Los judíos en la legislación castellana medieval : notas para su estudio (siglos X-XIII)

Resumen: En el presente artículo nos abocaremos al estudio de las relaciones cristiano- judías en Castilla entre los siglos X y XIII a partir del análisis de la legislación castellana contenida en cartas pueblas, fueros, ordenanzas, Partidas y otros tantos instrumentos jurídico legales.

Efecto de la suplementación con Moringa oleifera sobre el comportamiento productivo de ovinos alimentados con una dieta basal de pasto guinea (Panicum maximun Jacq.)

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca Santa Rosa propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, localizada geográficamente en los 12°08’15’’ latitud Norte y 86°09’36’’ longitud Este, en el Departamento de Managua, Nicaragua con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento productivo de ovinos alimentados con una dieta basal de pasto guinea ( Panicum máximum Jacq) y suplementados con diferentes niveles de Moringa oleífera . Se utilizaron 18 corderos mestizos (Pelibuey x Black belly) con pesos iníciales promedio de 20 ± 2 kg, los cuales fueron desparasitados, vitaminados y distribuidos en un Diseño Completamente Aleatorio con tres tratamientos: Panicum máximum ad-libitum , P. máximum ad-libitum + 0.35 kg MS M. oleífera , y P. máximum ad-libitum + 0.50 kg MS M. oleífera . Las variables estudiadas fueron: consumo total de MS (CTMS), ganancia media diaria (GMD) y conversión alimenticia (CA). Se realizó análisis de varianza y comparaciones de medias con la Prueba de Tukey utilizando MINITAB, versión 12.0. Los resultados de los análisis de varianza (P<0,05) mostraron que el mejor CTMS, GMD y CA se obtiene con la utilización de P. máximum ad-libitum + 0.50 kg MS M. oleífera (0.8 kg MS/animal/día, 117.97 g/animal/día y 6.78), el que difiere estadísticamente (P< 0.05) del tratamiento con Panicum máximum ad-libitum , (0.57 kg MS/animal/día, 30.85 g/ animal/día y 18.47) pero (P> 0.05) del tratamiento P. máximum ad-libitum + 0.35 kg MS M. oleífera , (0.73 kg MS/animal/día, 90.91 g/animal/día y 8.02). En conclusión el forraje de M. oleifera como suplemento proteico para ovinos consumiendo una dieta basal de P. máximum incrementa la ganancia de peso y mejora el consumo total de MS y la conversión alimenticia.

Las políticas p��blicas de la Unión Europea ante el despertar económico del gigante chino

x, 386 p.: graf.

Caracterización estructural de complejos ribosomales de iniciación y de pre-translocación mediante microscop��a electrónica

120 p : il. col.

The structure and the dynamics of poly(vinyl methyl ether) PVME and in PVME concentrated water solution : a study by neutron scattering and fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations

175 p. : il.

P-选择素Lectin结构域稳定性的模拟预测

<正>选择素(selectin)与其配体间相互作用介导的细胞粘附在炎症级联反应、肿瘤转移和淋巴细胞归巢等病理、生理过程中起重要作用[1]。X-ray衍射发现P-选择素的最小功

A laser-diode-pumped acoustic-optic Q-switched Nd:YVO4 slab laser with a hybrid resonator

A 32.1 W laser-diode-stack pumped acoustic-optic Q-switched Nd:YVO4 slab laser with hybrid resonator at 1064 nm was demonstrated with the pumping power of 112 W and repetition rate of 40 kHz, the pulse duration was 32.47 ns. The slope efficiency and optical-to-optical efficiency were 37 and 28.7%, respectively. At the repetition rate of 20 kHz and pumping power of 90 W, the average output power and pulse duration were 20.4 W and 20.43 ns, respectively. With the pumping power of 112 W, the beam quality M-2 factors in CW operation were measured to be 1.3 in stable direction and 1.6 in unstable direction.

Estudio de las estructuras cristalinas y de las transiciones de fase en nuevos materiales de wolframio (SrM2+W6+O) y de antimonio (AM3+Sb5+O) con estructura de perovskita doble.

Los óxidos mixtos con estructura tipo perovskita doble A2BBO6 presentan gran interés desde el punto de vista científico y tecnológico debido a la gran variedad de propiedades que poseen: superconductoras, catalíticas, magnéticas y magnetorresistentes, por ejemplo. La temperatura es un variable que permite modificar la simetría de la estructura cristalina y, consecuentemente, las propiedades físicas del material. El trabajo describe la s��ntesis, caracterización estructural y de las transiciones de fase en nuevos materiales de dos familias de perovskitas dobles: la familia de wolframio (Sr2M2+W6+O6) y la familia de antimonio (A2M3+Sb5+O6). Se ha llevado a cabo la s��ntesis de 29 compuestos, 22 de ellos sintetizados por primera vez. Los compuestos se han caracterizado mediante técnicas de difracción de rayos X y de neutrones, determinando su estructura cristalina a temperatura ambiente, as�� como las posibles transiciones de fase a bajas y altas temperaturas, y en algunos casos, también las estructuras de altas y bajas temperaturas. Los materiales de la familia de wolframio estudiados en este trabajo presentan un ordenamiento total entre los cationes M2+ y W6+ en los sitios B y B de la perovskita doble (A2BBO6); y presentan, además, una única secuencia de transiciones de fase a altas temperaturas: P21/n -> I4/m -> Fm3m. Las temperaturas de las transiciones de fase observadas en estos compuestos en función del factor de tolerancia (t), muestran una tendencia general de disminución según t se aproxima a 1. En esta familia, se observa, también, que el rango de existencia de la fase tetragonal intermedia es más amplio para valores de t mayores. Con respecto de la familia de antimonio, el ordenamiento catiónico en los sitios A y B, de una parte, y en los sitios B y B de otra, depende del tamaño de los cationes. Los compuestos de esta familia presentan una gran variedad de grupos espaciales a temperatura ambiente: P2_1 /n, I2/m, I4/m, R-3 y Fm-3m. Además, dependiendo de la diferencia entre los tamaños de los cationes M^3+ y Sb^5+ , los compuestos presentan dos secuencias de transiciones de fase en todo el rango de temperatura: P21/n->I2/m->I4/m->Fm-3m, la misma que en la familia del wolframio pero con una simetría intermedia monoclínica I2/m (compuestos con cationes M^3+ de tamaños similares al del Sb^5+ ); y P21/n -> R-3 -> Fm-3m, con una simetría intermedia trigonal en vez de tetragonal, como en la familia del wolframio (compuestos con cationes M3+ de tamaños mayores que el del Sb5+ ). En esta familia, las temperaturas de las transiciones de fase disminuyen conforme aumenta t.

A singularly perturbed linear two-point boundary-value problem

<p>We consider the following singularly perturbed linear two-point boundary-value problem:p> <p>Ly(x) ≡ Ω(ε)D_xy(x) - A(x,ε)y(x) = f(x,ε) 0≤x���1 (1a)p> <p>By ≡ L(ε)y(0) + R(ε)y(1) = g(ε) ε → 0^+ (1b)p> <p>Here Ω(ε) is a diagonal matrix whose first m diagonal elements are 1 and last m elements are ε. Aside from reasonable continuity conditions placed on A, L, R, f, g, we assume the lower right mxm principle submatrix of A has no eigenvalues whose real part is zero. Under these assumptions a constructive technique is used to derive sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique solution of (1). These sufficient conditions are used to define when (1) is a regular problem. It is then shown that as ε → 0^+ the solution of a regular problem exists and converges on every closed subinterval of (0,1) to a solution of the reduced problem. The reduced problem consists of the differential equation obtained by formally setting ε equal to zero in (1a) and initial conditions obtained from the boundary conditions (1b). Several examples of regular problems are also considered.p> <p>A similar technique is used to derive the properties of the solution of a particular difference scheme used to approximate (1). Under restrictions on the boundary conditions (1b) it is shown that for the stepsize much larger than ε the solution of the difference scheme, when applied to a regular problem, accurately represents the solution of the reduced problem.p> <p>Furthermore, the existence of a similarity transformation which block diagonalizes a matrix is presented as well as exponential bounds on certain fundamental solution matrices associated with the problem (1).p>

Arithmetic of cyclotomic fields and Fermat-type equations

<p>Let l be any odd prime, and ζ a primitive l-th root of unity. Let C_l be the l-Sylow subgroup of the ideal class group of Q(ζ). The Teichmüller character w : Z_l → Z^*_l is given by w(x) = x (mod l), where w(x) is a p-1-st root of unity, and x ∈ Z_l. Under the action of this character, C_l decomposes as a direct sum of C^((i))_l, where C^((i))_l is the eigenspace corresponding to w^i. Let the order of C^((3))_l be l^h_3). The main result of this thesis is the following: For every n ≥ max( 1, h_3 ), the equation x^(ln) + y^(ln) + z^(ln) = 0 has no integral solutions (x,y,z) with l ≠ xyz. The same result is also proven with n ≥ max(1,h_5), under the assumption that C_l^((5)) is a cyclic group of order l^h_5. Applications of the methods used to prove the above results to the second case of Fermat's last theorem and to a Fermat-like equation in four variables are given.p> <p>The proof uses a series of ideas of H.S. Vandiver ([Vl],[V2]) along with a theorem of M. Kurihara [Ku] and some consequences of the proof of lwasawa's main conjecture for cyclotomic fields by B. Mazur and A. Wiles [MW]. In [V1] Vandiver claimed that the first case of Fermat's Last Theorem held for l if l did not divide the class number h^+ of the maximal real subfield of Q(e^(2πi/i)). The crucial gap in Vandiver's attempted proof that has been known to experts is explained, and complete proofs of all the results used from his papers are given.p>

Influence of composition on the structure and properties of Fe-Pd-P and Ni-Pd-P amorphous alloys

<p>Ternary alloys of nickel-palladium-phosphorus and iron-palladium- phosphorus containing 20 atomic % phosphorus were rapidly quenched from the liquid state. The structure of the quenched alloys was investigated by X-ray diffraction. Broad maxima in the diffraction patterns, indicative of a glass-like structure, were obtained for 13 to 73 atomic % nickel and 13 to 44 atomic % iron, with palladium adding up to 80%.p> <p>Radial distribution functions were computed from the diffraction data and yielded average interatomic distances and coordination numbers. The structure of the amorphous alloys could be explained in terms of structural units analogous to those existing in the crystalline Pd<sub>3sub>P, Ni<sub>3sub>P and Fe<sub>3sub>P phases, with iron or nickel substituting for palladium. A linear relationship between interatomic distances and composition, similar to Vegard's law, was shown for these metallic glasses.p> <p>Electrical resistivity measurements showed that the quenched alloys were metallic. Measurements were performed from liquid helium temperatures (4.2°K) up to the vicinity of the melting points (900°K- 1000°K). The temperature coefficient in the glassy state was very low, of the order of 10<sup>-4sup>/°K. A resistivity minimum was found at low temperature, varying between 9°K and 14°K for Ni_x-Pd_80-x -P<sub>20sub> and between 17°K and 96°K for Fe_x-Pd_80-x -P<sub>20sub>, indicating the presence of a Kondo effect. Resistivity measurements, with a constant heating rate of about 1.5°C/min,showed progressive crystallization above approximately 600°K.p> <p>The magnetic moments of the amorphous Fe-Pd-P alloys were measured as a function of magnetic field and temperature. True ferromagnetism was found for the alloys Fe<sub>32sub>-Pd<sub>48sub>-P<sub>20sub> and Fe<sub>44sub>-Pd<sub>36sub>-P<sub>20sub> with Curie points at 165° K and 380° K respectively. Extrapolated values of the saturation magnetic moments to 0° K were 1.70 µ<sub>Bsub> and 2.10 µ<sub>Bsub> respectively. The amorphous alloy Fe<sub>23sub>-Pd<sub>57sub>-P<sub>20sub> was assumed to be superparamagnetic. The experimental data indicate that phosphorus contributes to the decrease of moments by electron transfer, whereas palladium atoms probably have a small magnetic moment. A preliminary investigation of the Ni-Pd-P amorphous alloys showed that these alloys are weakly paramagnetic.p>

Some generalizations of commutativity for linear transformations on a finite dimensional vector space

<p>Let L be the algebra of all linear transformations on an n-dimensional vector space V over a field F and let A, B, ƐL. Let A<sub>i+1sub> = A<sub>isub>B - BA<sub>isub>, i = 0, 1, 2,…, with A = A<sub>osub>. Let f<sub>ksub> (A, B; σ) = A<sub>2K+1sub> - <sup>σsup>1<sup>Asup>2K-1 <sup>+sup> <sup>σsup>2<sup>Asup>2K-3 -… +(-1)<sup>Ksup>σ<sub>Ksub>A<sub>1sub> where σ = (σ<sub>1sub>, σ<sub>2sub>,…, σ<sub>Ksub>), σ<sub>isub> belong to F and K = k(k-1)/2. Taussky and Wielandt [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 13(1962), 732-735] showed that f<sub>nsub>(A, B; σ) = 0 if σ<sub>isub> is the i<sup>thsup> elementary symmetric function of (β<sub>4sub>- β_s)<sup>2sup>, 1 ≤ r ˂ s ≤ n, i = 1, 2, …, N, with N = n(n-1)/2, where β<sub>4sub> are the characteristic roots of B. In this thesis we discuss relations involving f<sub>ksub>(X, Y; σ) where X, Y Ɛ L and 1 ≤ k ˂ n. We show: 1. If F is infinite and if for each X Ɛ L there exists σ so that f<sub>ksub>(A, X; σ) = 0 where 1 ≤ k ˂ n, then A is a scalar transformation. 2. If F is algebraically closed, a necessary and sufficient condition that there exists a basis of V with respect to which the matrices of A and B are both in block upper triangular form, where the blocks on the diagonals are either one- or two-dimensional, is that certain products X<sub>1sub>, X<sub>2sub>…X<sub>rsub> belong to the radical of the algebra generated by A and B over F, where X<sub>isub> has the form f<sub>2sub>(A, P(A,B); σ), for all polynomials P(x, y). We partially generalize this to the case where the blocks have dimensions ≤ k. 3. If A and B generate L, if the characteristic of F does not divide n and if there exists σ so that f<sub>ksub>(A, B; σ) = 0, for some k with 1 ≤ k ˂ n, then the characteristic roots of B belong to the splitting field of g<sub>ksub>(w; σ) = w<sup>2K+1sup> - σ<sub>1sub>w<sup>2K-1sup> + σ<sub>2sub>w<sup>2K-3sup> - …. +(-1)<sup>Ksup> σ<sub>Ksub>w over F. We use this result to prove a theorem involving a generalized form of property L [cf. Motzkin and Taussky, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 73(1952), 108-114]. 4. Also we give mild generalizations of results of McCoy [Amer. Math. Soc. Bull., 42(1936), 592-600] and Drazin [Proc. London Math. Soc., 1(1951), 222-231]. p>

A generalized Hausdorff dimension for functions and sets

<p>Let E be a compact subset of the n-dimensional unit cube, 1<sub>nsub>, and let C be a collection of convex bodies, all of positive n-dimensional Lebesgue measure, such that C contains bodies with arbitrarily small measure. The dimension of E with respect to the covering class C is defined to be the numberp> <p>d<sub>Csub>(E) = sup(β:H<sub>β, Csub>(E) > 0),p> <p>where H<sub>β, Csub> is the outer measure p> <p>inf(Ʃm(C<sub>isub>)<sup>βsup>:UC<sub>isub> Ↄ E, C<sub>isub> ϵ C) . p> <p>Only the one and two-dimensional cases are studied. Moreover, the covering classes considered are those consisting of intervals and rectangles, parallel to the coordinate axes, and those closed under translations. A covering class is identified with a set of points in the left-open portion, 1’<sub>nsub>, of 1<sub>nsub>, whose closure intersects 1<sub>nsub> - 1’<sub>nsub>. For n = 2, the outer measure H<sub>β, Csub> is adopted in place of the usual: p> <p>Inf(Ʃ(diam. (C<sub>isub>))<sup>βsup>: UC<sub>isub> Ↄ E, C<sub>isub> ϵ C), p> <p>for the purpose of studying the influence of the shape of the covering sets on the dimension d<sub>Csub>(E).p> <p>If E is a closed set in 1<sub>1sub>, let M(E) be the class of all non-decreasing functions μ(x), supported on E with μ(x) = 0, x ≤ 0 and μ(x) = 1, x ≥ 1. Define for each μ ϵ M(E),p> <p>d<sub>Csub>(μ) = lim/c → inf/0 log ∆μ(c)/log c , (c ϵ C)p> <p>where ∆μ(c) = v/x (μ(x+c) – μ(x)). It is shown thatp> <p>d<sub>Csub>(E) = sup (d<sub>Csub>(μ):μ ϵ M(E)).p> <p>This notion of dimension is extended to a certain class Ӻ of sub-additive functions, and the problem of studying the behavior of d<sub>Csub>(E) as a function of the covering class C is reduced to the study of d<sub>Csub>(f) where f ϵ Ӻ. Specifically, the set of points in 1<sub>1sub>,p> <p>(*) {d<sub>Bsub>(F), d<sub>Csub>(f)): f ϵ Ӻ}p> <p>is characterized by a comparison of the relative positions of the points of B and C. A region of the form (*) is always closed and doubly-starred with respect to the points (0, 0) and (1, 1). Conversely, given any closed region in 1<sub>2sub>, doubly-starred with respect to (0, 0) and (1, 1), there are covering classes B and C such that (*) is exactly that region. All of the results are shown to apply to the dimension of closed sets E. Similar results can be obtained when a finite number of covering classes are considered.p> <p>In two dimensions, the notion of dimension is extended to the class M, of functions f(x, y), non-decreasing in x and y, supported on 1<sub>2sub> with f(x, y) = 0 for x · y = 0 and f(1, 1) = 1, by the formulap> <p>d<sub>Csub>(f) = lim/s · t → inf/0 log ∆f(s, t)/log s · t , (s, t) ϵ Cp> <p>wherep> <p>∆f(s, t) = V/x, y (f(x+s, y+t) – f(x+s, y) – f(x, y+t) + f(x, t)).p> <p>A characterization of the equivalence d<sub>Csub><sub>1sub>(f) = d<sub>Csub><sub>2sub>(f) for all f ϵ M, is given by comparison of the gaps in the sets of products s · t and quotients s/t, (s, t) ϵ C<sub>isub> (I = 1, 2). p>

On the Cesari fixed point method in a Banach space

<p>In a paper published in 1961, L. Cesari [1] introduces a method which extends certain earlier existence theorems of Cesari and Hale ([2] to [6]) for perturbation problems to strictly nonlinear problems. Various authors ([1], [7] to [15]) have now applied this method to nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations. The basic idea of the method is to use the contraction principle to reduce an infinite-dimensional fixed point problem to a finite-dimensional problem which may be attacked using the methods of fixed point indexes.p> <p>The following is my formulation of the Cesari fixed point method:p> <p>Let B be a Banach space and let S be a finite-dimensional linear subspace of B. Let P be a projection of B onto S and suppose Г≤B such that p�� is compact and such that for every x in P��, P<sup>-1sup>x���Г is closed. Let W be a continuous mapping from Г into B. The Cesari method gives sufficient conditions for the existence of a fixed point of W in Г. p> <p>Let I denote the identity mapping in B. Clearly y = Wy for some y in Г if and only if both of the following conditions hold:p> <p>(i) Py = PWy.p> <p>(ii) y = (P + (I - P)W)y.p> <p>Definition. The Cesari fixed paint method applies to (Г, W, P) if and only if the following three conditions are satisfied:p> <p>(1) For each x in P��, P + (I - P)W is a contraction from P<sup>-1sup>x���Г into itself. Let y(x) be that element (uniqueness follows from the contraction principle) of P<sup>-1sup>x���Г which satisfies the equation y(x) = Py(x) + (I-P)Wy(x).p> <p>(2) The function y just defined is continuous from P�� into B.p> <p>(3) There are no fixed points of PWy on the boundary of P��, so that the (finite- dimensional) fixed point index i(PWy, int P��) is defined.p> <p>Definition. If the Cesari fixed point method applies to (Г, W, P) then define i(Г, W, P) to be the index i(PWy, int P��).p> <p>The three theorems of this thesis can now be easily stated.p> <p>Theorem 1 (Cesari). If i(Г, W, P) is defined and i(Г, W, P) ≠0, then there is a fixed point of W in Г.p> <p>Theorem 2. Let the Cesari fixed point method apply to both (Г, W, P<sub>1sub>) and (Г, W, P<sub>2sub>). Assume that P<sub>2sub>P<sub>1sub>=P<sub>1sub>P<sub>2sub>=P<sub>1sub> and assume that either of the following two conditions holds:p> <p>(1) For every b in B and every z in the range of P<sub>2sub>, we have that ‖b=P<sub>2sub>b‖ ≤ ‖b-z‖p> <p>(2)P<sub>2sub>Г is convex.p> <p>Then i(Г, W, P<sub>1sub>) = i(Г, W, P<sub>2sub>).p> <p>Theorem 3. If Ω is a bounded open set and W is a compact operator defined on Ω so that the (infinite-dimensional) Leray-Schauder index i_LS(W, Ω) is defined, and if the Cesari fixed point method applies to (Ω, W, P), then i(Ω, W, P) = i_LS(W, Ω).p> <p>Theorems 2 and 3 are proved using mainly a homotopy theorem and a reduction theorem for the finite-dimensional and the Leray-Schauder indexes. These and other properties of indexes will be listed before the theorem in which they are used.p>

Ejercicios resueltos de investigación operativa : ex��menes propuestos en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales

La asignatura Investigación Operativa es una asignatura cuatrimestral dedicada fundamentalmente a la introducción de los modelos deterministas más elementales dentro de la investigación de operaciones. Esta asignatura se ha impartido en los últimos años en el tercer curso de la Licenciatura de Administración y Dirección de Empresas (L.A.D.E.) en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales de la UPV/EHU. Esta publicación recoge los problemas resueltos propuestos en los ex��menes de las distintas convocatorias entre los años 2005 y 2010. El temario oficial de la asignatura desglosado por temas es el siguiente: 1. Programación lineal entera: 1.1 Formulación de problemas de Programación Lineal Entera. 1.2 Método de ramificación y acotación (Branch and Bound). 1.3 Otros métodos de resolución. 2. Programación multiobjetivo y por metas: 2.1 Introducción a la Programación Multiobjetivo. 2.2 Programación por metas. 2.3 Programación por prioridades. 3. Modelos en redes: 3.1 Conceptos básicos. 3.2 Problema del árbol de expansión minimal. 3.3 Problema del camino más corto. 3.4 Problema del camino más largo. 3.5 Problema del flujo máximo. 3.6 Problema de asignación. 3.7 Planificación de Proyectos: Métodos C.P.M. y P.E.R.T.