Upgrading of suberin from cork and birch outer bark

O trabalho aqui apresentado teve como principal propósito o estudo do potencial da suberina como fonte de produtos de química fina e como precursor de novos materiais macromoleculares de origem renovável. O interesse na suberina reside, não só na sua ubiquidade e nas suas propriedades únicas em termos de composição química e hidrofobicidade, mas também no facto de ser um dos principais componentes macromoleculares dos subprodutos da indústria corticeira de Quercus suber L. no Sul da Europa, e da indústria de pasta de papel do Norte da Europa, que utiliza a Betula pendula Roth como matéria-prima. A primeira parte do presente trabalho consistiu no estudo detalhado da composição química da cortiça de Quercus suber L. e respectivos resíduos industriais bem como da casca de Betula pendula Roth recorrendo a diferentes técnicas de caracterização, nomeadamente GC-MS, IV, RMN de 1H e de 13C, DSC, termomicroscopia, TGA e difracção de raios-X. Os resultados mostraram que os produtos de despolimerização da suberina representam tipicamente uma fracção substancial de todas as amostras. Para além da suberina, foram também identificados nas diversas amostras quantidades variáveis de compostos triterpénicos, lenhina, polissacarídeos e matéria inorgânica. Os principais resultados da análise por GC-MS mostraram que todas as amostras de suberina despolimerizada são fontes abundantes de ω-hidroxiácidos e de ácidos dicarboxílicos, bem como dos correspondentes derivados epóxidados. No entanto, as quantidades relativas de cada componente identificado foram significativamente diferentes entre amostras. Por exemplo, em amostras de suberina da casca de Quercus suber L. isoladas por metanólise alcalina o composto maioritário encontrado foi o ácido 22-hidroxidocosanóico, enquanto que a suberina também proveniente da cortiça, mas isolada por hidrólise alcalina era composta maioritariamente pelo ácido 9,10-dihidroxioctadecanóico. Já no caso da amostra de suberina despolimerizada proveniente da casca externa da bétula o composto identificado como mais abundante foi o ácido 9,10-epoxi-18-hidroxioctadecanóico. A caracterização das diversas amostras de suberina despolimerizada por FTIR e RMN de 1H e de 13C foram concordantes com os resultados de GC-MS, evidenciando a sua natureza predominantemente lipofílica. Foi ainda determinada a razão entre os grupos CO2H/OH e CO2CH3/OH por RMN de 1H das amostras convenientemente derivatizadas com isocianato de tricloroacetilo, verificando-se que a suberina despolimerizada possuía quantidades não-estequiométricas destes grupos funcionais. A investigação do comportamento térmico das amostras de suberina despolimerizada, por DSC e termomicroscopia, bem como a análise por difracção de raios-X, permitiu concluir que algumas amostras de suberina despolimerizada possuíam importantes domínios cristalinos e pontos de fusão bem definidos, tipicamente próximos de 70 oC, enquanto outras amostras eram essencialmente amorfa. Factores como a fonte de suberina ou as condições de despolimerização estiveram na origem destas diferenças. iv Neste trabalho estudaram-se também os extractáveis lipofílicos da cortiça e dos seus resíduos industriais, em particular os do pó industrial de cortiça e dos condensados negros, mostrando que os extractáveis lipofílicos são uma fonte abundante de compostos triterpénicos, em particular de ácido betulínico e de friedelina. Foram ainda identificadas fracções abundantes de ω-hidroxiácidos e de ácidos dicarboxílicos no condensado negro. A segunda parte deste trabalho abordou a síntese e a caracterização de novos poliésteres alifáticos derivados de suberina. Estes materiais foram sintetizados utilizando, quer misturas de suberina despolimerizada, quer monómeros modelo estruturalmente análogos aos existentes na suberina. Recorreu-se para o efeito a duas aproximações distintas de polimerização por passos, a policondensação e a politransesterificação. Procurou-se em simultâneo maximizar a eficiência da polimerização em termos de peso molecular e de extensão da reacção e utilizar condições de reacção de química “verdes”. Neste sentido, utilizou-se a policondensação em emulsão utilizando um tensioactivo como catalisador e a policondensação em massa utilizando a lipase B de Candida antarctica. Adicionalmente foram também testado os catalisadores trifluorometanosulfonato de bismuto(III) no caso da policondensação, e ainda os catalisadores clássicos óxido de antimónio(III) e o carbonato de potássio no caso da politransesterificação. Os poliésteres resultantes foram caracterizados através de várias técnicas, tais como IV, RMN (de 1H e de 13C), DSC, DMA, TGA, difracção de raios-X e medidas dos ângulos de contacto. Verificou-se que os catalisadores trifluorometanosulfonato de bismuto (III), óxido de antimónio(III) e carbonato de potássio conduziram aos rendimentos de isolamento dos polímeros resultantes mais elevados. No caso dos poliésteres derivados da suberina os resultados em termos de rendimentos e pesos moleculares sofreram um incremento substancial quando a estequiometria da reacção de polimerização foi adequadamente balanceada (r=1) com a adição de uma quantidade extra de um comonómero. Verificou-se a predominância de diferentes estruturas consoante a amostra de suberina utilizada e as condições de síntese adoptada, predominando as cadeias lineares ou então quantidades substanciais de estruturas reticuladas. Globalmente, este primeiro estudo sistemático da utilização de suberina como um precursor de novos poliésteres alifáticos confirmou o elevado potencial deste recurso abundante e renovável como precursor para preparar materiais macromoleculares.

Studies toward the total synthesis of natural and unnatural aeruginosins

Nous avons démontré l’utilité du groupement protecteur tert-butylsulfonyle (N-Bus) pour la chimie des acides aminés et des peptides. Celui-ci est préparé en deux étapes, impliquant la réaction d’une amine avec le chlorure de tert-butylsulfinyle, suivie par l’oxydation par du m-CPBA, pour obtenir les tert-butylsulfonamides correspondants avec d’excellents rendements. Le groupement N-Bus peut être clivé par traitement avec 0.1 N TfOH/DCM/anisole à 0oC en 10h pour régénérer le sel d’ammonium. Une variété d’acides aminés N-Bus protégés ainsi que d’autres aminoacides peuvent alors être utilisés pour préparer divers dipeptides et tripeptides. A l’exception du groupe N-Fmoc, les conditions de déprotection du groupe N-Bus clivent également les groupements N-Boc, N-Cbz et O-Bn. Une déprotection sélective et orthogonale des groupes N-Boc, N-Cbz, N-Fmoc et O-Bn est également possible en présence du groupe protecteur N-Bus. Le nouvel acide aminé non-naturel (3R, 2R) 3–méthyl-D-leucine (β-Me-Leu) et son régioisomère 2-méthyle ont été synthétisés par ouverture d’une N-Ts aziridine en présence d’un excès de LiMe2Cu. Chacun des régioisomères du mélange (1:1,2) a été converti en la méthylleucine correspondante, puis couplé à l’acide D-phényllactique puis au motif 2-carboxyperhydroindole 4-amidinobenzamide en présence de DEPBT. Des élaborations ultérieures ont conduit à des analogues peptidiques non-naturels d’aeruginosines telles que la chlorodysinosine A. Les deux analogues ont ensuite été évalués pour leur activité inhibitrice de la thrombine et la trypsine. La présumée aeruginosine 3-sulfate 205B et son anomère β ont été synthétisés avec succès à partir de 5 sous-unités : la 3-chloroleucine, l’acide D-phényllactique, le D-xylose, le 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole et l’agmatine. La comparaison des données RMN 1H et 13C reportées avec celles obtenues avec l’aeruginosine synthétique 205B révèle une différence majeure pour la position du groupe présumé 3'-sulfate sur l’unité D-xylopyranosyle. Nous avons alors synthétisés les dérivés méthyl-α-D-xylopyranosides avec un groupement sulfate à chacune des positions hydroxyles, afin de démontrer sans ambiguïté la présence du sulfate en position C-4' par comparaison des données spectroscopiques RMN 1H et 13C. La structure de l’aeruginosine 205B a alors été révisée. Une des étapes-clés de cette synthèse consiste en la formation du glycoside avec le groupe hydroxyle en C-6 orienté en axial sur la sous-unité Choi. Le 2-thiopyridylcarbonate s’est avéré une méthode efficace pour l’activation anomérique. Le traitement par AgOTf et la tétraméthylurée en solution dans un mélange éther-DCM permet d’obtenir l’anomère α désiré, qui peut alors être aisément séparé de l’anomère β par chromatographie

Synthesis, characterization and physiochemical information, along with antimicrobial studies of some metal complexes derived from an ON donor semicarbazone ligand

Eight new transition metal complexes of benzaldehyde-N(4)–phenylsemicarbazone have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, electronic and infrared spectral studies. In all the complexes, the semicarbazone is coordinated as neutral bidentate ligand. 1H NMR spectrum of [Zn(HL)2(OAc)2] shows that there is no enolisation of the ligand in the complex. The magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes are paramagnetic and Ni(II) is diamagnetic. The EPR spectrum of [Mn(HL)2(OAc)2] in DMF solution at 77K shows hyperfine sextet with low intensity forbidden lines lying between each of the two main hyperfine lines. The g values calculated for the [Cu(HL)2SO4] complex in frozen DMF, indicate the presence of unpaired electron in the dx2−y2 orbital. The metal ligand bonding parameters evaluated showed strong in-plane bonding and in-plane bonding. The ligand and complexes were screened for their possible antimicrobial activities.

Fulvalene cyclopentadienyl titanium and zirconium(III) and -(IV) complexes. X-Ray crystal structure of [{Ti(η5-C5H5) Cl}2 (μ-O)(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)]

The reaction of the fulvalene titanium(III) hydride [{Ti(η5-C5H5)(μ-H)}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (1) with chlorine leads to [{Ti(η5-C5H5)(μ-Cl)}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (3) and [{Ti(η5-C5H5)Cl2}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (4). The reaction of 3 with azobenzene, in wet toluene, gives [{Ti(η5-C5H5)Cl}2(μ-O)(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (5) and 1,2-diphenyl hydrazine. The alkylation of 4 and the analogous zirconium complex [{Zr(η5-C5H55)Cl2}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (2) with LiCH2SiMe3 or LiCH3 permits isolation of the tetraalkyl derivatives [{M(η5-C5H5)(CH2SiMe3)2}2(μ-η5-η5-C10H8)] (M  Ti (6); Zr (8)) and [{Ti(η5-C5H5)(CH3)2}2(μ-η5-η5C10H8)] (7). All the new fulvalene compounds were characterized by IR, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscope, and mass spectra and 5 by X-ray diffraction. The structure of 5 is very similar to that of the comparable TiIV compound [{Ti(η5-C5H5)2Cl}2(μ-O)] except for the smaller TiOTi angle (159.4° against 173.81°) and a significant deviation from linearity.

Synthesis of novel hyperbranched polymers featuring oxazoline linear units and their application in fast-drying solvent-borne coating formulations

Novel acid-terminated hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) containing adipic acid and oxazoline monomers derived from oleic and linoleic acid have been synthesized via a bulk polymerization procedure. Branching was achieved as a consequence of an acid-catalyzed opening of the oxazoline ring to produce a trifunctional monomer in situ which delivered branching levels of >45% as determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The HBPs were soluble in common solvents, such as CHCl3, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide and were further functionalized by addition of citronellol to afford white-spirit soluble materials that could be used in coating formulations. During end group modification, a reduction in branching levels of the HBPs (down to 12–24%) was observed, predominantly on account of oxazoline ring reformation and trans-esterification processes under the reaction conditions used. In comparison to commercial alkyd resin paint coatings, formulations of the citronellol-functionalized hyperbranched materials blended with a commercial alkyd resin exhibited dramatic decreases of the blend viscosity when the HBP content was increased. The curing characteristics of the HBP/alkyd blend formulations were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis which revealed that the new coatings cured more quickly and produced tougher materials than otherwise identical coatings prepared from only the commercial alkyd resins.

Synthesis and structural characterization of a new polymeric zinc(II) complex with thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

A new polymeric zinc(II) complex with thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (-tpc) of composition [Zn2(C20H12O8S4)]n was obtained and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and infrared spectroscopies. Upfield shift in the 1H-NMR spectrum is explained by the crystalline structure, which shows the thiophene rings overlapping each other in parallel pairs. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with a = 9.7074(4) angstrom, b = 13.5227(3) angstrom, c = 18.9735(7) angstrom, = 95.797(10)degrees, and Z = 4. Three -tpc groups bridge between two Zn(II) ions through oxygens and the fourth one bridges between one of these ions and the third one, symmetry related by a twofold screw axis. This arrangement gives rise to infinite chains along the crystallographic a direction. The metal atoms display an approximate tetrahedral configuration. The complex is insoluble in water, ethanol, and acetone, but soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide.

Synthesis and structural characterization of a new polymeric zinc(II) complex with thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Thermal Behavior and Spectroscopic Study of Neutral and Cationic Mononuclear Cyclopalladated Compounds

The reactions of the precursor [Pd(N,C-dmba)(MeCN)2](NO 3) (1) (dmba = N,N-dimethylbenzylamine), with the proligands 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (Hdmpz), 2-quinolinethiol (qnSH) and 1,1′- bis(diphenylphosphine)ferrocene (dppf) afforded the compounds [Pd(N,C-dmba)(Hdmpz)(ONO2)]0.5CH2Cl2 (2), [Pd(N,C-dmba)(qnSH)(ONO2)] 0.5CH2Cl2 (3) and [Pd(N,C-dmba)(dppf)](NO3) (4), respectively. The mononuclear species 2,3 and 4 were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR and thermogravimetric analysis. The IR spectra show bands which are consistent with terminal monodentate nitrate group for 2-3 and ionic nitrate for 4. The 1H and 13C NMR data confirm that coordination of the organic ligands has occurred and the 31P{1H} NMR data for 4 clearly evidences the occurrence in solution of three cyclopalladated species with the dppf acting as a bridging ligand in two cases and as a chelate in one. The thermal behavior of compounds 1-4 suggests that complex 2 is the most stable. The X-ray diffractometry results show the formation of PdO from 1 and 2, Pd2OSO4 from 3, and of a mixture of PdO and Fe 2(PO4)3 from 4, as final decomposition products.

Synthesis, characterization, x-ray structure, DNA cleavage, and cytotoxic activities of palladium(ii) complexes of 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide and triphenylphosphane

Complexes of the type [PdX(PPh3)(1)]X [1 = 4-phenyl-3- thiosemicarbazide; X = Cl- (2), Br- (3), I- (4), and SCN- (5)] have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses and IR, UV/Vis, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of complex 4 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The binding of the complexes with a purine base (guanosine) was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, which showed the complexes to coordinate to guanosine through N7. A gel electrophoresis assay demonstrated the ability of 2-5 to cleave DNA plasmid. All the complexes were tested in vitro by means of the MTT assay for their cytotoxicity against two murine cell lines, LM3 (mammary adenocarcinoma) and LP07 (lung adenocarcinoma), and compared with cisplatin. Complexes 2-5 exhibited good cytotoxicity that surpasses that of cisplatin in the case of LM3. A series of thiosemicarbazide/phosphane palladium(II) complexes have been synthesized and fully characterized. These complexes are able to cleave DNA plasmid and show cytotoxicity against adenocarcinoma (mammary LM3 and lung LP07), surpassing the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in the case of LM3. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Thiosaccharine disulfide: synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic characterization and theoretical study

The title compound, (thiosaccharine disulfide), bis[1,10dioxide-2,3-dihidro-1,2-benzoisothiazol]disulfide, (tsac)2 has been synthesized and fully characterized by UV–Visible, IR, Raman, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy elemental analysis and structural X-ray crystallography. A DFT theoretical study has been performed and good agreement between experimental and theoretical values of structural parameters and vibration frequencies have been achieved.

A molecular approach towards tethered bilayer lipid membranes: synthesis and characterization of novel anchor lipids

Tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) are a promising model system for the natural cell membrane. They consist of a lipid bilayer that is covalently coupled to a solid support via a spacer group. In this study, we developed a suitable approach to increase the submembrane space in tBLMs. The challenge is to create a membrane with a lower lipid density in order to increase the membrane fluidity, but to avoid defects that might appear due to an increase in the lateral space within the tethered monolayers. Therefore, various synthetic strategies and different monolayer preparation techniques were examined. Synthetical attempts to achieve a large ion reservoir were made in two directions: increasing the spacer length of the tether lipids and increasing the lateral distribution of the lipids in the monolayer. The first resulted in the synthesis of a small library of tether lipids (DPTT, DPHT and DPOT) characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FD-MS, ATR, DSC and TGA. The synthetic strategy for their preparation includes synthesis of precursor with a double bond anchor that can be easily modified for different substrates (e.g. metal and metaloxide). Here, the double bond was modified into a thiol group suitable for gold surface. Another approach towards the preparation of homogeneous monolayers with decreased two-dimensional packing density was the synthesis of two novel anchor lipids: DPHDL and DDPTT. DPHDL is “self-diluted” tether lipid containing two lipoic anchor moieties. DDPTT has an extended lipophylic part that should lead to the preparation of diluted, leakage free proximal layers that will facilitate the completion of the bilayer. Our tool-box of tether lipids was completed with two fluorescent labeled lipid precursors with respectively one and two phytanyl chains in the hydrophobic region and a dansyl group as a fluorophore. The use of such fluorescently marked lipids is supposed to give additional information for the lipid distribution on the air-water interface. The Langmuir film balance was used to investigate the monolayer properties of four of the synthesized thiolated anchor lipids. The packing density and mixing behaviour were examined. The results have shown that mixing anchor with free lipids can homogeneously dilute the anchor lipid monolayers. Moreover, an increase in the hydrophylicity (PEG chain length) of the anchor lipids leads to a higher packing density. A decrease in the temperature results in a similar trend. However, increasing the number of phytanyl chains per lipid molecule is shown to decrease the packing density. LB-monolayers based on pure and mixed lipids in different ratio and transfer pressure were tested to form tBLMs with diluted inner layers. A combination of the LB-monolayer transfer with the solvent exchange method accomplished successfully the formation of tBLMs based on pure DPOT. Some preliminary investigations of the electrical sealing properties and protein incorporation of self-assembled DPOT and DDPTT-based tBLMs were conducted. The bilayer formation performed by solvent exchange resulted in membranes with high resistances and low capacitances. The appearance of space beneath the membrane is clearly visible in the impedance spectra expressed by a second RC element. The latter brings the conclusion that the longer spacer in DPOT and the bigger lateral space between the DDPTT molecules in the investigated systems essentially influence the electrical parameters of the membrane. Finally, we could show the functional incorporation of the small ion carrier valinomycin in both types of membranes.

Synthetic routes toward functional block copolymers and bioconjugates via RAFT polymerization

Synthetic Routes toward Functional Block Copolymers and Bioconjugates via RAFT PolymerizationrnSynthesewege für funktionelle Blockcopolymere und Biohybride über RAFT PolymerisationrnDissertation von Dipl.-Chem. Kerstin T. WissrnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden effiziente Methoden für die Funktionalisierung beider Polymerkettenenden für Polymer- und Bioanbindung von Polymeren entwickelt, die mittels „Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer“ (RAFT) Polymerisation hergestellt wurden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Dithioester-basiertes Kettentransferagens (CTA) mit einer Aktivestereinheit in der R-Gruppe (Pentafluorphenyl-4-phenylthiocarbonylthio-4-cyanovaleriansäureester, kurz PFP-CTA) synthetisiert und seine Anwendung als universelles Werkzeug für die Funktionalisierung der -Endgruppe demonstriert. Zum Einen wurde gezeigt, wie dieser PFP-CTA als Vorläufer für die Synthese anderer funktioneller CTAs durch einfache Aminolyse des Aktivesters genutzt werden kann und somit den synthetischen Aufwand, der üblicherweise mit der Entwicklung neuer CTAs verbunden ist, reduzieren kann. Zum Anderen konnte der PFP-CTA für die Synthese verschiedener Poly(methacrylate) mit enger Molekulargewichtsverteilung und wohl definierter reaktiver -Endgruppe verwendet werden. Dieses Kettenende konnte dann erfolgreich mit verschiedenen primären Aminen wie Propargylamin, 1-Azido-3-aminopropan und Ethylendiamin oder direkt mit den Amin-Endgruppen verschiedener Peptide umgesetzt werden.rnAus der Reaktion des PFP-CTAs mit Propargylamin wurde ein Alkin-CTA erhalten, der sich als effizientes Werkzeug für die RAFT Polymerisation verschiedener Methacrylate erwiesen hat. Der Einbau der Alkin-Funktion am -Kettenende wurde mittels 1H und 13C NMR Spektroskopie sowie MALDI TOF Massenspektroskopie bestätigt. Als Modelreaktion wurde die Kopplung eines solchen alkin-terminierten Poly(di(ethylenglykol)methylethermethacrylates) (PDEGMEMA) mit azid-terminiertem Poly(tert-butylmethacrylat), das mittels Umsetzung einer Aktivester-Endgruppe erhalten wurde, als kupferkatalysierte Azid-Alkin-Cycloaddition (CuAAC) durchgeführt. Die Aufarbeitung des resultierenden Diblockcopolymers durch Fällen ermöglichte die vollständige Abtrennung des Polymerblocks 1, der im Überschuss eingesetzt wurde. Darüber hinaus blieb nur ein sehr kleiner Anteil (< 2 Gew.-%) nicht umgesetzten Polymerblocks 2, was eine erfolgreiche Polymeranbindung und die Effizienz der Endgruppen-Funktionalisierung ausgehend von der Aktivester--Endgruppe belegt.rnDie direkte Reaktion von stimuli-responsiven Polymeren mit Pentafluorphenyl(PFP)ester-Endgruppen, namentlich PDEGMEMA und Poly(oligo(ethylenglykol)methylethermethacrylat), mit kollagen-ähnlichen Peptiden ergab wohl definierte Polymer-Peptid-Diblockcopolymere und Polymer-Peptid-Polymer-Triblockcopolymer unter nahezu quantitativer Umsetzung der Endgruppen. Alle Produkte konnten vollständig von nicht umgesetztem Überschuss des Homopolymers befreit werden. In Analogie zu natürlichem Kollagen und dem nicht funktionalisierten kollagen-ähnlichen Peptid bilden die PDEGMEMA-basierten, entschützten Hybridcopolymere Trimere mit kollagen-ähnlichen Triple-Helices in kalter wässriger Lösung, was mittels Zirkular-Dichroismus-Spektroskopie (CD) nachgewiesen werden konnte. Temperaturabhängige CD-Spektroskopie, Trübungsmessungen und dynamische Lichtstreuung deuteten darauf hin, dass sie bei höheren Temperaturen doppelt stimuli-responsive Überstrukturen bilden, die mindestens zwei konformative Übergänge beim Aufheizen durchlaufen. Einer dieser Übergänge wird durch den hydrophoben Kollaps des Polymerblocks induziert, der andere durch Entfalten der kollagen-ähnlichen Triple-Helices.rnAls Ausweitung dieser synthetischen Strategie wurde homotelecheles PDEGMEMA mit zwei PFP-Esterendgruppen dargestellt, wozu der PFP-CTA für die Funktionalisierung der -Endgruppe und die radikalische Substitution des Dithioesters durch Behandlung mit einem Überschuss eines funktionellen AIBN-Derivates für die Funktionalisierung der -Endgruppe ausgenutzt wurde. Die Umsetzung der beiden reaktiven Kettenenden mit dem N-Terminus eines Peptidblocks ergab ein Peptid-Polymer-Peptid Triblockcopolymer.rnSchließlich konnten die anorganisch-organischen Hybridmaterialien PMSSQ-Poly(2,2-diethoxyethylacrylat) (PMSSQ-PDEEA) und PMSSQ-Poly(1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethylacrylat) (PMSSQ-PDMA) für die Herstellung robuster, peptid-reaktiver Oberflächen durch Spin Coaten und thermisch induziertes Vernetzen angewendet werden. Nach saurem Entschützen der Acetalgruppen in diesen Filmen konnten die resultierenden Aldehydgruppen durch einfaches Eintauchen in eine Lösung mit einer Auswahl von Aminen und Hydroxylaminen umgesetzt werden, wodurch die Oberflächenhydrophilie modifiziert werden konnte. Darüber hinaus konnten auf Basis der unterschiedlichen Stabilität der zwei hier verglichenen Acetalgruppen Entschützungsprotokolle für die exklusive Entschützung der Diethylacetale in PMSSQ-PDEEA und deren Umsetzung ohne Entschützung der zyklischen Ethylenacetale in PMSSQ-PDMA entwickelt werden, die die Herstellung multifunktioneller Oberflächenbeschichtungen z.B. für die Proteinimmobilisierung ermöglichen.

Silk Fibroin: a biopolymer platform for innovative pharmaceutical formulation and biomedical devices.

The protein silk fibroin (SF) from the silkworm Bombyx mori is a FDA-approved biomaterial used over centuries as sutures wire. Importantly, several evidences highlighted the potential of silk biomaterials obtained by using so-called regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) in biomedicine, tissue engineering and drug delivery. Indeed, by a water-based protocol, it is possible to obtain protein water-solution, by extraction and purification of fibroin from silk fibres. Notably, RSF can be processed in a variety of biomaterials forms used in biomedical and technological fields, displaying remarkable properties such as biocompatibility, controllable biodegradability, optical transparency, mechanical robustness. Moreover, RSF biomaterials can be doped and/or chemical functionalized with drugs, optically active molecules, growth factors and/or chemicals In this view, activities of my PhD research program were focused to standardize the process of extraction and purification of protein to get the best physical and chemical characteristics. The analysis of the chemo-physical properties of the fibroin involved both the RSF water-solution and the protein processed in film. Chemo-physical properties have been studied through: vibrational (FT-IR and Raman-FT) and optical (absorption and emission UV-VIS) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR), thermal analysis and thermo-gravimetric scan (DSC and TGA). In the last year of my PhD, activities were focused to study and define innovative methods of functionalization of the silk fibroin solution and films. Indeed, research program was the application of different methods of manufacturing approaches of the films of fibroin without the use of harsh treatments and organic solvents. New approaches to doping and chemical functionalization of the silk fibroin were studied. Two different methods have been identified: 1) biodoping that consists in the doping of fibroin with optically active molecules through the addition of fluorescent molecules in the standard diet used for the breeding of silkworms; 2) chemical functionalization via silylation.

Synthesis of chiral ferrosalen ligands and their applications in asymmetric catalysis

A new series of chiral ferrosalen ligands was designed and synthesized. The special feature of the ferrosalen ligands is that the chirality originated from the planar chiral ferrocenyl structure. For most known salen ligands, chirality comes from central and axial chiral centers. The key building block for the construction of these ferrosalen ligands was synthesized stereoselectively by a chiral auxiliary approach. This approach does not consume any chiral material, and does not require chiral HPLC resolution. Using this method, nine ligands were prepared using ferrocene as the starting material. In addition, the steric hindrance was modulated by changing the cyclopentadienyl group to the more bulky pentamethylcyclopentadienyl- and pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl- groups. The structure of these ligands was established by 1H and 13C NMR. The structure of a ferrosalen-Cu (II) complex was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All the chiral ferrosalen ligands were tested in catalytic asymmetric reactions including enantioselective carbonyl-ene reaction, enantioselective Strecker-type reaction and enantioselective silylcyanation. For the carbonyl-ene reaction, up to 99% yield and 29% enantiomeric excess (ee) were obtained using ligand-Co (III) as the catalysts; For the Strecker-type reaction, a maximum of 20% ee was obtained using ligand-AlCl as the catalyst; For the silylcyanation reaction, up to 99% yield and 26% ee were obtained using ligand-AlCl as the catalyst.

Synthesis, spectral, and anti-microbial studies of thioiminium iodides and amine hydrochlorides

To avoid the undesired deprotonation during the addition of organolithium and organomagnesium reagents to ketones, the thioiminium salts, easily prepared from lactams and amides are converted into 2,2-disubstituted and 2-monosubstituted amines by reaction with simple nucleophiles such as organocerium and organocopper reagents. The reaction of thioiminium iodides with organocerium reagents derived by transmetalation of corresponding lithium reagents with anhydrous cerium(III) chloride has been investigated. These thioiminium iodides act as good electrophiles and accept alkylceriums towards bisaddition. The newly synthesized amines have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR and mass spectra. The amines have been converted into their hydrochlorides and characterized by COSY. These hydrochlorides have been subjected to antimicrobial screening with clinically isolated microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans. The hydrochlorides show quite good activity against these bacteria and fungus.