Faecal incontinence in childhood : a multidisciplinary approach including biofeedback

One hundred and seven children with faecal incontinence were evaluated and managed over a 3 year period by a multidisciplinary team. After initial clinical assessment, evaluation of defaecatory mechanisms (using a balloon model) and assessment of personal-social development and self-concept were undertaken. Management was based on initial bowel evacuation, short-term laxatives, and habit training involving systematic use of positive reinforcement; 69 children received biofeedback conditioning. Idiopathic megacolon with constipation and soiling was the most common finding (98 cases). Other diagnoses included previously undiagnosed neurogenic bowel (three cases), post-surgical anal anomalies (four cases), and psychogenic encopresis (two cases). Idiopathic megacolon was characterized by decreased rectal sensation, increased threshold for external sphincter relaxation and an inability to evacuate. Faecal incontinence was associated with an undesirably low social self-concept (70% of the 40 evaluated), but was not related to a delay in development (mean general developmental quotient = 105 ± 8, for the 35 tested). Family psychopathology warranting referral for family therapy was found in 14 children (13%). The management programme yielded a short-term (3 months) cure rate of 68% and a long-term (12 months) cure rate of 90%, with 10% having continued soiling which varied from occasional to several incidents/week. No significant improvement in self-concept was observed overall, although marked improvements were observed in some children. We conclude that disordered defaecatory dynamics are a major determinant of faecal incontinence in children. Undesirably low social self-concepts but normal developmental ability accompany this condition. Management is facilitated by a multidisciplinary approach, acknowledging the role of both behavioural and physiological components of the problem. This approach is effective in eradicating soiling in the majority of cases, comparing favourably with other published data.

A biomechanical investigation of fusionless growth modulation implants for spinal scoliosis treatment

This thesis studied a new minimally invasive implant for scoliosis correction that aims to correct the deformity without fusing the spine, thereby allowing movement and growth in the spine following surgery. The effect of two different vertebral body implant (staple) designs on the stiffness of the spine, using calf spines as an in vitro model, was studied. The results showed that the implants decreased spinal stiffness, with associated potential damage to the growth plates due to the staple tips. There were no significant differences in stiffness between the two staple designs tested.

Identification of seven loci affecting mean telomere length and their association with disease

Interindividual variation in mean leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is associated with cancer and several age-associated diseases. We report here a genome-wide meta-analysis of 37,684 individuals with replication of selected variants in an additional 10,739 individuals. We identified seven loci, including five new loci, associated with mean LTL (P < 5 x 10(-8)). Five of the loci contain candidate genes (TERC, TERT, NAF1, OBFC1 and RTEL1) that are known to be involved in telomere biology. Lead SNPs at two loci (TERC and TERT) associate with several cancers and other diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, a genetic risk score analysis combining lead variants at all 7 loci in 22,233 coronary artery disease cases and 64,762 controls showed an association of the alleles associated with shorter LTL with increased risk of coronary artery disease (21% (95% confidence interval, 5-35%) per standard deviation in LTL, P = 0.014). Our findings support a causal role of telomere-length variation in some age-related diseases.

Mutation analysis of TGF-β signaling pathway genes among Finnish patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), or according to the recent classification idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPAH), is a rare, progressive disease of pulmonary vasculature leading to pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. Most of the patients are sporadic but in about 6% of cases the disease is familial (FPPH). In 2000 two different groups identified the gene predisposing to PPH. This gene, Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2), encodes a subunit of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor complex. There is a genetic connection between PPH and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a bleeding disorder characterized by local telangiectasias and sometimes with pulmonary hypertension. In HHT, mutations in ALK1 (activin like kinase type 1) and Endoglin, another members of the TGF-β signaling pathway are found. In this study we identified all of the Finnish PPH patients for the years 1986-1999 using the hospital discharge registries of Finnish university hospitals. During this period we found a total of 59 confirmed PPH patients: 55 sporadic and 4 familial representing 3 different families. In 1999 the prevalence of PPH was 5.8 per million and the annual incidence varied between 0.2-1.3 per million. Among 28 PPH patients studied, heterozygous BMPR2 mutations were found in 12% (3/26) of sporadic patients and in 33% of the PPH families (1/3). All the mutations found were different. Large deletions of BMPR2 were excluded by single-stranded chain polymomorphism analysis. As a candidate gene approach we also studied ALK1, Endoglin, Bone Morphogenetic Receptor Type IA (BMPR1A or ALK3), Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 4 (SMAD4) and Serotonine Transporter Gene (SLC6A4) using single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing. Among patients and family members studied, we found two mutations in ALK1 in two unrelated samples. We also identified all the HHT patients treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Helsinki University Central Hospital between the years of 1990-2005 and 8 of the patients were studied for Endoglin and ALK1 mutations using direct sequencing. A total of seven mutations were found and all the mutations were different. The absence of a founder mutation in the Finnish population in both PPH and HHT was somewhat surprising. This suggests that the mutations of BMPR2, ALK1 and Endoglin are quite young and the older mutations have been lost due to repetitive genetic bottlenecks and/or negative selection. Also, other genes than BMPR2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of PPH. No founder mutations were found in PPH or HHT and thus no simple genetic test is available for diagnostics.

Molecular profiling of malignant pleural mesothelioma and pulmonary fibrosis

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare, usually incurable, disease mainly caused by former exposure to asbestos. Even though MM has a strong etiological link, genetic factors may play a role, since not all cases can be linked to former asbestos exposure. This thesis focuses on lung diseases, mainly malignant mesothelioma (MM), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which resembles asbestosis. The specific asbestos-related pathways associated with malignant as well as non-malignant lung diseases, still need to be clarified. Since most patients diagnosed with MM or asbestosis/fibrosis have a dismal prognosis and few therapeutic options are available, early diagnosis and better understanding of the disease pathogenesis are of the utmost importance. The first objective of this thesis was to identify asbestos specific differentially expressed genes. This was approached by using high-resolution gene expression arrays, and three different human lung cell lines, as well as with three different bioinformatics approaches. Since the first study aimed to elucidate potential early changes, the second study was used to screen DNA copy number changes in MM tumour samples. This was performed using genome wide microarrays for identification of DNA copy number changes characterstic for MM. Study III focused on the role of gremlin in the regulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs) in IPF. Further studies were conducted in asbestos-exposed cell cultures as well as in an asbestos-induced mouse model. Furthermore, GATA-6 was studied in MM and metastatic pleural adenocarcinoma. The GATA transcription factors are important during embryonic development, but their role in cancer is still unclear. GATA-6 is a co-factor/target of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), which is used in differential diagnostics of pleural MM and adenocarcinoma. Bioinformatics probed the genes and biological processes ordered in terms of significance, clusters, and highly enriched chromosomal regions. The study revealed several already identified targets, produced new ideas about genes which are central for asbestos exposure, as well as provided supplementary data for researchers to check their own novel findings or ideas. The analysis revealed DNA copy number changes characteristic for MM tumors. The most common regions of loss were detected in 1p, 3p, 6q, 9p, 13, 14, and 22, and gains at 17q. The histological features in asbestosis and IPF are very similar, wherefore IPF can be studied in asbestos models. The BMP antagonist gremlin was up-regulated by asbestos exposure in human epithelial cell lines, which was also observed in Study I. The transforming growth factor (TGF) -β and BMP expression and signaling activities were measured from murine and human fibrotic lungs. BMP-7 signaling was down-regulated in response to up-regulation of gremlin, and restoration of BMP-7 signaling prevented progression of fibrosis in mice. Therefore, the study suggests that the restoration of BMP-7 signaling in fibrotic lung could potentially aid in the treatment of IPF patients. Study IV revealed that GATA-6 was strongly expressed in the majority of the MM cases, and correlated statistically significant with longer survival in subgroups of MM.

Mutations of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma: an important cause of neurological disorders

Thesis focuses on mutations of POLG1 gene encoding catalytic subunit polγ-α of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma holoenzyme (polG) and the association of mutations with different clinical phenotypes. In addition, particular defective mutant variants of the protein were characterized biochemically in vitro. PolG-holoenzyme is the sole DNA polymerase found in mitochondria. It is involved in replication and repair of the mitochondrial genome, mtDNA. Holoenzyme also includes the accessory subunit polγ-β, which is required for the enhanced processivity of polγ-α. Defective polγ-α causes accumulation of secondary mutations on mtDNA, which leads to a defective oxidative phosphorylation system. The clinical consequences of such mutations are variable, affecting nervous system, skeletal muscles, liver and other post-mitotic tissues. The aims of the studies included: 1) Determination of the role of POLG1 mutations in neurological syndromes with features of mitochondrial dysfunction and an unknown molecular cause. 2) Development and set up of diagnostic tests for routine clinical purposes. 3) Biochemical characterization of the functional consequences of the identified polγ-α variants. Studies describe new neurological phenotypes in addition to PEO caused by POLG1 mutations, including parkinsonism, premature amenorrhea, ataxia and Parkinson s disease (PD). POLG1 mutations and polymorphisms are both common and/or potential genetic risk factors at least among the Finnish population. The major findings and applications reported here are: 1) POLG1 mutations cause parkinsonism and premature menopause in PEO families in either a recessive or a dominant manner. 2) A common recessive POLG1 mutations (A467T and W748S) in the homozygous state causes severe adult or juvenile-onset ataxia without muscular symptoms or histological or mtDNA abnormalities in muscles. 3) A common recessive pathogenic change A467T can also cause a mild dominant disease in heterozygote carriers. 4) The A467T variant shows reduced polymerase activity due to defective template binding. 5) Rare polyglutamine tract length variants of POLG1 are significantly enriched in Finnish idiopathic Parkinson s disease patients. 6) Dominant mutations are clearly restricted to the highly conserved polymerase domain motifs, whereas recessive ones are more evenly distributed along the protein. The present results highlight and confirm the new role of mitochondria in parkinsonism/Parkinson s disease and describe a new mitochondrial ataxia. Based on these results, a POLG1 diagnostic routine has been set up in Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUSLAB).

Modulation of growth by aromatase inhibitor treatment in boys: Efficacy and safety

Without estrogen action, the fusion of the growth plates is postponed and statural growth continues for an exceptionally long time. Aromatase inhibitors, blockers of estrogen biosynthesis, have therefore emerged as a new potential option for the treatment of children with short stature. We investigated the efficacy of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole in the treatment of boys with idiopathic short stature (ISS) using a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind research setting. A total of 30 boys completed the two-year treatment. By decreasing estrogen-mediated central negative feedback, letrozole increased gonadotrophin and testosterone secretion in pubertal boys, whereas the pubertal increase in IGF-I was inhibited. Treatment with letrozole effectively delayed bone maturation and increased predicted adult height by 5.9 cm (P0.001), while placebo had no effect on either parameter. The effect of letrozole treatment on near-final height was studied in another population, in boys with constitutional delay of puberty, who received letrozole (n=9) or placebo (n=8) for one year, in combination with low-dose testosterone for six months during adolescence. The mean near-final height of boys randomised to receive testosterone and letrozole was significantly greater than that of boys who received testosterone and placebo (175.8 vs. 169.1 cm, P=0.04). As regards safety, treatment effects on bone health, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition were monitored in boys with ISS. During treatment, no differences in bone mass accrual were evident between the treatment groups, as evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Bone turnover and cortical bone growth, however, were affected by letrozole treatment. As indicated by differences in markers of bone resorption (U-INTP) and formation (S-PINP and S-ALP), the long-term rate of bone turnover was lower in letrozole-treated boys, despite their more rapid advancement in puberty. Letrozole stimulated cortical bone growth in those who progressed in puberty: the metacarpal index (MCI), a measure of cortical bone thickness, increased more in letrozole-treated pubertal boys than in placebo-treated pubertal boys (25% vs. 9%, P=0.007). The change in MCI correlated positively with the mean testosterone-to-estradiol ratio. In post-treatment radiographic evaluation of the spine, a high rate of vertebral deformities - mild anterior wedging and mild compression deformities - were found in both placebo and letrozole groups. In pubertal boys with ISS treated with letrozole, stimulated testosterone secretion was associated with a decrease in the percentage of fat mass and in HDL-cholesterol, while LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides remained unchanged. Insulin sensitivity, as evaluated by HOMA-IR, was not significantly affected by the treatment. In summary, treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole effectively delayed bone maturation and increased predicted adult height in boys with ISS. Long-term follow-up data of boys with constitutional delay of puberty, treated with letrozole for one year during adolescence, suggest that the achieved gain in predicted adult height also results in increased adult height. However, until the safety of aromatase inhibitor treatment in children and adolescents is confirmed, such treatment should be considered experimental.

Impaired spermatogenesis in Finnish boars and bulls

Maintenance of breeding efficiency and high semen quality is essential for reproductive success in farm animals. Early recognition of possible inheritable factors causing infertility requires constant attention. This thesis focuses on describing different manifestations of impaired spermatogenesis, their impact on fertility and partly also their incidence in populations. The reasons for spermatogenic failure are various. An interruption of germ cell differentiation, spermatogenic arrest, can lead to infertility. The incidence of azoospermia was investigated in the 1996 2005 survey of Finnish AI and farm breeding boars. We focused on the diagnosis, testicular morphometry and the possible reasons for the condition. The incidence of azoospermia was significantly higher in Yorkshire boars than in the Landrace breed. The most common diagnosis in Yorkshire boars was germ cell arrest at the primary spermatocyte level. The second most frequent diagnosis in Yorkshire boars was segmental aplasia of the Wolffian ducts with idiopathic epididymal obstruction. Other reasons for azoospermia were infrequent. In the second study we investigated the incidence of two relatively well-defined specific sperm defects in Finnish Yorkshire and Landrace boars during the same survey, the immotile short-tail sperm (ISTS) defect and the knobbed acrosome (KA) defect. In the Finnish Yorkshire boars the inherited ISTS defect, and the probably inherited KA defect, were important causes of infertility during 1996 2005. The ISTS defect was found in 7.6% and the KA defect in 0.8% of the Yorkshire boars. No Landrace boars were diagnosed with either of these two defects. In the third study we described a new sterilizing sperm defect in an oligoasthenoterazoospermic bull. Because of its morphological characteristics this defect was termed the multinuclear-multiflagellar sperm (MNMFS) defect. The number of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubuli was highly increased in the MNMFS bull compared with the number in normal bulls. In the following two studies we used a combined approach of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), flow cytometry and morphometric studies to provide information on the cytogenetic background of macrocephalic bull spermatozoa. We described cellular features of diploid spermatozoa and compared the failures in the first and second meiotic divisions. In the last study we describe how the transplantation of testicular cells was used to determine whether spermatogonia derived from donor animals are able to colonize and produce motile spermatozoa in immune-competent unrelated boars suffering the ISTS defect. Transplantation resulted in complete focal spermatogenesis, indicated by the appearance of motile spermatozoa and confirmed by genotyping.

Molecular studies on LIM-domain protein CRP1

Various intrinsic and external factors are constantly attacking the cells causing damage to DNA and to other cellular structures. Cells in turn have evolved with different kinds of mechanisms to protect against the attacks and to repair the damage. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is one of the major environmental genotoxic carcinogens that causes inflammation, mutations, immunosuppression, accelerated aging of the skin and skin cancers. Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin consisting mostly of keratinocytes, whose primary function is to protect the skin against e.g. UV radiation. LIM domain proteins are a group of proteins involved in regulation of cell growth, damage signalling, cell fate determination and signal transduction. Despite their two zinc fingers, LIM domains do not bind to DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions and function as modular protein binding interfaces. We initially identified CSRP1 as UVR-regulated transcript by using expression profiling. Here we have further studied the regulation and function of CRP1, a representative of cysteine rich protein- family consisting of two LIM domains. We find that CRP1 is increased by UVR in primary human keratinocytes and in normal human skin fibroblasts. Ectopic expression of CRP1 protected the cells against UVR and provided a survival advantage, whereas silencing of CRP1 rendered the cells more photosensitive. Actinic keratosis is a premalignant lesion of skin caused by excess exposure to sunlight and sunburn, which may lead to formation of squamous cell carcinoma. The expression of CRP1 was increased in basal keratinocytes of Actinic keratosis patient specimens suggesting that CRP1 may be increased by constant exposure to UVR and may provide survival advantage for the cells also in vivo. In squamous cell carcinoma, CRP1 was only expressed in the fibroblasts surrounding the tumour. Moreover, we found that ectopic expression of CRP1 suppresses cell proliferation. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates several functions in cell including growth, apoptosis and differentiation, and plays important roles in pathological disorders like cancer and fibrosis. We found that TGFbeta-signalling pathway regulates CRP1 at protein, but not at transcriptional level. The increase was mediated both through Smad and non-Smad signalling pathways involving MAPK/p38. Furthermore, we found that TGFbeta-mediated increase in CRP1 was associated with myofibroblast differentiation, and that CRP1 was significantly more expressed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as compared to normal lung specimens. Since cell contractility is a distinct feature of myofibroblasts, and CRP1 is associated with actin cytoskeleton, we studied the role of CRP1 in cell contractility. CRP1 was found to localize to stress fibres that mediate contractility and to mediate myofibroblast contraction. These studies identify CRP1 as a stress responsive and cytokine regulated cytoskeletal protein that participates in pathological processes involved in fibrotic diseases and cancer.

Molecular diagnosis of developmental disorders

ABSTRACT Idiopathic developmental disorders (DDs) affect ~1% of the population worldwide. This being a considerable amount, efforts are being made to elucidate the disease mechanisms. One or several genetic factors cause 30-40% of DDs, and only 10% are caused by environmental factors. The remaining 50% of DD patients go undiagnosed, mostly due to a lack of diagnostic techniques. The cause in most undiagnosed cases is though to be a genetic factor or a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Despite the surge of new technologies entering the market, their implementation into diagnostic laboratories is hampered by costs, lack of information about the expected diagnostic yield, and the wide range of selection. This study evaluates new microarray methods in diagnosing idiopathic DDs, providing information about their added diagnostic value. Study I analysed 150 patients by array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH, 44K and 244K), with a subsequent 18% diagnostic yield. These results are supported by other studies, indicating an enourmous added diagnostic value of array CGH, compared with conventional cytogenetic analysis. Nevertheless, 80% of the patients remained undiagnosed in Study I. In an effort to diagnose more patients, in Study IV the resolution was increased from 8.9 Kb of the 244K CGH array to 0.7 Kb, by using a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. However, no additional pathogenic changes were detected in the 35 patients assessed, and thus, for diagnostic purposes, an array platform with ca 9 Kb resolution appears adequate. The recent vast increase in reports of detected aberrations and associated phenotypes has enabled characterization of several new syndromes first based on a common aberration and thereafter by delineation of common clinical characteristics. In Study II, a familial deletion at 9q22.2q22.32 with variable penetrance was described. Despite several reports of aberrations in the adjacent area at 9q associated with Gorlin syndrome, the patients in this family had a unique phenotype and did not present with the syndrome. In Study III, a familial duplication of chromosome 6p22.2 was described. The duplication caused increased expression of an important enzyme of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) degradation pathway, causing oxidative stress of the brain, and thus, very likely, the mild mental retardation of these patients. These two case studies attempted to pinpoint candidate genes and to resolve the pathogenic mechanism causing the clinical characteristics of the patients. Presenting rare genetic and clinical findings to the international science and medical community enables interpretation of similar findings in other patients. The added value of molecular karyotyping in patients with idiopathic DD is evident. As a first line of testing, arrays with a median resolution of at least 9 Kb should be considered and further characterization of detected aberrations undertaken when possible. Diagnostic whole-exome sequencing may be the best option for patients who remain undiagnosed after high-resolution array analysis.

Caracterização de alterações epigenéticas no gene JARID1C e desequilíbrios genéticos como causas do retardo mental ligado ao x de etiologia idiopática

O retardo mental (RM) é caracterizado por um funcionamento intelectual significantemente abaixo da média (QI<70). A prevalência de RM varia entre estudos epidemiológicos, sendo estimada em 2-3% da população mundial, constituindo assim, um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública. Há um consenso geral de que o RM é mais comum no sexo masculino, um achado atribuído às numerosas mutações nos genes encontrados no cromossomo X, levando ao retardo mental ligado ao X (RMLX). Dentre os genes presentes no cromossomo X, o Jumonji AT-rich interactive domain IC (JARID1C) foi recentemente identificado como um potencial candidato etiológico do RM, quando mutado. O JARID1C codifica uma proteína que atua como uma desmetilase da lisina 4 da histona H3 (H3K4), imprescindível para a regulação epigenética. Tão recente como a identificação do gene JARID1C, é a descoberta de que mudanças no número de cópias de sequências de DNA, caracterizadas por microdeleções e microduplicações, poderiam ser consideradas como razões funcionalmente importantes de RMLX. Atualmente, cerca de 5-10% dos casos de RM em homens são reconhecidos por ocorrerem devido a estas variações do número de cópias no cromossomo X. Neste estudo, investigamos mutações no gene JARID1C, através do rastreamento dos éxons 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 e 16, em 121 homens de famílias com RM provavelmente ligado ao X. Paralelamente, realizamos a análise da variação do número de cópias em 16 genes localizados no cromossomo X através da técnica de MLPA no mesmo grupo de pacientes. Esta metodologia consiste em uma amplificação múltipla que detecta variações no número de cópias de até 50 sequências diferentes de DNA genômico, sendo capaz de distinguir sequências que diferem em apenas um nucleotídeo. O DNA genômico foi extraído a partir de sangue periférico e as amostras foram amplificadas pela técnica de PCR, seguida da análise por sequenciamento direto. Foram identificadas três variantes na sequência do gene JARID1C entre os pacientes analisados: a variante intrônica 2243+11 G>T, que esteve presente em 67% dos pacientes, a variante silenciosa c.1794C>G e a mutação inédita nonsense c.2172C>A, ambas presentes em 0,82% dos indivíduos investigados. A análise através do MLPA revelou uma duplicação em um dos pacientes envolvendo as sondas referentes ao gene GDI1 e ao gene HUWE1. Este trabalho expande o estudo de mutações no gene JARID1C para a população brasileira ereforça a importância da triagem de mutações neste gene em homens portadores de RM familiar de origem idiopática, assim como, é primeiro relato científico relativo à investigação de variações no número de cópias de genes localizados no cromossomo X em homens brasileiros com RM, através da técnica de MLPA.

Mutações no gene JARID1C e rearranjos subteloméricos como causas de deficiência intelectual familiar de etiologia idiopática

A Deficiência Intelectual (DI) é uma condição complexa, que acomete 2-3% da população mundial, constituindo um importante problema de saúde pública. No entanto, uma parcela significativa dos casos de DI permanece sem um diagnóstico definitivo, o que demonstra que muitos fatores etiológicos associados a esta condição ainda precisam ser elucidados. Há um consenso de que o número de homens com DI supera em 30% o número de mulheres, um achado atribuído à presença de mutações em genes localizados no cromossomo X. Dentre os genes presentes neste cromossomo que são expressos no cérebro, o Jumonji AT-rich interactive domain 1C (JARID1C) foi identificado como um potencial candidato a estar relacionado à DI ligada ao X (DILX). O gene JARID1C codifica uma desmetilase da lisina 4 da histona H3 (H3K4), imprescindível para a regulação epigenética. Tão importante quanto o estudo do gene JARID1C em pacientes com DI é a busca por variações no número de cópias gênicas (VNCs) em regiões cromossômicas subteloméricas. Genes relacionados ao desenvolvimento cerebral são enriquecidos em VNCs e as regiões subteloméricas são mais susceptíveis à formação destes rearranjos. Diante do exposto, neste estudo, investigamos mutações no gene JARID1C (exons 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14 e 23) em 148 homens portadores de DI pertencentes a famílias com padrão de segregação sugestivo de DILX. Paralelamente, analisamos VNCs subteloméricas em 174 homens com DI familiar de etiologia idiopática, independente do padrão de segregação. Para todos os indivíduos selecionados, amostras de DNA genômico foram extraídas a partir de sangue periférico e alterações genéticas frequentemente relacionadas à DI foram previamente excluídas (expansões trinucleotídicas nos loci FRAXA e FRAXE e mutações nos genes MECP2 e ARX). A análise do gene JARID1C foi realizada pela técnica de PCR, seguida da análise dos produtos amplificados por sequenciamento. Foram identificadas quatro variantes silenciosas (c.564G>A, c.633G>C, c.1884G>A, c.1902C>A). Através da análise in silico de sequências exônicas acentuadoras de splicing (ESEs) localizadas nas posições das variantes encontradas, foi possível classificar a variante c.1884G>A como neutra e as três variantes restantes como possíveis criadoras de ESEs. Já para a investigação das VNCs subteloméricas, foi utilizada a metodologia de Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), capaz de identificar microdeleções e microduplicações nas 46 regiões subteloméricas. Para este fim, inicialmente, os indivíduos foram investigados pelo kit de MLPA P036, enquanto que para aqueles que exibiram alterações também foi utilizado o kit P070. A validação das VNCs encontradas foi realizada por PCR quantitativo em Tempo Real. A análise por MLPA revelou um indivíduo apresentando duas deleções (9p e 13q), um indivíduo apresentando duas amplificações (1p e 2p), dois indivíduos apresentando uma deleção e uma amplificação (18p e 18q; 4p e 8p), quatro indivíduos portadores de uma deleção cada (10p, 20p, 3q e 22q) e dois indivíduos com uma amplificação cada (7q e 20p). Algumas das alterações subteloméricas encontradas (2,87%) representam VNCs de relevância clínica para o estudo da DI, reforçando a importância do rastreamento de rotina de VNCs subteloméricas na DI familiar. Consideramos que a elucidação de novos genes ou mecanismos moleculares diretamente relacionados à DI é um caminho promissor e urgente para o estabelecimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas possíveis.

Análise clínica e molecular em indivíduos com deficiência mental idiopática no Maranhão: diagnóstico diferencial da síndrome do X frágil

O retardo mental (RM) representa um problema de saúde pública mundial ainda negligenciado no Brasil e, em especial nas regiões mais pobres como o Nordeste. A síndrome do X frágil (SXF) é uma das formas mais estudadas de RM hereditário em seres humanos. Esta doença monogênica, de herança ligada ao X dominante, é decorrente de uma mutação no exon 1 do gene FMR1, localizado na região Xq27.3. A mutação no FMR1 se caracteriza pelo aumento de repetições de trinucleotídios CGG em tandem na região 5 UTR desse gene, sendo a expansão dessas trincas o principal evento mutacional responsável pela SXF. De maneira geral, os fenótipos cognitivos de indivíduos do sexo masculino com a síndrome incluem deficiência intelectual de moderada à grave. No presente trabalho, realizamos um estudo transversal da SXF em indivíduos portadores de retardo mental de causa desconhecida, engajados em Programas de Educação Especial e em instituições psiquiátricas de São Luís-MA, rastreando amplificações de sequências trinucleotídicas no gene FMR1. A amostra foi composta por 238 indivíduos do sexo masculino, não aparentados, na faixa etária de 4 a 60 anos (média = 21 9 anos). O DNA dos participantes foi obtido a partir de 5 mL de sangue coletados em tubos com anti-coagulante EDTA e a análise molecular da região gênica de interesse foi realizada através da reação em cadeia da polimerase, utilizando-se três primers. Dentre os indivíduos triados quanto à presença de mutações no gene FMR1, apenas um apresentou um resultado inconclusivo e 2 (0,84%) foram positivos para a SXF, sendo que um deles (3503) apresentou mais de 200 repetições CGG no locus FRAXA e o outro indivíduo (3660) apresentou uma deleção de ~197 pb envolvendo parte das repetições CGG e uma região proximal às repetições CGG. Ambos possuíam história familiar de RM ligado ao X. No indivíduo 3503 observamos as seguintes características clínicas: temperamento dócil, orelhas grandes, mandíbula proeminente e flacidez ligamentar. O indivíduo 3660 apresentava hiperatividade, contato pobre com os olhos, orelhas grandes, mandíbula proeminente, pectus excavatum, macroorquidismo e pouca comunicação. O esclarecimento sobre a doença oferecido às famílias de ambos contribuiu sobremaneira para o entendimento da condição, do prognóstico e dos riscos de recorrência. A prevalência da SXF em nossa amostra, 0,84%, embora relativamente baixa, encontra-se na faixa de incidência de casos diagnosticados em outras populações que, em sua maioria, relatam incidências variando de 0 a 3%. Em parte, atribuímos o percentual encontrado aos critérios de inclusão utilizados em nosso estudo. Concluímos que o protocolo de triagem molecular utilizado em nosso estudo se mostrou eficiente e adequado para a realidade do Maranhão, podendo constituir uma ferramenta auxiliar a ser aplicada na avaliação de rotina dos portadores de RM, com grandes benefícios para o Estado.

Relação entre fatores genéticos envolvidos em vias metabólicas mitocondriais e a doença de Parkinson

A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma das desordens neurodegenerativas mais comuns associada ao envelhecimento, alcançando 2% aos 70 anos. É uma doença caracterizada pela degeneração progressiva de neurônios dopaminérgicos nigrais nos gânglios basais e pela presença de inclusões protéicas citoplasmáticas denominadas corpúsculos e neuritos de Lewy nos neurônios sobreviventes. A etiologia da DP é pouco conhecida, sendo considerada, na maioria dos casos, idiopática. Conhecimentos alcançados nos últimos 15 anos sobre a base genética da DP demonstram, claramente, que os fatores genéticos desempenham um importante papel na etiologia desta desordem. Neste trabalho, rastreamos mutações nos genes que codificam proteínas participantes de vias metabólicas mitocondriais (Parkin, PINK1 e DJ-1) em 136 pacientes brasileiros com manifestação precoce da DP, através do sequenciamento automático e da técnica de MLPA. Avaliamos a presença de variantes de sequência por meio do sequenciamento dos exons 1 a 12 do gene Parkin e dos exons 1 a 8 do gene PINK1. Em Parkin foram identificadas três mutações patogênicas ou potencialmente patogênicas, ambas em heterozigose: p.T240M, p.437L e p.S145N. Em PINK1 não encontramos variantes de ponto patogênicas. Através da técnica de MLPA investigamos alterações de dosagem nos genes Parkin, PINK1 e DJ-1. Identificamos cinco alterações no gene Parkin em quatro pacientes: uma duplicação heterozigota do exon 4 no paciente PAR2256, uma deleção heterozigota do exon 4 no probando PAR2099, uma deleção homozigota do exon 4 na paciente PAR3380 e um probando heterozigoto composto (PAR2396) com duas alterações, uma duplicação do exon 3 e uma deleção dos exons 5 e 6. No gene PINK1 identificamos uma deleção heterozigota do exon 1, que nunca foi descrita na literatura, em um paciente (PAR2083). Não encontramos alteração quantitativa no gene DJ-1. Neste estudo obtivemos uma frequência total de mutações patogênicas (pontuais e de dosagem) nos genes estudados de 7,3%, sendo 6,6% no gene Parkin e 0,7% no gene PINK1.

云南基诺族及汉族特发性全面强直-阵挛性癫(癎)与CLCN2基因的相关性

目的 研究氯离子通道CLC-2基因是否与中国云南地区基诺族及汉族特发性全面强直-阵挛性癫(癎)(IGTCS)相关.方法 以14例云南西双版纳傣族自治州景洪市基诺乡基诺族IGTCS患者及其16名未发病亲属、67例云南籍汉族IGTCS患者及57名云南籍汉族健康体检者为对照,对常染色体3q26上CLCN2基因的内含子2及外显子5、19(内含子18)进行研究,采用PCR及直接基因测序技术,应用病例-对照研究法对CLCN2基因与云南基诺族及汉族IGTCS进行相关性分析.结果 CLCN2基因的内含子2及外显子5、19在病例组和对照组中均没有发现已报道的易患突变,但我们在对外显子19的序列测定过程中发现了其上游内含子18的146位上存在1个单核苷酸多态性位点:146T→C.该位点的3种基因型(TT、TC、CC)在汉族病例组(9、3、29例)和汉族对照组(22、9、26例)之间的分布差异有统计学意义(x2=16.079,P＜0.05);在基诺族组(基诺族病例组+基诺族亲属组,6、12、12例)与汉族对照组(22、9、26例)之间分布差异亦有统计学意义(x2=7.027,P＜0.05).汉族病例组与汉族对照组间TT型与非TT型基因型(分别为9、32例和22、35例)、TC型与非TC型基因型(分别为3、38例和9、48例)比较差异有统计学意义(x2=10.694,OR=4.121,P＜0.05;x2=11.592,OR=0.238,P＜0.05).结论 CLCN2基因内含子18的多态性位点146T→C可能是中国云南地区基诺族与汉族IGTCS患者的1个相关性位点,且在本组有限的样本数量研究中,此SNP位点在两个民族IGTCS患者之间的分布无民族差异.基因型TT为IGTCS的1个保护性因素,基因型TC则增加了患者的易患性.