒/m2,林线交错带内土壤种子密度最高为136.83粒/m2,郁闭林内种子密度小于林线交错带,只有30.50粒/m2,种子平均空壳率为52%,霉变率达34%,完好种子只有6%.土壤种子库垂直分布特征为地被物层含种子比重最大,大约在67.50%左右;其次为0~2cm层,约18.84%左右;2~5cm层所占种子比例最小,约13.66%左右.霉变种子数量与土壤深度呈负相关. 阳坡:阳坡祁连圆柏土壤种子的平均密度为60.16粒/m2.树线以上10m处密度为1.92粒/m2,树线位置大约108.16粒/m2,林线交错带内平均为75.80粒/m2,郁闭林内种子密度小于林线交错带,只有20.00粒/m2.种子平均空壳率为36%,完好种子占49%,霉变率较低,大约为10%.阴阳坡林线树种土壤种子库垂直分布特征为:地被物层含种子最多,其次为0~4cm层,4~10cm层所占种子比例最小,霉变种子数量与土壤深度也呈负相关. 2. 幼苗库调查 阳坡:在树线以上区域没有发现幼苗,林线交错带内幼苗密度平均达3 250株/hm2,郁闭林内仅2 750株/ hm2.整个样地内1~2a幼苗很少甚至没有出现,3~10a的幼苗相对较多.空间分布上,祁连圆柏幼苗在林线交错带内接近随机分布,郁闭林内则介于随机分布和均匀分布之间. 阴坡:在树线以上幼苗密度为1 250株/ hm2,全部为1~2a幼苗,林线交错带内幼苗密度平均达7 000株/ hm2,郁闭林内达6 250株/ hm2.林线附近岷江冷杉幼苗丰富度以及幼苗的出现频率明显高于祁连圆柏,年龄结构也较祁连圆柏完整.岷江冷杉幼苗空间分布除了树线处幼苗的分布为随机分布,其他海拔则为集群分布. 3.从不同土壤深度的种子总量和幼苗数量的相关性检验发现,当年生幼苗数量跟表层种子总量相关性极显著, 但是两年生幼苗的数量与底层种子数量相关性显著.土壤种子在土壤中的垂直分布格局从一定程度上可以反映种子库的年际特征.岷江冷杉土壤种子库较丰富,种子散布后的存活力随着时间的变化逐渐下降,属于季节性瞬时种子库;祁连圆柏土壤种子散布格局为集群型分布,成熟种子大部分散布在母株冠幅内,属于永久性土壤种子库. 4.在阴坡林线交错带及以上区域还存在较为丰富的乔木土壤种子,并且在树线以上区域还发现了少量的岷江冷杉幼苗.从样地乔木的年龄结构发现,在林线交错带内上部到树线位置主要以幼龄林为主,且年龄结构完整,基本符合入侵性林线特征;阳坡林线交错带内幼苗出现频率很低,树线以上区域虽然存在种子库,但是没有幼苗出现,在林线交错带内乔木径级差距很大,年龄结构异常不完整,这种特征的林线将会面临两个可能结果:一种是维持现有状态,保持平衡;另外一种就是退化,但阳坡林线的实际动态趋势还有待长期定点研究. Treelines on the upper region of Minjiang River differ between the north aspect and the south aspect in their appearances, altitudes and tree species. On the north aspect, trees of Abies form a sharp and abrupt treeline ranging from 3800m to 4400m, while on the south the treeline is generally lower(3 400~3 800m), more open and gradual and mostly composed of Sabina. In this study, we examined the altitudinal gradients of soil seed banks and seedling recruitments at the treeline ecotones of a N-aspect and a S-aspect by using soil sieving, germination experiment and field investigations, analyzed the characteristics of population regeneration of tree species at the transitional zone and presented a analysis of the causes to the aspect-related difference in treeline patterns in the study area. Major results of our study include: 1. Soil seed bank N-aspect: Of the 50 plots investigated, the average density of soil seeds is 50.96/m2, in which well-formed seeds account for 6%, empty seeds 52%, parasitized seeds34%, and seeds damaged by animals 8%. The size of soil seed bank varies along altitude, being 1.00 seeds /m2 at the 10m above the treeline and ca.19.33 seeds/m2 at the upper limit of treeline. The highest density (136.83 seeds/m2) occurs at the treeline ecotone. By contrast, the density of soil seed for the closed forest is only 30.50 seeds/m2. In terms of vertical strata, 67.50% of the total seeds are at the surface layer, 18.84% at the middle layer (0~2cm) and 13.66% at deeper layer (2~5cm). The number of parasitized seeds is negatively correlated to soil depth. S-aspect: Of the 50 plots investigated, the average density of soil seeds is 60.16 seeds/m2, and the well-formed seeds account for 49%, empty seeds 36%, parasitized seeds10%, and seeds damaged by animals 1%. The size of soil seed bank varies along altitude, with 1.92 seeds/m2 recorded at the10m above the treeline,108.16 seeds/m2 at the upper limit of treeline, and 75.80 seeds/m2 at the treeline ecotone, while that for the closed forest is 20.00 seeds/m2. The number of seeds decreases with the depth of soil. As is on the N-aspect, the size of soil bank, from large to small, follows the order of the surface layer, the middle layer (0~4cm) and the bottom layer (4~10cm). The number of parasitized seeds is also negatively correlated to the depth of the soil. 2. Seedling bank N-aspect: A mean maximum seedling abundance of 31 000 seedlings/hm2 was recorded near alpine treeline at growing season. The density of seedlings is 1 250 seedlings/ha (all being 1 or 2 years old) at the alpine meadow 10m away above treeline, 7 000 seedlings/ha at treeline ecotone and 6 250 seedlings/ha for closed forest.The spatial distribution of Abies faxoniana seedlings is random at the upper limit of the treeline but clumped at other altitudes. S-aspect: No seedlings were found at the alpine meadow 10m away from the treeline. The density of seedlings was 3 250 seedlings/ha at treeline ecotone and 2 750 seedlings/ha for the closed forest.Hardly any 1 year current and 2 year-old seedlings appeared at the plots. The spatial distribution of Sabina przewalskii seedlings is random at treeline ecotone and between “random” and “even” forest closed forest. 3.Correlation tests of seedling population and seed bank at different soil layers indicated that the emergents were strongly correlated to seed bank at surface layer while the number of two-year seedlings was significantly correlated to the seed bank at the bottom of soil layer, indicating that germination mainly occurs at the soil surface while the middle or bottom layer was the reserve for non-germination or dead seeds. It can thus be postulated that Abies faxoniana soil seed bank is of seasonal transient type. By contrast, the soil seed bank of Sabina przewalskii is of persistent type and the soil seeds and seedlings of this species occurred more frequently near the islands of adult trees. 4.A good many soil seeds of both tree species were found near the treeline ecotone and above at N- and S-aspects. A few young seedlings were found above the Abies treeline. Investigation of five altitudinal transects respectively on N- and S-aspects indicated that Abies faxoniana has a more complete age structure than the stands of Sabina przewalskii. The age of firs decreased from closed forest to the upper limit of treeline, which suggests that the Abies treeline is advancing to higher altitude. While on the south aspect, only few Sabina przewalskii soil seeds and nearly no seedlings were found above the treeline ecotone. The stands exhibit extremely great difference in diameter classes with significantly incomplete age structure. This would lead to two possible results for the treelines: maintaining an equilibrium state at the current position or degenerating. But more studies should be carried out at longer time scales or larger spatial scales to understand whether the Sabina treeline is degenerating.
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中国沙棘是一种雌雄异株、风媒传粉的灌木或乔木,在中国西南的卧龙自然保护区有广泛的分布。本研究以采集于四川卧龙自然保护区5 个海拔(1800 m、2200 m、2600 m、3000 m、3400 m)梯度的中国沙棘天然群体为材料,以ISSR 和AFLP 标记技术研究其遗传多样性水平及其遗传结构,旨在了解卧龙地区中国沙棘天然群体的遗传多样性水平以及遗传多样性在群体间、群体内以及雌雄亚群体间的分布和特征,为中国沙棘树种的遗传改良及种质资源保存提供遗传研究背景与实验依据。同时探讨ISSR、AFLP 和RAPD三种标记对中国沙棘天然群体的遗传变异水平和群体间遗传结构的评估能力和各自的优缺点。研究得出以下主要结论: 1. ISSR和AFLP分析都表明卧龙自然保护区的中国沙棘群体拥有较高的遗传变异水平(h = 0.249,HT = 0.305)。出现这种结果的主要原因可能与卧龙自然保护区多变的气候条件和生境的异质度大有关。 2. ISSR 和AFLP 都揭示出卧龙自然保护区中国沙棘群体的遗传多样性随着海拔的增加发生显著的变化,表现为中海拔群体(2200 m 和2600 m)比高海拔群体(3000 m 和3400 m)和低海拔群体(1800 m)有更高的遗传多样性的趋势。出现这种趋势的可能解释是低海拔群体处在相对高温和相对干旱的环境,高海拔群体受到低温和紫外线胁迫,而中海拔群体存在中国沙棘生长的适宜环境。 3. ISSR 和AFLP 分析都表明:卧龙自然保护区中国沙棘的遗传结构遵循分布范围广、交配系统以异交为主的木本植物的通常模式,即大多数的遗传变异存在于群体内,只有少部分的遗传变异存在于群体间。 4. 经Mantel 检测表明,卧龙自然保护区中国沙棘群体间的海拔距离和对应遗传距离之间存在显著的正相关关系,即随着垂直海拔距离的增加,群体间的遗传距离也随之增加。Mantel 检测结果以及聚类分析将卧龙自然保护区5 个不同海拔的中国沙棘群体分为低、中、高海拔群体三组的研究结果都表明,海拔很可能是限制群体间基因交流的主要因素。 5. ISSR 分析发现同一海拔的雌雄亚群体首先聚类的研究结果表明,同一海拔的雌雄亚群体在遗传上最相似。方差分析结果表明只有3.8%的总遗传变异存在于雌雄亚群体间,这可能与雌雄植株间的交配和遗传物质的混合有关。 6. ISSR、AFLP 和RAPD 分析都表明卧龙自然保护区不同海拔的中国沙棘天然群体的遗传多样性水平较高。它们的分析结果估算得到的Nei's 平均基因多样度(h)分别为0.249、0.214 和0.170。从该结果可以看出ISSR 和AFLP 比RAPD 检测到更多的遗传多态性,这很可能是不同标记检测的基因组的位点不同所致。 7. 依据对不同标记系统的比较分析,认为ISSR、AFLP 和RAPD 三种分子标记系统都能成功地用于调查卧龙自然保护区不同海拔的中国沙棘群体的遗传变异水平及遗传变异结构,提供关于中国沙棘天然群体多态性水平和遗传变异分布的有用信息。在三者中,AFLP 具有最高效能指数和标记指数,在确定种间分类关系或鉴别个体方面是一种比较理想的标记。 Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis, a dioecious and deciduous shrub species,occupies a wide range of habitats in the Wolong Nature Reserve, Southwest China. Ourpresent study investigated the pattern of genetic variation and differentiation among fivenatural populations of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis, occurring along an altitudinal gradientthat varied from 1,800 to 3,400 m above sea level in the Wolong Natural Reserve, by usingISSR and AFLP markers to guide its genetic improvement and germplasm conservation. And,comparative study of ISSR, AFLP and RAPD was performed to detect their capacity toestimating the level and pattern of genetic variation occurring among the five elevationpopulations of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis, and to discuss their application to the study onplant genetics. The results were list following: 1. The ISSR and AFLP analysis conducted for the H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensispopulations located in the Wolong Natural Reserve of China revealed the presence of highlevels of genetic variation (h = 0.249, HT = 0.305). Besides such features as relatively widedistribution, dominantly outcrossing mating system, and effective seed dispersal by small animals and birds, it is sometimes argued that hard climatic conditions and heterogeneous habitats may also contribute to high levels of diversity. 2. Genetic diversity of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis populations was found to varysignificantly with changing elevation, showing a trend that mid-elevation populations (2,200m and 2,600 m) were genetically more diverse than both low-elevation (1,800 m) andhigh-elevation populations (3,000 m and 3,400 m). H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis is thoughtto be stressed by drought and high temperature at low elevations, and by low temperature athigh elevations. The high genetic variability present in the mid-elevation populations of H.rhamnoides subsp. sinensis is assumed to be related to a greater plant density in the middlealtitudinal zone, where favorable ecological conditions permit its continuous distributioncovering the zone from 2,200 m to 2,600 m above sea level. 3. The genetic structure of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis revealed by ISSRs andAFLPs followed the general pattern detected in woody species with widespread distributionsand outcrossing mating systems. Such plants possess more genetic diversity withinpopulations and less variation among populations than species with other combinations oftraits. 4. In the present study, Mantel tests showed positive correlations between altitudinaldistances and genetic distances among populations or subpopulations. The observedrelationship between altitude and genetic distances, and the result of the cluster analysisincluding populations or male subpopulations and classifying the groups into three altitudeclusters suggest that altitude is a major factor that restricts gene flow between populationsand subpopulations. 5. The analysis of molecular variance showed that only 3.8% of the variability residedbetween female and male subpopulations. Such a very restricted proportion of the totalmolecular variance between female and male subpopulations is due to common sexuality andmixing of genetic material between females and males. 6. The analysis based on ISSRs, AFLPs and RAPDs all revealed relatively high levelsof genetic variation among different altitudinal populations of H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensisin Wolong Natural Reserve of China. Their estimates of mean Nei’s gene diversity is equal to0.249, 0.214 and 0.170 respectively, suggesting the higher capacity of detecting geneticvariation of ISSR and AFLP than RAPD. It might be ascribed to their distinct sensitivity todifferent type of genetic variation. 7. Based on the coparative study on ISSR, AFLP and RAPD, we drew a conclusion thatthey all successfully reveal some useful information concerning the level and pattern ofgenetic vatiation occurring among different elevation populations of H. rhamnoides subsp.sinensis. AFLP is a ideal tool to taxonomic study and individual identification for theirhighest efficiency index and marker index among the three marker systems.
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近十年,植物群体遗传学的研究飞速发展,然而与海拔相关的植物群体遗传结构和遗传变异研究却相对较少。到目前为止,还不清楚遗传变异与海拔之间是否有一个通用的格局。在山区,各种生态因子,如温度、降水、降雪、紫外线辐射强度以及土壤成分都随海拔梯度急剧变化,造成了即使在一个小的空间区域,植被类型变化显著,这种高山环境的异质性和复杂性为我们研究植物群体遗传结构和分化提供了方便。沙棘(Hippophea)属于胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)为多年生落叶灌木或乔木,雌雄异株,天然种群分布极为广泛。中国沙棘(H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis)是沙棘属植物中分布较广的一个亚种,种内形态变异非常丰富,加之其具有独特的繁育系统和广泛的生态地理分布,是研究沙棘属植物遗传变异和系统分化的理想材料。本文从1,800 m 到3,400 m 分5 个海拔梯度进行取样,用RAPD 和cpSSR 分子标记研究了卧龙自然保护区中国沙棘天然群体的遗传结构和遗传变异。5 个取样群体依次标记为A、B、C、D 和E,它们分别代表分布在海拔1,800,2,200,2,600,3,000 和3,400 m 的5 个天然群体。RAPD实验用11 条寡核苷酸引物,扩增得到151 个重复性好的位点,其中143 个多态位点,多态率达94.7%。在5 个沙棘群体中,总遗传多样性值(HT)为0.289,B群体内的遗传多样性值为0.315,这完全符合沙棘这种多年生、远交的木本植物具有高遗传变异的特性。5 个群体内遗传多样性随海拔升高呈低-高-低变异趋势,在2,200 m海拔处的B群体遗传多样性达最大值0.315,3,400 m海拔处的E群体则表现最小仅0.098。5 个群体间的遗传分化值GST=0.406,也即是说有40.6%的遗传变异存在于群体间,1,800 m海拔处的A群体与其它群体的明显分离是造成群体间遗传分化大的原因。UPGMA聚类图和PCoA散点图进一步确证了5 个群体间的关系和所有个体间的关系。最后,经过Mantel检测,遗传距离与海拔表现了明显的相关性(r = 0.646, P = 0.011)。cpSSR 实验中,经过对24 对cpSSR 通用引物筛选,11 对引物能扩增出特异性条带,只有2 对引物(ccmp2 和ARCP4)呈现多态性。4 个等位基因共组合出4 种单倍型,单倍型Ⅰ出现在A 群体的所有个体和B 群体的8 个个体中,C、D、E 三个群体均不含有,而单倍型Ⅱ出现在C、D、E 三个群体的所有个体及B 群体的18 个个体中,A 群体不含有。另外两种单倍型Ⅲ和Ⅳ为稀有类型,仅B 群体中的4 个个体拥有。这种单倍型分布模式和TFPGA 群体聚类图揭示了,C、D、E 群体可能来源于同一祖先种,而A 群体却是由另一祖先种发展起来的,B 群体则兼具了这两种起源种的信息,这可能是因为在历史上的某一时期,在中国沙棘群体高山分化的过程中,B 群体处某个或者某些个体发生了基因突变,具备了适应高海拔环境的能力,产生了高海拔沙棘群体的祖先种。 In recent ten years, studies about population genetics of plants developed rapidly,whereas their genetic structure and genetic variation along altitudinal gradients have beenstudied relatively little. So far, it is uncleared whether there is a common pattern betweengenetic variation and altitudinal gradients. In the mountain environments, importantecological factors, e.g., temperature, rainfall, snowfall, ultraviolet radiation and soil substratesetc., change rapidly with altitudes, which cause the vegetation distribution varying typically,even on a small spatial scale. The mountain environments, which are heterogeneous andcomplex, facilitate and offer a good opportunity to characterize population genetic structureand population differentiation.The species of the genus Hippophae L. (Elaeagnaceae) are perennial deciduous shrubs ortrees, which are dioecious, wind-pollinated pioneer plants. The natural genus has a widedistribution extending from Northern Europe through Central Europe and Central Asia toChina. According to the latest taxonomy, the genus Hippophae is divided into six species and12 subspecies. The subspecies H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis shows significant morphologicalvariations, large geographic range and dominantly outcrossing mating system. Thesecharacteristics of the subspecies are favourable to elucidate genetic variation and systemevolution. To estimate genetic variation and genetic structure of H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensisat different altitudes, we surveyed five natural populations in the Wolong Natural Reserve at altitudes ranging from 1,800 to 3,400 m above sea level (a.s.l.) using random amplifiedpolymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) and cpSSR molecular methods. The five populations A,B, C, D, and E correspond to the altitudes 1,800, 2,200, 2,600, 3,000 and 3,400 m,respectively.Based on 11 decamer primers, a total of 151 reproducible DNA loci were yielded, ofwhich 143 were polymorphic and the percentage of polymorphic loci equaled 94.7%. Amongthe five populations investigated, the total gene diversity (HT) and gene diversity within population B equaled 0.289 and 0.315, respectively, which are modest for a subspecies of H.rhamnoides, which is an outcrossing, long-lived, woody plant. The amount of geneticvariation within populations varied from 0.098 within population E (3,400 m a.s.l.) to 0.315within population B (2,200 m a.s.l.). The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) amongpopulations equaled 0.406 and revealed that 40.6% of the genetic variance existed amongpopulations and 59.4% within populations. The population A (1,800 m a.s.l.) differed greatlyfrom the other four populations, which contributes to high genetic differentiation. A UPGMAcluster analysis and principal coordinate analyses based on Nei's genetic distances furthercorroborated the relationships among the five populations and all the sampling individuals,respectively. Mantel tests detected a significant correlation between genetic distances andaltitudinal gradients (r = 0.646, P = 0.011).Eleven of the original 24 cpSSR primer pairs tested produced good PCR products, onlytwo (ccmp2 and ARCP4) of which were polymorphic. Four total length variants (alleles) werecombined resulting in 4 haplotypes. The haplotype was present in all individuals of Ⅰpopulation A and 8 individuals of populations B, the other three populations (C, D and Epopulations) did not share. The haplotype was present in all individuals of populations C, D Ⅱand E and 18 individuals of populations B, population A did not share. The other twohaplotypes and were rare haplotypes, which were only shared in 4 individuals of Ⅲ Ⅳpopulation B. The distribution of haplotypes and TFPGA population clustering map showedthat the populations C, D and E might be origined from one ancestor seed and population Amight be from another, whereas population B owned information of the two ancestor seeds. Itwas because that gene mutation within some individual or seed in the location of population Bwas likely to happen in the history of H. rhamnoides, which was the original ancestor of thehigh-altitude populations.
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若尔盖高原湿地位于青藏高原东北部地区,平均海拔3,400-3,600m,是长江和黄河的自然分水区,区内发育了大面积的草本沼泽以及高寒沼泽化草甸、高寒湖泊。由于它所处的位置海拔高、气候波动较大,并处于我国三大自然区的交错过渡带,因而被认为是我国最为典型的脆弱湿地生态系统之一。由于地处偏远、自然环境条件恶劣等多方面的原因,针对若尔盖湿地的科学研究资料一直以来还非常缺乏。本文对国内外近年来在湿地生态系统甲烷排放过程、研究方法,以及关于湿地生态系统甲烷排放的影响因素进行了综述,并采用静态箱-气相色谱法,从湿地环境格局、湿地甲烷排放等方面,对若尔盖高原典型高寒湖泊湖滨不同类型湿地甲烷排放特征进行了研究,并进一步探讨了影响若尔盖高原高寒湖泊湖滨带甲烷排放的因素。得到如下结果:1.若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地在植物生长季(6 至8 月),甲烷排放平均速率为0.315 mg·m-2·h-1;不同月份间甲烷排放速率存在差异,分别为:-0.054、0.471、0.493 mg·m-2·h-1。不同类型湿地甲烷排放速率亦表现出差异,两栖蓼(Polygonum amphibium)湿地、滩涂和藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)草甸甲烷排放速率分别为:0.464、0.477、0.005mg·m-2·h-1。2.若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地甲烷排放速率与土壤10cm 温度显著相关。土壤温度是影响若尔盖高原花湖湖滨不同类型湿地甲烷排放的重要因素之一。随着土壤温度的升高,土壤微生物活性增强,使土壤中的氧消耗加快,氧化还原电位下降,有利于产甲烷菌的生长,从而增加土壤的甲烷产生量。3.地表水位与若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地甲烷排放速率相关性不显著。地表水覆盖,使得湿地土壤缺氧状况得到加强,增强了土壤中产甲烷菌的活性,促进甲烷形成,再通过植物、气泡或扩散的形式释放出土壤。但水层的加深,也使土壤中已产生的甲烷在通过气泡或扩散形式穿越水层时,被氧化的量增加,从而减少了甲烷向大气中的排放。4.植被高度以及植被地上生物量与若尔盖高原花湖湖滨带甲烷排放速率的相关性不显著。植物主要通过凋落物以及根系分泌物的输入为产甲烷菌提供基质,并作为土壤与大气之间的甲烷气体交换的传输途径;与其他环境因素共同影响湿地生态系统甲烷排放。The Zoige wetland on the eastern fringe of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, with averagealtitude between 3,400 and 3,600m, is the watershed of Yangtze River and YellowRiver. There are large area of peatland, subalpine meadow and lakes in this region.Due to its high elevation, transitional topology and high fluctuation of climate, theZoige wetlands represent one of the most fragile wetland ecosystems in China. And asa result of remote location and harsh environment conditions, the researches on theZoige wetland are relatively rare, especially the researches on the methane emissionfrom littoral zone of alpine lakes. Variations of methane emission rates as measuredby the method of static chamber – gas chromatography (GC) were detected fromlittoral zone of alpine lake on the Zoige Plateau. Relationships between methaneemission rates and environmental factors were analyzed. It is concluded that:1.The average methane emission rate in the littoral zone of Huahu Lake, ZoigePlateau is 0.315 mg·m-2·h-1, with evident spatial and temporal variations. The littoralzone has different methane effluxes with -0.054, 0.471, and 0.493 mg·CH4·m-2·h-1in June, July and August respectively. Different types of wetland have differentmethane emission rates, with value of 0.464, 0.477, and 0.005 mg·CH4·m-2·h-1 forPolygonum amphibium wetland ( PA ), Shoal ( S ) and Kobresi tibetica meadow ( KT ), respectively.2. The soil temperature at 10cm is significantly correlated with the methane effluxesin littoral zone of Huahu Lake, Zoige Plateau, and which is one of the most important factors influencing the methane emission from this region. The activities of soilmicroorganisms rise under higher soil temperature and increases oxygen consumptionand decreases Eh, which is in favor of the methanogensis, and enhances theproduction of methane in soil.3. The correlation between the standing water and methane effluxes from littoralzone of Huahu Lake is not significant. Because of the standing water, the anaerobicconditions of wetland soil have been enhanced, and are favor to the decomposition oforganic matter. And the anaerobic conditions strengthen the methanogensis’ activities,thus the methane production, which release to the atmosphere by diffusion, ebullitionand aerenchymal plants. With the water level’s increase, more methane produced insoil which is transferred by ebullitions or diffusion are oxidated, thus reduce themethane release to the atmosphere.4. The height and aboveground biomass of vegetation are not significant related tothe methane effluxes from littoral zone of Huahu Lake, Zoige Plateau. The vegetationprovides substrates for methanogensis by litter and root exudates; act as thetransportation way of methane between soil and atmosphere; influence the methaneemission of wetland ecosystems with other environment factors.
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本文介绍了He喷嘴带传输及X-γ符合测量装置对重缺中子远离核作活性分离鉴别的基本原理和技术路线,以及该装置首次在本所在线完成的实验结果。通过对110 MeV ~(16)O+~(185)Re实验主要反应产物的测量,指定出~(195)Bi,~(196)Bi,~(192)Tl的半衰期分别为3.11 ± 0.30,4.39 ± 0.53和10.8 ± 1.8 Min,与文献报道一致,并根据母子体衰变平衡拐点Tm初步分析了~(195)Pb;在110 MeV ~(16)O+~(142)Nd实验中,首次测量了~(153)Er的EC/β~+衰变,得到其下列四条新γ线:188.6,352.3,400.0,451.6 KeV(±0.3KeV),并指定其寿命值T_(1/2) = 35.3 ± 1.6 Sec,与文献报道的根据α衰变测得的半衰期36 ± 2 Sec一致
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根据大气环流模型预测,到21世纪中叶,大气中CO2浓度将增加1倍,气温升高约2℃。全球气候变暖对我国东北植被的响应如下:①未来东北森林建群种的变动类型可划分为3个类群,即扩展种群、退却种群和绝灭种群。②气候变暖后,根据模型预测,植物种群将向北迁移400~700 km,向上迁移250~350 m。根据上述结论提出了适应全球气候变化的保护对策。
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We have investigated systematically the morphology of thin films spin-coated from solutions of a semicrystalline diblock copolymer, poly(L-lactic acid)-block-polystyrene (PLLA-b-PS), in solvents with varying selectivity. In neutral solvents (chloroform and tetrahydrofuran (THF)), a spinodal-like pattern was obtained and the pattern boundary was sharpened by diluting the solution. Meanwhile, loose spherical associates, together with larger aggregates composed of these associates by unimer bridges, formed partly due to crystallization of the PLLA blocks in relatively concentrated solutions. In slightly PS-selective solvent (e.g., benzene), both loose and compact spherical micelles were obtained, depending on the polymer concentration, coexisting with unimers. When enhancing the selectivity with mixed solvents, for example, mixing the neutral solvent and the slightly selective solvent with a highly PS-selective solvent, CS2, loose assemblies (nanorods in CS2/THF mixtures and polydisperse aggregates in CS2/benzene mixtures) and well-developed lamellar micelles were obtained.
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本文利用美国国家环境预测中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR—National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research)的位势高度、气温、风速等大气资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心 (ECMWF—European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts—ERA-40)的雪深资料、美国国家海洋大气管理局(NOAA—National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)的海表温度(SST)资料、美国Scripps海洋研究所的上层海洋热含量资料等,采取相关分析、合成分析、经验正交函数分析、小波分析和小波交叉谱分析等统计分析方法,系统深入地讨论了西太平洋—印度洋—青藏高原气候系统在南海夏季风爆发过程中的作用。得到的主要结论如下: 1. 西太平洋和印度洋在南海夏季风爆发过程中起着关键作用 利用1951-1998年多种大气海洋资料,分析研究结果表明,西太平洋(暖池热含量)、印度洋(纬向风)在南海夏季风爆发中起关键的调控作用:以1970年为界,1970年之前,印度洋起主要作用,1970年之后西太平洋起主要作用,这主要是1970前后北极涛动有明显跃变的原因,这种跃变决定了印度洋在南海夏季风爆发中是否起决定作用(西风异常或东风异常),进而,决定了有利于或不利于南海夏季风的爆发。 1970年之前,北极涛动指数为负值,海陆温差(海上气温减大陆气温)是负值,大陆气温偏高,印度洋气温相对偏低,印度洋出现西风异常,有利于南海夏季风早爆发。在此期间,与印度洋SST密切相关的南印度洋偶极子的变化也与南海夏季风的爆发紧密相联。当南印度洋为正偶极子(西南印度洋SST为正异常,印度洋其他区域的SST为负异常)时,北印度洋为西风异常,南海夏季风爆发偏早;南印度洋为负偶极子(西南印度洋SST为负异常,印度洋其他地区的SST为正异常)时,北印度洋为东风异常,南海夏季风爆发偏晚。 1970年之后,北极涛动指数为正值,海陆气温差为正值,印度洋的状态不利于南海季风爆发;在这种情况下,西太平洋暖池的热含量则成为控制南海夏季风爆发的主要原因:暖池变暖的年份,即 La Niña 年,南海夏季风爆发早(强),反之,当暖池变冷的年份,即El Niño年,南海季风爆发晚(弱),即,南海夏季风爆发的早(强)晚(弱)与ENSO事件密切相关。 2.青藏高原春季积雪对南海夏季风爆发有重要的影响 1958-2003年青藏高原3月积雪厚度与南海夏季风爆发时间存在着很好的正相关。青藏高原3月积雪厚度偏厚时,其500毫巴以上的气温偏低,上层海陆之间的气温差是正值,南亚高压向西北方向的移动速度变慢,上层东风偏弱,西太平洋地区的上层辐散和下层辐合变弱,西太平洋暖池热含量偏少,南海夏季风爆发偏晚(弱)。同时,下层850毫巴东印度洋异常大气是东风和跨赤道反气旋对,南海被东风异常所控制,这种大气环流形势不利于南海夏季风的爆发;青藏高原3月积雪厚度偏薄时,其500毫巴以上的气温偏高,上层海陆之间的气温差是负值,上层南亚高压在南亚地区建立较早,上层东风偏强,西太平洋地区的上层辐散和下层辐合偏强,西太平洋暖池热含量偏多,南海夏季风爆发偏早(强)。同时,下层850毫巴东印度洋低层大气是西风异常和跨赤道气旋对,南海被西南风异常所控制,有利于南海夏季风的爆发。 研究结果还表明,青藏高原春季的积雪与厄尔尼诺事件存在着密切的关系。在厄尔尼诺鼎盛期的冬季,各种条件都有利于青藏高原的降雪,从而,来年春天的积雪则变厚,不利于南海季风的爆发。 3. 南海夏季风爆发的预测 1970年之后,西太平洋暖池的热含量与南海夏季风的爆发早晚有非常好的负相关。据此,我们可以通过西太平洋暖池热含量的变化来预测南海夏季风的爆发。通过暖池区海洋上层400米热含量的分析研究,我们找到了西太平洋暖池热含量变化的代表站点(以3N,138E为中心的1°×1°范围),其热含量变化能很好代表整个西太平洋暖池热含量的变化(相关系数大于0.85)。在此基础上,文章用1993-2007年热带大气海洋浮标列阵(TAO-Tropical Atmosphere Ocean-array)中最靠近该站点的浮标(2N, 137E)资料验证了上述选择站点的代表性和相应的预测能力。1993-2004年TAO浮标(2N, 137E)3月上层400米和500米海洋热含量与南海夏季风爆发时间的相关系数分别是-0.75,-0.73,置信度均超过99%;用1993-2007年4月份TAO浮标(2N, 137E)上层400米和500米海洋热含量与南海夏季风爆发时间作相关则相关系数均为-0.83,置信度超过99%。因此,我们可以通过3月或者4月份该TAO浮标(2N, 137E)的热含量来预测当年南海夏季风爆发的早(强)晚(弱)。 总之,南海夏季风爆发以1970年为界存在明显的年代际变化,1970年之前,主要受印度洋控制,1970年之后,南海夏季风爆发主要受控于太平洋(西太平洋暖池),这种变化是由北极涛动年代际变化引起的,。青藏高原春季积雪也对南海夏季风有重要影响,但主要受ENSO控制。因此,我们认为西太平洋—印度洋—青藏高原气候系统在南海夏季风爆发中起着重要的调控作用:西太平洋的作用当属第一位,印度洋的作用居第二,青藏高原的作用最弱。
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水流体-导电性矿物相互作用是自然界中水流体-固体相互作用的重要组成部分,是许多矿床形成和演化的核心过程。迄今为止,绝大多数地质和地球化学家们对导电性矿物在水流体中的溶解机制普遍存在模糊的认识,认为水流体中导电性矿物的溶解和定位是一种简单的化学溶解和沉淀或简单的氧化溶解和还原定位过程,而实质上导电性矿物(组合)在水流体中的溶解是一种由电极电位差驱使下的类似于金属腐蚀的复杂电化学过程。当具有不同电极电位的矿物在溶液中相互接触,就会形成短路原电池发生电化学腐蚀。其中,电极电位低的矿物作为原电池的阳极,其溶解会加剧,而电极电位高的矿物作为原电池的阴极,其溶解会受到抑制。鉴于前人对水流体-导电性矿物相互作用的腐蚀原电池反应机理的模糊认识,本论文工作基于腐蚀原电池观点对高温高压条件下NaCl水流体体系中黄铁矿与金之间的原电池反应进行了研究。 在本工作中,作者与所在的研究小组一道,首先自行研制了一套可用于高温高压水热体系中导电性矿物腐蚀电化学原位测量的高压釜反应装置。该装置主体部件选用在高温高压下具有高强度、抗腐蚀等优良性能的工业纯钛制成。在该装置中,通过将热电偶直接插入高压釜釜腔内,成功地实现了釜内流体温度的准确测量和精确控制。对高压釜不同部位的测温结果表明,沿高压釜的径向与轴向均存在显著的温度梯度,其中釜塞保护锥体处的温度比釜内流体的温度低约8℃,釜外壁中心处与釜内的温度差约10℃;对400℃保温条件下釜内流体温度的直接测量表明,釜内温度波动小于0.5℃。在该装置中,通过将脆性导电性矿物制作成锥形电极,采用耐高温无机绝缘材料制作密封部件,利用锥体自紧式密封技术,成功地解决了脆性电极和电极引线的高压密封与高温绝缘问题;通过引入另一根辅助性的矿物电极引线,成功地解决了原位监测实验过程中矿物电极与引线接触处是否进水的难题,确保了实验的可信度。可行性试验结果表明,该方法不仅可用于高温高压下水流体-导电性矿物,而且可广泛用于水流体-金属间相互作用的腐蚀电化学原位测量研究。 利用上述自行研制的腐蚀电化学实验装置,本工作对高温高压(250-400℃;10-35 MPa)NaCl水流体体系中黄铁矿-自然金原电池的热力学和动力学进行了实验研究。原位测量结果表明: (1)黄铁矿-金原电池的腐蚀电流变化与其开路电压的变化一致; (2)汽-液平衡条件下,黄铁矿-金原电池的开路电压和腐蚀电流在液相中比在汽相中要大; (3)在温度为400 C、压力远离临界点的过热蒸气和超临界区域,压力在实验研究的范围内(10-35 MPa)对黄铁矿-金原电池的开路电压和腐蚀电流均无显著的影响,随压力的增加两者仅略有增大,但当温度压力跨越临界点时,包括温压从汽-液平衡曲线同时进入超临界区以及温度恒定在400 C、压力跨越临界点时,黄铁矿-金原电池的开路电压和腐蚀电流在临界点附近均发生突变。 (4)在本工作中实验的温度、压力和水流体体系条件下,由黄铁矿与金构成的原电池在大多数情况下黄铁矿为阳极,因此在原电池短路时黄铁矿在水流体中发生氧化溶解,而金则为阴极,在原电池短路时金的溶解受到保护,仅在个别狭窄的温度压力范围内情况才相反。 上述原位测量结果与电极表面水流体的性质以及黄铁矿和金的能带结构密切相关,运用混合电位理论、Butler-Volmer方程以及半导体电化学的波动能级模型对实验结果能进行很好的解释。
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秦岭造山带是华北与扬子两大古板块的接合带,在空间上,自北而南,秦岭造山带可分为华北板块南缘(华熊地块)、北秦岭造山带、南秦岭造山带和扬子板块北缘等4个构造单元。小秦岭金矿田位于华熊地块北缘,是国内外学者共识的造山型金矿田,河南灵宝大湖金-钼矿床位于小秦岭金矿田,属断控脉状矿床。大湖金-钼矿床最先正是以金矿床进行勘查的,其黄金储量28t,平均品位8.7g/t。随着开采深度的加大,部分含金石英脉向深部转变为辉钼矿-石英脉,目前探明钼资源量已达中型规模。 本论文主要从区域地质背景、矿床地质特征、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学、流体包裹体地球化学、矿床年代学及成矿机理等角度对大湖金-钼矿床进行了较为系统的研究,主要获得如下认识: 成矿过程经历3个阶段:早阶段为黄铁矿-石英脉,遭受变形、破碎,应形成于挤压或压剪过程;中阶段为细粒的辉钼矿-黄铁矿-石英网脉,贯入到早阶段黄铁矿或石英矿物的裂隙(可呈共轭状),应形成于剪切环境;晚阶段石英-碳酸盐细脉具梳状构造,充填于张性或张扭性裂隙。 大湖金-钼矿床的金属硫化物ISr=0.70470-0.71312,平均0.70854;(143Nd/144Nd)i=0.51143-0.51215,平均0.51162;(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.033-17.285,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.358-15.438,(208Pb/204Pb)i = 37.307-37.582。其围岩太华群样品平均值ISr=0.72294,(143Nd/144Nd)i=0.51107,(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.127-18.392,(207Pb/204Pb)i =15.416-15.604,(208Pb/204Pb)i=37.498-37.814,它们的平均值分别是17.547,15.470,37.616。通过金属硫化物及围岩太华群的对比,可以看出,成矿物质具有太华群和深部地幔混合的特征。 通过对不同阶段的含矿石英脉中的流体包裹体特征研究表明,早阶段只发育CO2-H2O型流体包裹体;中阶段流体包裹体类型复杂,有纯CO2型、CO2-H2O型、H2O-NaCl型和含子晶包裹体,指示流体沸腾作用强烈;而晚阶段只发育水溶液包裹体。早、中、晚3个阶段的流体包裹体均一温度分别集中在400-500℃、290-470℃、220-260℃;估计的早、中阶段流体的最低捕获压力分别为138-331MPa和78-237MPa,对应于成矿深度分别为13.8-11.0km和7.8-8.0km。早、中阶段的压力反应出静岩压力到静水压力的转变。成矿温度和压力明显高于浅部含金石英脉的成矿温度120-310℃,成矿压力100-150MPa。与野外观察到的“上金下钼”的空间关系一致。 大湖金-钼矿床辉钼矿-石英脉Re-Os同位素模式年龄较集中,介于215.4±5.4-255.6±9.6Ma,Re-0s等时线年龄为218±41Ma(MSWD=38,2σ误差),表明大湖金-钼矿的辉矿化形成于印支期。 三叠纪末,随着古秦岭洋的逐渐封闭,处在弧后转换带的深部岩石在挤压作用下发生变质脱水而形成初始成矿流体,成矿流体沿断裂带(韧性剪切带)向上迁移而引起大湖钼矿床成矿系统的发育。随着区域构造环境由挤压转为伸展,区域的变质脱水更强,形成大量成矿流体,变质流体上侵为浅层流体循环提供了的热能,而浅层构造也因减压扩容而为流体循环提供了通道,这无疑有利于浅层流体循环和混入成矿系统。同时,增温和减压也有利于成矿流体发生沸腾。因此,充足的流体、热以及强烈的流体沸腾等,势必导致发生最为强烈的成矿物质快速沉淀作用。随着挤压作用的减弱,伸展作用的增强,区域热异常消失,地壳深部组分发生亏损,流体以浅源大气降水占主导,成矿作用迅速衰竭,形成石英-碳酸盐网脉,对成矿作用贡献减弱。总之,通过对大湖金钼矿床研究表明,大湖金钼矿床形成于由挤压转向伸展的构造背景,这与矿床地质的特征一致。
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Cette communication s'appuie sur des recherches réalisées dans le cadre de notre projet de thèse portant sur les collections particulières et les collectionneurs montréalais au XIXe siècle. Plus précisément, nous tentons de cerner l'identité sociale et l'habitus culturel de ces derniers. Un des principaux objectifs de notre recherche consiste à cibler et à comprendre les motivations des collectionneurs. L'histoire du collectionnement révèle cinq catégories générales de motivations : la collection comme porteur de sens par rapport à soi ou par rapport aux autres, collectionner par volonté de conserver le patrimoine et par souci de garder les traces du passé, collectionner en tant qu'investissement financier ou encore pour répondre à un besoin compulsif. Nous tenterons ici de déterminer quelles ont été les motivations de Louis-François-Georges Baby. Juge et homme politique, Baby fut un collectionneur passionné d'histoire et amateur d'art. Sa collection, d'une ampleur considérable, comprenait des documents historiques, des livres, des tableaux, des gravures, des plans, des monnaies, des médailles ainsi que des objets ethnographiques. Elle fut léguée, selon ses dernières volontés, au Collège de Joliette, à la Société d'archéologie et de numismatique de Montréal qu'il présida de 1884 à son décès ainsi qu'à l'Université Laval à Montréal qui hérita de plus de 20 000 documents d'archives et de 3 400 livres rares, estampes et autres documents.
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L’Université de Montréal célèbre en 2006 le centenaire du don de l’une de ses plus importantes collections de manuscrits et d’imprimés canadiens : la Collection Louis-François George Baby. Comptant plus de 20 000 pièces manuscrites et environ 3 400 livres rares, gravures et estampes, cette collection constitue une source inépuisable pour les chercheurs s’intéressant à de nombreux aspects de l’histoire canadienne. Cette session permettra de mieux faire connaître la Collection Baby de même que sa diffusion sur Internet aux historiens et historiennes participant à la rencontre de l’ACFAS. Nous brosserons un tableau des différents sujets couverts par la Collection et mettant en valeur les thématiques abordées dans la collection de même que le type d’instruments de recherche mis à la disposition des chercheurs.
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El presente proyecto tiene como objeto identificar cuáles son los conceptos de salud, enfermedad, epidemiología y riesgo aplicables a las empresas del sector de extracción de petróleo y gas natural en Colombia. Dado, el bajo nivel de predicción de los análisis financieros tradicionales y su insuficiencia, en términos de inversión y toma de decisiones a largo plazo, además de no considerar variables como el riesgo y las expectativas de futuro, surge la necesidad de abordar diferentes perspectivas y modelos integradores. Esta apreciación es pertinente dentro del sector de extracción de petróleo y gas natural, debido a la creciente inversión extranjera que ha reportado, US$2.862 millones en el 2010, cifra mayor a diez veces su valor en el año 2003. Así pues, se podrían desarrollar modelos multi-dimensional, con base en los conceptos de salud financiera, epidemiológicos y estadísticos. El termino de salud y su adopción en el sector empresarial, resulta útil y mantiene una coherencia conceptual, evidenciando una presencia de diferentes subsistemas o factores interactuantes e interconectados. Es necesario mencionar también, que un modelo multidimensional (multi-stage) debe tener en cuenta el riesgo y el análisis epidemiológico ha demostrado ser útil al momento de determinarlo e integrarlo en el sistema junto a otros conceptos, como la razón de riesgo y riesgo relativo. Esto se analizará mediante un estudio teórico-conceptual, que complementa un estudio previo, para contribuir al proyecto de finanzas corporativas de la línea de investigación en Gerencia.
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El marcaje de proteínas con ubiquitina, conocido como ubiquitinación, cumple diferentes funciones que incluyen la regulación de varios procesos celulares, tales como: la degradación de proteínas por medio del proteosoma, la reparación del ADN, la señalización mediada por receptores de membrana, y la endocitosis, entre otras (1). Las moléculas de ubiquitina pueden ser removidas de sus sustratos gracias a la acción de un gran grupo de proteasas, llamadas enzimas deubiquitinizantes (DUBs) (2). Las DUBs son esenciales para la manutención de la homeostasis de la ubiquitina y para la regulación del estado de ubiquitinación de diferentes sustratos. El gran número y la diversidad de DUBs descritas refleja tanto su especificidad como su utilización para regular un amplio espectro de sustratos y vías celulares. Aunque muchas DUBs han sido estudiadas a profundidad, actualmente se desconocen los sustratos y las funciones biológicas de la mayoría de ellas. En este trabajo se investigaron las funciones de las DUBs: USP19, USP4 y UCH-L1. Utilizando varias técnicas de biología molecular y celular se encontró que: i) USP19 es regulada por las ubiquitin ligasas SIAH1 y SIAH2 ii) USP19 es importante para regular HIF-1α, un factor de transcripción clave en la respuesta celular a hipoxia, iii) USP4 interactúa con el proteosoma, iv) La quimera mCherry-UCH-L1 reproduce parcialmente los fenotipos que nuestro grupo ha descrito previamente al usar otros constructos de la misma enzima, y v) UCH-L1 promueve la internalización de la bacteria Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.