Teatterivaellus : elämyspedagoginen lähestymistapa näyttelijäntyöhön

Toiminta ja fyysisyys ovat näyttelijäntyön tukipilarit. Niiden kautta syntyy ajatus, läsnäolo, kontakti ja tarjoaminen. Ne ovat työn perusta. Näyttelijän tehtävänä on tehdä tarjouksia vastanäyttelijälle ja ohjaajalle sekä ottaa tarjouksia vastaan. Näytelmät ja roolit vaihtuvat. On tärkeää, että myös näyttelijä vaihtaa omaa lähestymistapaansa aina tehtävän mukaan. Tällöin on mahdollisuus uudistua ja kehittyä ammatissaan. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkin vaellusta näyttelijäntyön lähestymistapana. Tutkielmani pääkysymys on, kuinka vaeltaen löydetty näyttelijäilmaisu pystytään siirtämään näyttämöllä tapahtuvaan kohtaukseen? Alakysymyksinä selvitin mitä menetelmiä teatterivaellus tarjoaa näyttelijäntyöhön, miten teatterivaellus toimii elämyspedagogisesti ja kuinka luonnon esteettinen kokemus siirtyy näyttämön estetiikkaan. Tein tutkielmani hankkeistettuna toimintatutkimuksena Pohjois-Karjalan Opiston teatterilinjalla keväällä 2005. Olen opettanut teatterivaellusta vuodesta 1999 lähtien. Tutkielmaani sisältyvänä käytännön projektina ohjasin linjan pääteoksen, Coline Serreaun näytelmän Kani Kani. Käytännössä tuo tutkiminen tapahtui siten, että yksittäistä kohtausta ja jopa yksittäistä repliikkiä harjoiteltiin ensin ulkona erilaisissa maaston kohdissa hakien parasta maastoa ja toimintaa tekstin ajatuksen ja sisällön tuottamiselle; sellaista fyysistä vastusta ja väsymyksen tilaa, jolloin näyttelemisen este olisi mahdollisimman pieni. Löydetty ilmaisu pyrittiin paikallistamaan niin fyysisesti kehoon kuin ajatteluunkin. Tämän ulkoharjoituksen jälkeen tultiin sisälle harjoittelemaan samoja kohtauksia, pyrkien säilyttämään tuo ulkona löydetty ilmaisu. Harjoiteltiin ja tehtiin muistiinpanoja työpäiväkirjoihin. Tutkimusmenetelminä olivat kyselyt oppilailta ja omat päiväkirjamuistiinpanot. Tutkielmani yhteenvetona totean, että ulkoa löydetyn ilmaisun siirrossa onnistuttiin silloin, kun toiminta tai tapahtuma siirtyi ulkoa sellaisenaan, samankaltaisina tekoina sisälle; tai silloin kun näyttämöllä käytettiin samankaltaista liikettä ja esineistöä kuin maastossa. Teatterivaellus toi mukanaan koko esityksen estetiikan, tavan olla ja esittää. Itselleni tämä tutkielma antoi varmuuden siitä, että teatterivaellus on oikeasti yksi mahdollinen tapa lähestyä näyttelijäntyötä ja esityksen ohjaamista.

Partnering in the Dynamic Environment: The Role of Trust in Asymmetric Technology Partnership Formation

The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of the role and nature of trust in asymmetric technology partnership formation. In the knowledge-based "learning race" knowledge is considered as a primary source for competitive advantage. In the emerging ICT sector the high pace of technological change, the convergence of technologies and industries as well as the increasing complexity and uncertainty have forced even the largest players to seek cooperation for complementary knowledge and capabilities. Small technology firms need the complementary resources and legitimacy of the large firms to grow and compete in the global market place. Most of the earlier research indicates, however, that partnerships with asymmetric size, managerial resources and cultures have failed. A basic assumption supported by earlier research was that trust is a critical factor in asymmetric technology partnership formation. Asymmetric technology partnership formation is a dynamic and multi-dimensional process, and consequently a holistic research approach was selected. Research issue was approached from different levels: the individual decision-maker, the firm and the relationship between the parties. Also the impact of the dynamic environment and technology content was analyzed. A multitheoretical approach and a qualitative research method with in-depth interviews in five large ICT companies and eight small ICT companies enabled a holistic and rich view of the research issue. Study contributes on the scarce understanding on the nature and evolution of trust in asymmetric technology partnership formation. It sheds also light on the specific nature of asymmetric technology partnerships. The partnerships were found to be tentative and the diverse strategic intent of small and large technology firms appeared as a major challenge. The role of the boundary spanner was highlighted as a possibility to match the incompatible organizational cultures. A shared vision was found to be a pre-condition for individual-based fast trust leading to intuitive decision-making and experimentation. The relationships were tentative and they were continuously re-evaluated through the key actors' sense making of the technology content, asymmetry and the dynamic environment. A multi-dimensional conceptualization for trust was created and propositions on the role and nature of trust for further research are given. The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of the role and nature of trust in asymmetric technology partnership formation. In the knowledge-based "learning race" knowledge is considered as a primary source for competitive advantage. In the emerging ICT sector the high pace of technological change, the convergence of technologies and industries as well as the increasing complexity and uncertainty have forced even the largest players to seek cooperation for complementary knowledge and capabilities. Small technology firms need the complementary resources and legitimacy of the large firms to grow and compete in the global market place. Most of the earlier research indicates, however, that partnerships with asymmetric size, managerial resources and cultures have failed. A basic assumption supported by earlier research was that trust is a critical factor in asymmetric technology partnership formation. Asymmetric technology partnership formation is a dynamic and multi-dimensional process, and consequently a holistic research approach was selected. Research issue was approached from different levels: the individual decision-maker, the firm and the relationship between the parties. Also the impact of the dynamic environment and technology content was analyzed. A multitheoretical approach and a qualitative research method with in-depth interviews in five large ICT companies and eight small ICT companies enabled a holistic and rich view of the research issue. Study contributes on the scarce understanding on the nature and evolution of trust in asymmetric technology partnership formation. It sheds also light on the specific nature of asymmetric technology partnerships. The partnerships were found to be tentative and the diverse strategic intent of small and large technology firms appeared as a major challenge. The role of the boundary spanner was highlighted as a possibility to match the incompatible organizational cultures. A shared vision was found to be a pre-condition for individual-based fast trust leading to intuitive decision-making and experimentation. The relationships were tentative and they were continuously re-evaluated through the key actors' sense making of the technology content, asymmetry and the dynamic environment. A multi-dimensional conceptualization for trust was created and propositions on the role and nature of trust for further research are given.

Tyypin I diabetesta sairastavan nuoren ohjausmenetelmät ja niiden vaikuttavuus : kirjallisuuskatsaus

Diabeetikkojen määrä on lisääntynyt viime vuosina ja sairastuvuus on edelleen nousussa. Ohjaus on tämän päivän hoitotyössä yksi sairaanhoitajan tärkeimmistä taidoista. Tätä aihetta on siis ajankohtaista käsitellä. Työ kuuluu osana Lapsen, nuoren ja lapsiperheen ohjaus -projektia. Tarkoituksena on ollut selvittää mitä eri ohjausmenetelmiä on käytössä kun ohjataan tyypin I diabetekseen sairastunutta nuorta ja mitkä tekijät ovat vaikuttaneet nuorten voimaantumiseen ja omahoitoon sitoutumiseen. Työ on rajattu käsittelemään 13-18 vuotiaiden nuorten ohjausta. Työ on tehty soveltaen systemaattista kirjallisuuskatsausta. Kirjallisuushaut tehtiin Helka, Kurre, Ovid (CINAHL ja MEDLINE) sekä Medic tietokannoista. Työhön on koottu mahdollisimman kattavasti aihetta käsitteleviä tieteellisiä julkaisuja. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu yhteensä 17 tieteellisestä artikkelista, pro graduista ja väitöskirjoista. Kirjallisuuden mukaan tyypin I diabeteksen ohjausmenetelmiä ovat: yksilö- ja ryhmäohjaus, suullinen ja kirjallinen ohjaus, diabetesleirit ja sopeutumisvalmennuskurssit, puhelin- ja sähköpostiohjaus, demonstraatio ja käytännönharjoittelu, audiovisuaalinen ohjaus, ongelmaperustainen oppiminen eli PBL (problem based learning) sekä empowerment-ajattelutapaan perustuva viiden askeleen ohjausmalli. Tutkimusten mukaan potilaat arvostavat enemmän yksilöohjausta. Sairauden hyväksymisen ja sopeutumisen kannalta erityisen tärkeää nuorille on ryhmältä saatu tuki, jota on mahdollista saada muun muassa sopeutumisvalmennuskursseilla. Kirjallisen ohjausmateriaalin on todettu olevan vaikuttava ja taloudellinen menetelmä, kun se on tukemassa suullista ohjausta. Puhelinohjaus on varteenotettava tapa antaa ohjausta diabeetikoille, varsinkin niille jotka eivät ole lähellä terveyspalveluita. Tutkimuksista tuli myös esille, että potilaat halusivat ohjausmateriaalia myös videoina, koska se auttaa heitä havainnollistamisessa. Verrattaessa PBL-ohjausta saaneita nuoria yksilöohjausta saaneisiin diabeetikoihin, oli PBL-ohjauksessa olevat nuoret sitoutuneempia hoitoon. Nuorten hoitoon sitoutumiseen vaikuttaa myös perheeltä ja kavereilta saatu tuki sekä hoitohenkilökunnalta saatu tuki. Diabetesohjausta voidaan toteuttaa monella eri menetelmällä. Ohjausmenetelmistä löytyy vaihtelevasti syventävää tietoa. Tutkimuksellista tietoa tarvitaan lisää ohjausmenetelmien käytännön toteutuksesta ja niiden vaikutuksesta nuoren omahoitoon sitoutumiseen.

Image quality in CT: From physical measurements to model observers.

Evaluation of image quality (IQ) in Computed Tomography (CT) is important to ensure that diagnostic questions are correctly answered, whilst keeping radiation dose to the patient as low as is reasonably possible. The assessment of individual aspects of IQ is already a key component of routine quality control of medical x-ray devices. These values together with standard dose indicators can be used to give rise to 'figures of merit' (FOM) to characterise the dose efficiency of the CT scanners operating in certain modes. The demand for clinically relevant IQ characterisation has naturally increased with the development of CT technology (detectors efficiency, image reconstruction and processing), resulting in the adaptation and evolution of assessment methods. The purpose of this review is to present the spectrum of various methods that have been used to characterise image quality in CT: from objective measurements of physical parameters to clinically task-based approaches (i.e. model observer (MO) approach) including pure human observer approach. When combined together with a dose indicator, a generalised dose efficiency index can be explored in a framework of system and patient dose optimisation. We will focus on the IQ methodologies that are required for dealing with standard reconstruction, but also for iterative reconstruction algorithms. With this concept the previously used FOM will be presented with a proposal to update them in order to make them relevant and up to date with technological progress. The MO that objectively assesses IQ for clinically relevant tasks represents the most promising method in terms of radiologist sensitivity performance and therefore of most relevance in the clinical environment.

L'informatique: un outil remarquable pour l'enseignement de la médecine interne générale [The informatics: a remarkable tool for teaching general internal medicine].

INTERMED training implies a three week course, integrated in the "primary care module" for medical students in the first master year at the school of medicine in Lausanne. INTERMED uses an innovative teaching method based on repetitive sequences of e-learning-based individual learning followed by collaborative learning activities in teams, named Team-based learning (TBL). The e-learning takes place in a web-based virtual learning environment using a series of interactive multimedia virtual patients. By using INTERMED students go through a complete medical encounter applying clinical reasoning and choosing the diagnostic and therapeutic approach. INTERMED offers an authentic experience in an engaging and safe environment where errors are allowed and without consequences.

La formulación magistral: adquisición de compètencias mediante ABP y estrategias no presenciales

[cast] La formulación magistral, una de las actividades profesionales más representativas del farmacéutico, consiste en la elaboración, de acuerdo con una prescripción médica, de un medicamento personalizado, adaptado a un paciente concreto, en un compromiso profesional de solucionar un problema de salud específico. La amplia oferta de medicamentos industriales ha reducido considerablemente esta actividad, que a pesar de todo, debe considerarse una herramienta de futuro en sintonía con la tendencia personalizadora actual de la medicina y las necesidades del paciente. Los conocimientos y competencias requeridas para dicha actividad profesional se introducen actualmente en la carrera de Farmacia mediante una asignatura optativa. En el presente trabajo se presenta el planteamiento metodológico diseñado por el Grupo de Innovación Docente de Tecnología Farmacéutica (GIDTF) y el grupo e-Galenica, ambos de la Universidad de Barcelona, para esta asignatura. Dicha metodología esta basada en el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) incluyendo tutorías y prácticas de campo, apoyada en estrategias no presenciales como foro de debate, recursos on-line, cuestionarios y tareas de autoevaluación a través de la plataforma Moodle del Campus Virtual de la UB. Se evalúan asimismo los resultados académicos y las respuestas de los estudiantes a las encuestas realizadas en relación al sistema de impartición de la asignatura. [eng] The pharmaceutical compounding, one of the most representative professional activities of pharmacists, involves the preparation of an individualized medicine tailored to a specific patient in a professional commitment to solve a specific health problem, according to a prescription. The wide range of industrial medicine has significantly reduced this activity, which nevertheless should be considered a tool of the future in line with the current trend of personalizing medicine and patient needs. The knowledge and competences required for this professional activity are introduced to the students of Pharmacy through an optional subject. In this paper we present the ethodological approach developed for this subject by the Teaching Innovation Group of pharmaceutical Technology (GIDTF) and e-Galenica group, both from the University of Barcelona. This methodology is based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) including tutorials and practices in other centres, supported by out of class strategies as discussion forum, online resources, self-assessment questionnaires and work through the platform Moodle of Virtual Campus UB. The academic performance and student responses to surveys in relation to the didactic methodology are also assessed.

Iterative reconstruction in CT : using mathematical model observers to determine low dose images' trustworthiness

La tomodensitométrie (TDM) est une technique d'imagerie pour laquelle l'intérêt n'a cessé de croitre depuis son apparition au début des années 70. De nos jours, l'utilisation de cette technique est devenue incontournable, grâce entre autres à sa capacité à produire des images diagnostiques de haute qualité. Toutefois, et en dépit d'un bénéfice indiscutable sur la prise en charge des patients, l'augmentation importante du nombre d'examens TDM pratiqués soulève des questions sur l'effet potentiellement dangereux des rayonnements ionisants sur la population. Parmi ces effets néfastes, l'induction de cancers liés à l'exposition aux rayonnements ionisants reste l'un des risques majeurs. Afin que le rapport bénéfice-risques reste favorable au patient il est donc nécessaire de s'assurer que la dose délivrée permette de formuler le bon diagnostic tout en évitant d'avoir recours à des images dont la qualité est inutilement élevée. Ce processus d'optimisation, qui est une préoccupation importante pour les patients adultes, doit même devenir une priorité lorsque l'on examine des enfants ou des adolescents, en particulier lors d'études de suivi requérant plusieurs examens tout au long de leur vie. Enfants et jeunes adultes sont en effet beaucoup plus sensibles aux radiations du fait de leur métabolisme plus rapide que celui des adultes. De plus, les probabilités des évènements auxquels ils s'exposent sont également plus grandes du fait de leur plus longue espérance de vie. L'introduction des algorithmes de reconstruction itératifs, conçus pour réduire l'exposition des patients, est certainement l'une des plus grandes avancées en TDM, mais elle s'accompagne de certaines difficultés en ce qui concerne l'évaluation de la qualité des images produites. Le but de ce travail est de mettre en place une stratégie pour investiguer le potentiel des algorithmes itératifs vis-à-vis de la réduction de dose sans pour autant compromettre la qualité du diagnostic. La difficulté de cette tâche réside principalement dans le fait de disposer d'une méthode visant à évaluer la qualité d'image de façon pertinente d'un point de vue clinique. La première étape a consisté à caractériser la qualité d'image lors d'examen musculo-squelettique. Ce travail a été réalisé en étroite collaboration avec des radiologues pour s'assurer un choix pertinent de critères de qualité d'image. Une attention particulière a été portée au bruit et à la résolution des images reconstruites à l'aide d'algorithmes itératifs. L'analyse de ces paramètres a permis aux radiologues d'adapter leurs protocoles grâce à une possible estimation de la perte de qualité d'image liée à la réduction de dose. Notre travail nous a également permis d'investiguer la diminution de la détectabilité à bas contraste associée à une diminution de la dose ; difficulté majeure lorsque l'on pratique un examen dans la région abdominale. Sachant que des alternatives à la façon standard de caractériser la qualité d'image (métriques de l'espace Fourier) devaient être utilisées, nous nous sommes appuyés sur l'utilisation de modèles d'observateurs mathématiques. Nos paramètres expérimentaux ont ensuite permis de déterminer le type de modèle à utiliser. Les modèles idéaux ont été utilisés pour caractériser la qualité d'image lorsque des paramètres purement physiques concernant la détectabilité du signal devaient être estimés alors que les modèles anthropomorphes ont été utilisés dans des contextes cliniques où les résultats devaient être comparés à ceux d'observateurs humain, tirant profit des propriétés de ce type de modèles. Cette étude a confirmé que l'utilisation de modèles d'observateurs permettait d'évaluer la qualité d'image en utilisant une approche basée sur la tâche à effectuer, permettant ainsi d'établir un lien entre les physiciens médicaux et les radiologues. Nous avons également montré que les reconstructions itératives ont le potentiel de réduire la dose sans altérer la qualité du diagnostic. Parmi les différentes reconstructions itératives, celles de type « model-based » sont celles qui offrent le plus grand potentiel d'optimisation, puisque les images produites grâce à cette modalité conduisent à un diagnostic exact même lors d'acquisitions à très basse dose. Ce travail a également permis de clarifier le rôle du physicien médical en TDM: Les métriques standards restent utiles pour évaluer la conformité d'un appareil aux requis légaux, mais l'utilisation de modèles d'observateurs est inévitable pour optimiser les protocoles d'imagerie. -- Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique in which interest has been quickly growing since it began to be used in the 1970s. Today, it has become an extensively used modality because of its ability to produce accurate diagnostic images. However, even if a direct benefit to patient healthcare is attributed to CT, the dramatic increase in the number of CT examinations performed has raised concerns about the potential negative effects of ionising radiation on the population. Among those negative effects, one of the major risks remaining is the development of cancers associated with exposure to diagnostic X-ray procedures. In order to ensure that the benefits-risk ratio still remains in favour of the patient, it is necessary to make sure that the delivered dose leads to the proper diagnosis without producing unnecessarily high-quality images. This optimisation scheme is already an important concern for adult patients, but it must become an even greater priority when examinations are performed on children or young adults, in particular with follow-up studies which require several CT procedures over the patient's life. Indeed, children and young adults are more sensitive to radiation due to their faster metabolism. In addition, harmful consequences have a higher probability to occur because of a younger patient's longer life expectancy. The recent introduction of iterative reconstruction algorithms, which were designed to substantially reduce dose, is certainly a major achievement in CT evolution, but it has also created difficulties in the quality assessment of the images produced using those algorithms. The goal of the present work was to propose a strategy to investigate the potential of iterative reconstructions to reduce dose without compromising the ability to answer the diagnostic questions. The major difficulty entails disposing a clinically relevant way to estimate image quality. To ensure the choice of pertinent image quality criteria this work was continuously performed in close collaboration with radiologists. The work began by tackling the way to characterise image quality when dealing with musculo-skeletal examinations. We focused, in particular, on image noise and spatial resolution behaviours when iterative image reconstruction was used. The analyses of the physical parameters allowed radiologists to adapt their image acquisition and reconstruction protocols while knowing what loss of image quality to expect. This work also dealt with the loss of low-contrast detectability associated with dose reduction, something which is a major concern when dealing with patient dose reduction in abdominal investigations. Knowing that alternative ways had to be used to assess image quality rather than classical Fourier-space metrics, we focused on the use of mathematical model observers. Our experimental parameters determined the type of model to use. Ideal model observers were applied to characterise image quality when purely objective results about the signal detectability were researched, whereas anthropomorphic model observers were used in a more clinical context, when the results had to be compared with the eye of a radiologist thus taking advantage of their incorporation of human visual system elements. This work confirmed that the use of model observers makes it possible to assess image quality using a task-based approach, which, in turn, establishes a bridge between medical physicists and radiologists. It also demonstrated that statistical iterative reconstructions have the potential to reduce the delivered dose without impairing the quality of the diagnosis. Among the different types of iterative reconstructions, model-based ones offer the greatest potential, since images produced using this modality can still lead to an accurate diagnosis even when acquired at very low dose. This work has clarified the role of medical physicists when dealing with CT imaging. The use of the standard metrics used in the field of CT imaging remains quite important when dealing with the assessment of unit compliance to legal requirements, but the use of a model observer is the way to go when dealing with the optimisation of the imaging protocols.

Web and education, a successful open entanglement

E-learning, understood as the intensive use of Information and Communication Technologies in mainly but not only) distance education, has radically changed the meaning of the latter. E-learning is an overused term which has been applied to any use of technology in education. Today, the most widely accepted meaning ofe-learning coincides with the fourth generation described by Taylor (1999), where there is an asynchronousprocess that allows students and teachers to interact in an educational process expressly designed in accordance with these principles. We prefer to speak of Internet-Based Learning or, better still, Web-Based Learning, for example, to explain the fact that distance education is carried out using the Internet, with the appearance of the virtual learning environment concept, a web space where the teaching and learning process is generated and supported (Sangrà, 2002). This entails overcoming the barriers of space and time of brickand mortar education (although we prefer the term face-to-face) or of classical distance education using broadcasting and adopting a completely asynchronous model that allows access to education by many more users, at any level (including secondary education, but primarily higher education and lifelong learning).

Assessment of research competences using e-portfolio

The challenges posed by the assessment of distance learning is a topic that requires, on the one hand, evolution with new trends and, on the other improving evaluative processes, to promote good practices. This demand becomes more imperative when we are dealing with a formativescenario based on distance assessment of competence-based learning.The Open University of Catalonia has begun to work with these formative tools, promoting new practices for online education. A very clear example of these educational practices is the assessment of research competences using the e-portfolio system. To meet this aim a profound and solid process has been developed over recent years, with the intention of making this tool an assessment alternative, and providing the opportunity to use it in a formative context. The objective is to study its strengths and limitations keeping in mind the final goal of offering the higher education community a validated assessment system.

Consideraciones sobre la fundamentación psicopedagógica del ABP : aspectos esenciales

La metodología ABP respeta la tendencia innata al crecimiento y la autorrealización defendida desde la psicología humanista, y permite crear el contexto de desarrollo idóneo para satisfacer las necesidades psicológicas básicas propuestas desde la teoría de la autodeterminación. Por su contribución al desarrollo de las competencias personales y sociales, está indicada tanto para universitarios como para alumnado de niveles preuniversitarios

Diseño de aplicativos de "autodiagnóstico sectoriales" como soporte del trabajo autónomo en el nuevo EEES

El objetivo de estos aplicativos, centrados cada uno de ellos en diferentes sectores de la economía, es facilitar la consecución de uno de los objetivos vinculados a la implantación del Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior (EEES), donde se establece que el proceso formativo universitario debe basarse en desarrollar el estudio continuado y autónomo de los estudiantes (self-regulated/managed learning). Nuestro aplicativo informático es un instrumento mediante el cual el alumno, de forma autónoma, puede autoevaluar cuál es su nivel de conocimiento de los contenidos de las asignaturas de Estadística (grado de A.D.E. de la Universitat de Barcelona) a través del análisis de una empresa ubicada en un determinado sector económico. En este sentido, también puede entenderse como un material didáctico en la línea del llamado aprendizaje basado en problemas (problem-based learning). Con una estructura dinámica, basada en cuestiones de opción múltiple, e incorporada como módulo dentro de la plataforma Moodle (utilizada por la Universitat de Barcelona), permite una ejecución "on-line" de su contenido. Nuestra herramienta es un ejemplo más de cómo el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), puede contribuir enormemente a la innovación de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el contexto universitario1

Brain dynamics sustaining rapid rule extraction from speech

Language acquisition is a complex process that requires the synergic involvement of different cognitive functions, which include extracting and storing the words of the language and their embedded rules for progressive acquisition of grammatical information. As has been shown in other fields that study learning processes, synchronization mechanisms between neuronal assemblies might have a key role during language learning. In particular, studying these dynamics may help uncover whether different oscillatory patterns sustain more item-based learning of words and rule-based learning from speech input. Therefore, we tracked the modulation of oscillatory neural activity during the initial exposure to an artificial language, which contained embedded rules. We analyzed both spectral power variations, as a measure of local neuronal ensemble synchronization, as well as phase coherence patterns, as an index of the long-range coordination of these local groups of neurons. Synchronized activity in the gamma band (2040 Hz), previously reported to be related to the engagement of selective attention, showed a clear dissociation of local power and phase coherence between distant regions. In this frequency range, local synchrony characterized the subjects who were focused on word identification and was accompanied by increased coherence in the theta band (48 Hz). Only those subjects who were able to learn the embedded rules showed increased gamma band phase coherence between frontal, temporal, and parietal regions.

Las redes de innovación docente de la Universitat de Girona : la perspectiva de los coordinadores

In 2009 the University of Girona (Spain) created four interest groups on teaching innovation. The objective of the project is that lecturers with an interest in teaching innovation can exchange their points of view and learn from one another, so University teaching is improved as a result. There are four such groups: “Problem based learning (ABP)”, “Cooperative learning”, “Evaluation”, and “Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Teaching”. The coordinators of the groups or networks, as they are also called, are chosen on a free basis by its members. This paper presents their point of view as regards the current activity of encouragement of interest in higher education and they elaborate on the main difficulties involved. The implications of the interdisciplinary work are explored, as well as the challenges of an initiative of this kind. The evolution of the ongoing work is reviewed, taking into account the context of a changing University, the lack of previous experience regarding projects of this kind, the asynchronous communication among the participants, and the necessity of a flexible approach in organizational matters

Una pràctica de simulació de cas: la resolució de problemes i el procés diagnòstic

En aquest article presentem una experiència docent dins de l’àmbit de la Psicologia del Pensament. Es tracta d’una activitat d’aprenentatge basat en problemes en la qual els estudiants han de reflexionar sobre com determinats continguts de l’assignatura, els de resolució de problemes, estan fortament relacionats amb la seva futura pràctica professional i amb el desenvolupament del seu aprenentatge des de psicòlegs novells a psicòlegs experts. En este artículo presentamos una experiencia docente en el ámbito de la Psicología del Pensamiento. Se trata de una actividad de aprendizaje basado en problemas en la que los estudiantes han de reflexionar sobre cómo determinados contenidos de la asignatura, los de resolución de problemas, estan fuertemente relacionados con su futura práctica profesional y con el desarrollo de su aprendizaje desde psicólogos novatos a psicólogos expertos

La promoción del pensamiento crítico en el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP). Un análisis a partir de los instrumentos de medición

[spa] La literatura científica sobre el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP) ha dedicado una atención creciente a la cuestión del pensamiento crítico a lo largo de las dos últimas décadas. Los trabajos de investigación que se han llevado a cabo en los distintos contextos disciplinares de la educación superior presentan definiciones e instrumentos de medición del pensamiento crítico dispares. El presente artículo parte de dicha apreciación y trata de revisar sistemáticamente los mencionados trabajos con un doble objetivo: por un lado, esbozar una clasificación de los instrumentos de medición del pensamiento crítico de estudiantes de ABP y, por el otro, mostrar una panorámica de las evidencias hasta ahora obtenidas; todo ello con la finalidad de animar a profesores, estudiosos y autoridades académicas a seguir avanzando en esta línea de investigación. [eng] Critical thinking has received growing attention from scientific literature on Problem-Based Learning (PBL)during the last two decades. The research carried out in different disciplinary contexts of higher education presents disparate definitions and measuring instruments of critical thinking. This article aims to review systematically the mentioned literature with a dual purpose: on the one hand, to outline a classification of instruments measuring PBL students' critical thinking, on the other, to show an overview of the evidence so far obtained; all of this with the ultimate purpose of encouraging teachers, scholars and academical authorities to proceed further in this line of research.