¿Ser o no ser? Esa es la cuestión (Coyuntura)

Este artículo realiza un análisis de los principales elementos de la coyuntura actual en la región andina, así como de las perspectivas del proceso andino de integración, tomando como punto de referencia la posición de los miembros de la CAN frente al ALCA y a la firma de acuerdos bilaterales con Estados Unidos. Finalmente el autor explora las perspectivas de la CAN a la luz de la nueva orientación propuesta desde la Secretaría General.

El Ecuador y el ALCA: temas para la reflexión (Tema Central)

El artículo analiza los avances de las negociaciones comerciales del Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas. Se sostiene que Ecuador debe tomar previsiones, principalmente dada la dolarización. Falconí plantea un necesario cambio de perspectiva de la política pública y la gestión microeconómica para así generar un régimen especial para los países menores. Se propone también algunas líneas generales de un Programa de Cooperación Hemisférica. Dado que el ALCA podría implicar riesgos para la región, se enfatiza la necesidad de una estrategia a largo plazo.

El Acuerdo de Libre Comercio de las Américas después de Quebec: situación del juego y pasos siguientes (Tema Central)

A partir de un recuento desde sus inicios, la autora examina el proceso de negociación del Acuerdo de Libre Comercio de las Américas. El artículo analiza cómo los países latinoamericanos comenzaron a liberalizar sus regímenes de comercio e inversión y a aplicar reformas para promover la integración económica mundial. Robert describe la estructura y organización de las negociaciones del ALCA, especifica las competencias y roles de los grupos y comités de negociaciones y, finalmente, presenta un informe del progreso de las mismas, al haberse cumplido sus dos fases iniciales.

El Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas: ¿dónde está y hacia dónde va? (Tema Central)

Desde una perspectiva que pone énfasis en el logro de resultados y sus obstáculos, este artículo analiza la evolución del proceso del ALCA. Para ello, Bouzas y Svarzman dividen el análisis en cuatro momentos: l. Desde la Primera Cumbre Presidencial (Miami, 1994) hasta la segunda (Santiago, 1998).2. El período que se inicia y termina entre las reuniones ministeriales de San José y Toronto. 3. Desde la reunión de Toronto hasta el encuentro ministerial de Buenos Aires y la Tercera Cumbre Presidencial de Quebec. 4. Y un último momento que empezó en Quebec y que se cerrará con la culminación de las negociaciones en el año 2005.

Relaciones económicas Perú-China (Coyuntura)

En este artículo se presenta el panorama de las actuales relaciones económicas entre China y Perú, tomando como eje articulador el Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) suscrito por estos dos países a principios de 2009. En la primera parte el autor examina las relaciones comerciales y de inversión entre China y Perú, luego analiza algunos elementos relevantes del TLC suscrito y, finalmente, presenta las posibles consecuencias del Acuerdo.

Incentivo a las exportaciones en el Ecuador: restitución del impuesto al valor agregado (IVA), y su relación con los principios de neutralidad impositiva y cláusula de no discriminación (Tema Central)

Los procesos de cambio que propiciaron la adopción del dólar como moneda única en el Ecuador, si bien fueron devastadores en la economía, dieron la oportunidad de establecer nuevas políticas a través de las cuales se logró la apertura de la economía nacional a lo que se denomina “globalización”, rigiéndose por el libre mercado, lo que obligar a revisar y modificar las legislaciones de los países que forman parte de esta libre economía y comercio para enmarcarlas dentro de los lineamientos actuales y evitar conflictos normativos y económicos al momento de realizar las transacciones. En el Ecuador la adopción del dólar significó la pérdida en la toma de decisiones de tipo monetario, sin embargo, no quedaron rezagadas las relaciones comerciales a nivel mundial, y se tomaron medidas para fortalecer el Servicio de Rentas Internas (SRI), mejorando las políticas y sistemas para evitar la evasión fiscal.

El TLC UE-Colombia-Perú y la integración regional latinoamericana: ¿hacia una norteamericanización de la estrategia interregional europea? (Coyuntura)

El artículo realiza un análisis comparativo de los contenidos de los tratados de libre comercio (TLC) que la Unión Europea (UE) y Estados Unidos (EUA) firmaron recientemente con Colombia. Este análisis, que tiene lugar desde la clasificación “OMC-extra” y “OMC-plus”, permite concluir que se ha producido una norteamericanización parcial de la estrategia interregional europea en América Latina porque muestra similitudes importantes en cuanto a las disposiciones negociadas en ambos tratados. Sin embargo, dicha norteamericanización se revela parcial porque el tema de la integración regional es abordada con precisión en el TLC europeo.

MFN status and the choice of tariff regime

The gradualist approach to trade liberalization views the uniform tariffs implied by MFN status as an important step on the path to free trade. We investigate whether a regime of uniform tariffs will be preferable to discriminatory tariffs when countries engage in non-cooperative interaction in multilateral trade. The analysis includes product differentiation and asymmetric costs. We show that with the cost asymmetry the countries will disagree on the choice of tariff regime. When the choice of import tariffs and export subsidies is made sequentially the uniform tariff regime may not be sustainable, because of an incentive to deviate to a discriminatory regime. Hence, an international body is needed to ensure compliance with tariff agreement.

Reworking the NAFTA: departures from traditional frameworks

This paper reviews the treatment of intellectual property rights in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and considers the welfare-theoretic bases for innovation transfer between member and nonmember states. Specifically, we consider the effects of new technology development from within the union and question whether it is efficient (in a welfare sense) to transfer that new technology to nonmember states. When the new technology contains stochastic components, the important issue of information exchange arises and we consider this question in a simple oligopoly model with Bayesian updating. In this context, it is natural to ask the optimal price at which such information should be transferred. Some simple, natural conjugate examples are used to motivate the key parameters upon which the answer is dependent

From harmonisation to better, smart and fit food law

As the European Union (EU) approaches its 60th anniversary, it is worth assessing progress towards a key objective – the abolition of barriers to the marketing of food in the EU. Food has always created particular problems for the EU as national differences in diets, culture and geography make standardisation impossible. Early attempts focussed on direct measures to harmonise requirements or, later, to create an ‘internal market’. Subsequently a changed emphasis brought about the need to focus more clearly on the harmonisation of food safety. More widely, the recent recognition that too much legislation can itself create barriers has led legislators to attempt to consider more carefully the impact of their efforts. This paper reflects on the various stages in the creation of harmonised food controls and considers how case law has impacted the process. Today there are still differences and complete barrier-free trade seems some way off.

Echoes of 1992: the NAFTA negotiations and North America now

Two decades ago, Canada, Mexico, and the United States created a continental economy. The road to integration from the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement has not been a smooth one. Along the way, Mexico lived through a currency crisis, a democratic transition, and the rising challenge of Asian manufacturing. Canada stayed united despite surging Quebecois nationalism during the 1990s; since then, it has seen dramatic economic changes with the explosion of hydrocarbon production and a much stronger currency. The United States saw a stock-market bust, the shock of 9/11, and the near-collapse of its financial system. All of these events have transformed the relationships that emerged after NAFTA entered into force in 1994. Given the tremendous changes, one might be skeptical that the circumstances and details of the negotiation and ratification of NAFTA hold lessons for the future of North America. However, the road to NAFTA had its own difficulties, and many of the issues involved in the negotiations underpin today's challenges. NAFTA was conceived at a time of profound change in the international system. When Mexican leaders surveyed the world two decades ago, they saw emerging regional groupings in Europe, Asia, and South America. Faced with a lack of interest or compatibility, they instead doubled down on North America. How did Mexican leaders reconsider their national interests and redefine Mexico's role in the world in light of those transformations? Unpublished Mexican documents from SECOFI, the secretariate most involved in negotiating NAFTA, help illustrate Mexican thinking about its interests and role at that time. Combining those insights with analysis of newly available evidence from U.S. presidential archives, this paper sheds light on the negotiations that concluded two decades ago.

Is China a Northern Partner to Mercosul?

We contrast Free Trade Areas involving Mercosul and the EU25, the US and China, respectively, using a new CGE model and associated database. Roughly, the China FTA lies halfway the other two, a bias towards the US pattern being suggested. When considering China a new Northern partner, protective deals don’t seem advisable. China’s advantages should prevail when facing the US or the EU: its need of capital goods, for instance, may open profitable cross-exchanges. China’s emergence can be a positive factor, if placed in an enlarged policy space where, together with its Asian neighbours, it counter-balances the US-EU polarity.

Instrumentos teóricos e técnicas para construção de consenso: Aplicação nas situações e problemas identificados na evolução das negociações do Acordo da ALCA - Área de Livre Comércio das Américas

The main subject of this study is the analysis of negotiations. The study was developed based on the scenery of paralization and impasse of the negotiations for the Free Trade Area of the Americas - FTAA. Generally speaking, delays and interruptions caused by controversies and impasses end up becoming strong efficiency problems which jeopardize the consensus building during any negotiation. As a justification, the target of this study is to identify processes and recommendations to help obtain, efficiently, agreements in the negotiations. Its final objective was to search for theoretical tools and techniques to be applied in situations of stoppage in a sense of eliminating the difficulties or making them at least easier to deal with. Secondarily other theoretical points of view were considered with the intention of understanding how strategies and theoretical tools can contribute in each situation or in each different scenario of the negotiation. Through the different ways of looking at it for the conduction of the negotiations, for evaluating the dimensions of the negotiations and in order to build up the consensus, the researcher was able to understand the perception and the interpretation of the subject in view. At last the conclusion was that the applicability of the chosen framework is positive in helping solve problems and controversies as well as building up the consensus during the negotiations.

Clusters de pequenas e médias empresas na área de produtos regionais: uma estratégia alternativa de desenvolvimento industrial sustentado na Zona Franca de Manaus

Este trabalho mostra que o fomento de clusters na área de produtos regIOnaIS - particularmente compostos por empresas de micro, pequeno e médio porte - representa uma estratégia alternativa econômica futura para a Zona Franca de Manaus - ZFM e o resto da Amazônia Ocidental. Além dos fundamentos teóricos relacionados aos clusters e pólos de desenvolvimento, o estudo baseou-se também nas evidências empíricas de quatro empresas de Manaus que operam com produtos regionais amazônicos. A pesquisa detecta a formação inicial de um cluster na área de produtos regionais que necessita de uma interação maior entre todos os agentes locais, a fim de ser operacionalizado. Conclui que estratégias econômicas para exploração das potencialidades regionais podem levar ao desenvolvimento de clusters de indústrias baseada na biodiversidade da região que usará matéria-prima local e conhecimento. Desta maneira, as estratégias de desenvolvimento sustentado podem trazer de volta muitos beneficios à região Amazônica e contribuir para a diversificação da atual base industrial da ZFM.