Galvanomagnetic properties of CdSb

Main aim of this work was preparation of a computer program for investigation of galvanomagnetic effects in solid state materials. These effects were investigated in magnetic field up to 6 T at temperatures 4.6 and 80.5 K. Two CdSb samples with Ni shallow impurities (concentration of impurity was 5% by mass) and one undoped CdSb single crystal were studied. Obtained results were compared with previous experimental results for these samples, and showed their identity.

Pumppukäyttöjen energiankulutuksen määrittäminen prosessimittauksia käyttäen

Pumppukäytöt vastaavat noin neljännestä Euroopan alueen sähkömoottoreissa kuluvasta energiasta. Energian hinnan nousun vuoksi energian säästäminen ja energiatehokkuus ovat nousseet tärkeään asemaan paljon energiaa kuluttavassa teollisuudessa. Pumppukäyttöjen hyötysuhteen parantaminen on noussut olennaiseen osaan paperi- ja kartonkiteollisuuden energiatehokkuustarkasteluissa. Tässä työssä tarkastellaan kartonkikoneen pumppukäyttöjen toiminnan energiatehokkuutta moottorin virtamittausten perusteella. Analyysi perustuu moottorin akselitehon määrittämiseen ja sen perusteella tehtävään pumpun toimintapisteen laskentaan. Työssä esitellään käytetyt estimointimenetelmät ja niillä saadut tulokset kartonkikoneen pumppukäytöille. Lisäksi työssä arvioidaan kolmen yksittäisen pumppukäytön energiankulutuksen säästöpotentiaalia. Työssä käytettyä menetelmää voidaan käyttää sekä vakio- että vaihtonopeuspumppukäyttöjen toiminnan ja hyötysuhteen analysointiin.

Voimalaitos- ja jätevesitutkimus

Tässä työssä tutkittiin Stora Enso Oyj:n Heinolan Flutingtehtaan voimalaitos- ja jätevesien seuranta-analyysimenetelmien kehittämistä. Käytössä olevia menetelmiä vertailtiin vaihtoehtoisiin uusiin menetelmiin, jotka perustuvat erotustekniikoihin ja automaatioon. Flutingtehtaalla nykyisin käytössä olevat analyysimenetelmät perustuvat suurelta osin standardimäärityksiin, joissa käytetään pääasiassa titrausta. Määritykset vievät paljon aikaa, koska titraukset toteutetaan manuaalisesti. Titrausten päätepisteet tulkitaan esim. indikaattorin värinmuutoksella ja saostamalla, joten määritysten tarkkuus vaihtelee. Kokeellisessa osassa Flutingtehtaan puhtaista voimalaitosvesistä yhdistetty sekoitenäyte analysoitiin kahdella ionikromatografilla, liekkiatomiabsorptiospektrometrillä ja kapillaarielektroforeesilla. Yksittäisiä näytteitä ei tutkittu. Lisäksi vesilaboratoriossa määritettävistä jätevesistä yhdistettiin sekoitenäyte, joka analysoitiin kapillaarielektroforeesilla. Samat sekoitenäytteet analysoitiin myös nykyisillä menetelmillä tehtaan vesilaboratoriossa. Tulokset osoittivat, että kokeellisessa osassa tutkitut menetelmät soveltuvat sekoitenäytteen perusteella hyvin vesilaboratoriossa käytössä oleviin kuukausianalyyseihin. Automaattisella näytteensyötöllä varustettuna kaikki kolme kokeellisessa osassa tutkittua menetelmää ovat yksikertaisia käyttää ja ne nopeuttavat analyysejä. Päivittäisiä titrausanalyysejä voidaan tehostaa ja nopeuttaa automaation avulla. Erotustekniikoilla esimerkiksi typpi voidaan määrittää kokonaistyppenä, mutta myös komponentteinaan eli ammoniakkina, nitraattina ja nitriittinä. Lisäksi samalla erotuksella voidaan määrittää useita alkali- ja maa-alkalimetalleja sekä raskas-metalleja toistomittauksilla. Menetelmän käyttöalue on laajempi erotustekniikoilla kuin perinteisillä liuoskemian mittauksilla. Erotustekniikoilla tunnistetaan helposti määritysten oikeellisuus detektointimahdollisuuksien monipuolisuuden vuoksi.

Interaction study of moxifloxacin with Cu(II) ion using square-wave voltammetry and its application in the determination in tablets

This work presents an electroanalytical method for the determination of moxifloxacin (MOXI) in tablets by its interaction with Cu(II) ion and subsequent electrochemical reduction at hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). A well-defined reduction peak at -0.21 V vs. Ag/AgCl in Phosphate buffer 0.04 mol L-1 pH 8.0 was observed for the complex reduction MOXI-Cu(II), using square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Using a 10 s of accumulation time at -0.40 V was found a limit detection of 3.60x10-8 mol l-1. The obtained results have shown good agreement with those obtained by spectrophotometric method.

A fluorescence probe study of gemini surfactants in aqueous solution: a comparison between n-2-n and n-6-n series of the alkanediyl-a,w-bis (dimethylalkylammonium bromides)

Two series of alkanediyl-a,w-bis (dimethylalkylammonium bromide (n-2-n and n-6-n; n=8, 10,12, and 16) have been synthesized and their micelles properties studied in aqueous solution using pyrene, pyrenecarboxaldehyde (PCA) and 1,8 anilinonaphtalene sulfonic acid sodium salt (ANS) as fluorescent probes. The micelles from these surfactants have been characterized on the basis of the information provided by micelle-solubilized fluorescent probes. The obtained results indicated that the surfactant concentration at which a marked decrease in l max parameter of pyrenecarboxaldehyde (PCA) occurs corresponds to the CMC determined by conductimetric measurements. Changes in the emission spectra of ANS and PCA observed in the submicellar range for both surfactants series (n-2-n and n-6-n) were interpreted as formation of pre-aggregates. It was found that the dimeric surfactants with long spacer (s= 6) form more hydrated aggregates when compared with those formed by the n-2-n and CnTAB surfactants series. This was attributed to a more difficult packing of n-6-n surfactant molecules to form micelles.

Potential impact of the global climate changes on the spatial distribution of areas of risk for the occurrence of eucalyptus rust in Brazil

Rust, caused by Puccinia psidii, is one of the most important diseases affecting eucalyptus in Brazil. This pathogen causes disease in mini-clonal garden and in young plants in the field, especially in leaves and juvenile shoots. Favorable climate conditions for infection by this pathogen in eucalyptus include temperature between 18 and 25 ºC, together with at least 6-hour leaf wetness periods, for 5 to 7 consecutive days. Considering the interaction between the environment and the pathogen, this study aimed to evaluate the potential impact of global climate changes on the spatial distribution of areas of risk for the occurrence of eucalyptus rust in Brazil. Thus, monthly maps of the areas of risk for the occurrence of this disease were elaborated, considering the current climate conditions, based on a historic series between 1961 and 1990, and the future scenarios A2 and B2, predicted by IPCC. The climate conditions were classified into three categories, according to the potential risk for the disease occurrence, considering temperature (T) and air relative humidity (RH): i) high risk (18 < T < 25 ºC and RH > 90%); ii) medium risk (18 < T < 25 ºC and RH < 90%; T< 18 or T > 25 ºC and RH > 90%); and iii) low risk (T < 18 or T > 25 ºC and RH < 90%). Data about the future climate scenarios were supplied by GCM Change Fields. In this study, the simulation model Hadley Centers for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCm3) was adopted, using the software Idrisi 32. The obtained results led to the conclusion that there will be a reduction in the area favorable to eucalyptus rust occurrence, and such a reduction will be gradual for the decades of 2020, 2050 and 2080 but more marked in scenario A2 than in B2. However, it is important to point out that extensive areas will still be favorable to the disease development, especially in the coldest months of the year, i.e., June and July. Therefore, the zoning of areas and periods of higher occurrence risk, considering the global climate changes, becomes important knowledge for the elaboration of predicting models and an alert for the integrated management of this disease.

Key factors to inoculate Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants

Studies addressing the biological control of Botrytis cinerea have been unsuccessful because of fails in inoculating tomato plants with the pathogen. With the aim of establishing a methodology for inoculation into stems, experiments were designed to assess: i. the aggressiveness of pathogen isolates; ii. the age at which tomato plants should be inoculated; iii. the susceptibility of tissues at different stem heights; iv. the need for a moist chamber after inoculation; and v. the effectiveness of gelatin regarding inoculum adhesion. Infection with an isolate from tomato plants that was previously inoculated into petioles and then re-isolated was successful. An isolate from strawberry plants was also aggressive, although less than that from tomato plants. Tomato plants close to flowering, at 65 days after sowing, and younger, middle and apical stem portions were more susceptible. There was positive correlation between lesion length and sporulation and between lesion length and broken stems. Lesion length and the percentage of sporulation sites were reduced by using a moist chamber and were not affected by adding gelatin to the inoculum suspension. This methodology has been adopted in studies of B. cinerea in tomato plants showing reproducible results. The obtained results may assist researchers who study the gray mold.

Ramularia areola sporulation potential in Brazilian cotton

Ramularia blight, caused by Ramularia areola, is one of the most important diseases affecting cotton crop in Brazil. For its effective control, 5-9 fungicide applications on susceptible cultivars are necessary. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro and in vivo, the sporulation potential of R. areolaisolates from different Brazilian regions at distinct temperatures. Spore production was assessed in the laboratory and under green house conditions by using leaves from plants of eight cotton cultivars. The in vitro results indicated that the potential of spore production was dependent on temperature. Maximum sporulation of the fungus occurred at 17°C for isolates from São Paulo State and 23°C for isolates from Goiás and Mato Grosso States. In the in vivo study, there was a variation in spore production according to the cultivar and the isolate. Most isolates showed to be highly aggressive on cultivars FM966 LL and DELTAOPAL. The obtained results suggest a more rational use of fungicides and cultivars with decreased fungal sporulation and can form the basis for further studies of the pathogenic variability of this fungus in cotton crops in Brazil. This is the first report on the sporulation potential of Brazilian R. areola isolates.

Wind turbine operation in cold climate

The goal of the master‘s thesis is to determine and estimate ice accretion influence on the wind turbine blade performance. The thesis describes the technique of ice accretion calculation on the wind turbine blade and determination characteristics of the turbine with ice accreted. The methodology of the classic Blade Element Moment Theory was used. Iced blade experimental data was investigated in order to calculate blade with ice characteristics. The obtained results shows that iced blade power coefficient is lower than clean blade one. The heating system implementation shows that in the particular site in the Lapland region it is efficient.

RAPD analysis of genetic variability in a multiprovenance base population of Eucalyptus grandis hill ex maiden

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability among individuals of a base population of Eucalyptus grandis and to build a molecular marker database for the analyzed populations. The Eucalyptus grandis base population comprised 327 individuals from Coff's Harbour, Atherton and Rio Claro. A few plants came from other sites (Belthorpe MT. Pandanus, Kenilworth, Yabbra, etc.). Since this base population had a heterogeneous composition, the groups were divided according to geographic localization (latitude and longitude), and genetic breeding level. Thus, the influence of those two factors (geographic localization and genetic breeding level) on the genetic variability detected was discussed. The RAPD technique allowed the evaluation of 70 loci. The binary matrix was used to estimate the genetic similarity among individuals using Jaccard's Coefficient. Parametric statistical tests were used to compare within-group similarity of the means. The obtained results showed that the base population had wide genetic variability and a mean genetic similarity of 0.328. Sub-group 3 (wild materials from the Atherton region) showed mean genetic similarity of 0.318. S.P.A. (from Coff's Harbour region) had a mean genetic similarity of 0.322 and was found to be very important for maintenance of variation in the base population. This can be explained since the individuals from those groups accounted for most of the base population (48.3% for it). The base population plants with genetic similarity higher than 0.60 should be phenotypically analyzed again in order to clarify the tendency of genetic variability during breeding programs.

Kalvosuodatuksen ja adsorption yhdistäminen biojalostamon erotusprosesseissa

Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin kalvosuodatuksen ja adsorption yhdistämistä biojalostamon erotusprosesseissa. Työn kirjallisuusosassa käsitellään hemiselluloosien erottamista puusta, kalvosuodatusta hemiselluloosien käsittelyssä sekä hemiselluloosien pilkkomista sokereiksi ja sokereiden kromatografista erotusta. Kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin hemiselluloosahydrolysaatin fraktioimista kalvosuodatuksella ja adsorbenttikäsittelyn vaikutusta hydrolysaatin suodatettavuuteen. Kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin myös fraktioinnin vaikutusta hartsien likaantumiseen happohydrolyysin jälkeisessä kromatografisessa erotuksessa. Työssä kokeiltiin useita erilaisia kalvoja, mutta suurin osa suodatuksista tehtiin regeneroidusta selluloosasta valmistetulla kalvolla UC030 ja polyeetterisulfoni kalvolla UFX5. Esikäsittelyyn käytettiin XAD16 adsorbenttia ja hartsien likaantumista tutkittiin CS12GC Na+ hartsilla. Suodatuskokeet tehtiin sekä laboratoriomittakaavan Amicon-suodattimella että pilot-mittakaavan CR- suodattimella. Työn tulokset osoittivat, että konsentroituneen hemiselluloosafraktion tuottaminen tehokkaasti ei onnistu kalvosuodatuksella ilman esikäsittelyä. Kalvon likaantumisen vuoksi permeaattivuo laski hyvin nopeasti niin alhaiseksi, ettei suodatuksen jatkaminen olisi taloudellisesti kannattavaa. Hydrolysaatin esikäsittely XAD16 adsorbentillä poisti tehokkaasti kalvoja likaavia uuteaineita ja ligniiniä. Adsorbenttikäsittelyn jälkeen hydrolysaatin suodattaminen onnistui ilman permeaattivuon huomattavaa alenemista toisessa suodatusvaiheessa ja saatiin aikaiseksi hyvin konsentroitunut hemiselluloosafraktio.

Detection of soybean planted areas through orbital images based on culture spectral dynamics

The soybean is important to the economy of Brazil, so the estimation of the planted area and the production with higher antecedence and reliability becomes essential. Techniques related to Remote Sensing may help to obtain this information at lower cost and less subjectivity in relation to traditional surveys. The aim of this study is to estimate the planted area with soybean culture in the crop of 2008/2009 in cities in the west of the state of Paraná, in Brazil, based on the spectral dynamics of the culture and through the use of the specific system of analysis for images of Landsat 5/TM satellite. The obtained results were satisfactory, because the classification supervised by Maximum Verisimilitude - MaxVer along with the techniques of the specific system of analysis for satellite images has allowed an estimate of soybean planted area (soybean mask), obtaining values ​​of the metrics of Global Accuracy with an average of 79.05% and Kappa Index over 63.50% in all cities. The monitoring of a reference area was of great importance for determining the vegetative phase in which the culture is more different from the other targets, facilitating the choice of training samples (ROIs) and avoiding misclassifications.

Soil water potential during different phenological phases of coffee irrigated by center pivot

Irrigation management can be established, considering the soil water potential, as the limiting factor for plant growth, assuming the soil water content between the field capacity and the permanent wilting point as available water for crops. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish the soil water potential interval during four different phenological phases of coffee irrigated by center pivot. The experiment was set at the experimental area of the Engineering Department at the Federal University of Lavras, in Brazil. The coffee variety planted is designated as Rubi, planted 0.8 meters apart, with rows spaced 3.5 meters apart. The treatments corresponded to the water depths applied based on different percentages of Kc and reference evapotranspiration (ET0) values. Sensors were used to measure the soil water potential interval, installed 25 centimeters depth. In order to compare the results, it was considered as the best matric potential the one that was balanced with the soil water content that resulted in the largest coffee productivity. Based on the obtained results, we verified that in the phases of fruit expansion and ripening, the best results were obtained, before the irrigations, when the soil water potential values reached -35 and -38 kPa, respectively. And in the flowering, small green and fruit expansion phases, when the values reached -31 and -32 kPa, respectively.

Potential of utilization of rain water excess for irrigation of green roofs in Mato Grosso, Brasil

The aim of this study was to identify the relation between the evapotranspirometer demand and the supply of water from local rainfall, evaluating the possibility of using water excess for irrigation of Green Roofs in the State of Mato Grosso, in Brazil. The study was done using a series of historical data provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET - Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia) which has official climatological stations in 12 cities and regions of the State. The evapotranspiration values were obtained by the Penman-Monteith method and by the Climatic Water Balance (CWB) by the Thornthwaite and Mather method using Available Water Capacity (AWC) of 12mm. With the CWB the excess and deficit were calculated, which were used for the estimative of the volume and area of a reservoir as a function of a collector area of a roof of 100m² and the volume of supplementary water for irrigation. With the obtained results, it was found that in most investigated regions of the State the use of green roofs is not compromised by the water deficiency. On the other hand, the use of a reservoir to accumulate the rain water excess may be impractical, because it requires a considerable area for installation and also because of the high cost of the land.

Feature selection using Fuzzy Entropy measures with Yu's Similarity measure

In this study, feature selection in classification based problems is highlighted. The role of feature selection methods is to select important features by discarding redundant and irrelevant features in the data set, we investigated this case by using fuzzy entropy measures. We developed fuzzy entropy based feature selection method using Yu's similarity and test this using similarity classifier. As the similarity classifier we used Yu's similarity, we tested our similarity on the real world data set which is dermatological data set. By performing feature selection based on fuzzy entropy measures before classification on our data set the empirical results were very promising, the highest classification accuracy of 98.83% was achieved when testing our similarity measure to the data set. The achieved results were then compared with some other results previously obtained using different similarity classifiers, the obtained results show better accuracy than the one achieved before. The used methods helped to reduce the dimensionality of the used data set, to speed up the computation time of a learning algorithm and therefore have simplified the classification task