Les sympathies dans l’œuvre de David Hume

La sympathie comme principe par lequel une idée se convertit en impression n’est pas la seule espèce de sympathie employée par David Hume dans ses ouvrages. Le terme «sympathie» possédait des sens variés dans le langage courant au XVIIIème siècle, et il arrive que le philosophe écossais se serve du terme «sympathie» dans l’un ou l’autre de ces sens. C’est ainsi que, outre son concept philosophique, Hume se sert du terme «sympathie» suivant cinq autres sens. L’identification des différentes sortes de sympathie présentes dans les ouvrages de Hume a permis de mieux comprendre ce qu’il en était de la nature de son concept philosophique de sympathie. Ainsi, on a pu comprendre quels rapports la sympathie entretenait avec un autre principe de production d’affections mentionné à l’occasion par Hume : la contagion. Ainsi, on a également pu comprendre quels rapports la sympathie entretenait avec d’autres éléments de la philosophie humienne, tels que les esprits animaux, leurs mouvements et les émotions. Les analyses ont démontré, par ailleurs, que les esprits animaux et leurs mouvements jouaient un rôle de premier plan dans la théorie humienne des passions et que le principe de la sympathie, au final, désignait l’augmentation de l’agitation des esprits animaux. C’est ainsi que la sympathie entendue comme principe par lequel une idée était convertie en impression désignait un mécanisme physiologique chez Hume. Les analyses ont également démontré que les impressions que Hume nommait «émotions» désignaient plus particulièrement le mouvement des esprits animaux. Qu’ainsi, l’on devait considérer qu’il y avait dans la taxonomie du philosophe écossais non seulement des perceptions de l’entendement humain (idées, passions, sentiments, etc.) mais également des perceptions du corps humain (émotions) et que celles-ci étaient en correspondance étroite avec celles-là. On peut ainsi faire l’hypothèse qu’il y a dans la philosophie humienne des éléments susceptibles de fonder une théorie de l’union entre l’âme et le corps. La considération de la sympathie comme un principe physiologique d’agitation des esprits animaux permet que l’on jette un regard nouveau sur la façon dont David Hume concevait la nature humaine.

Effect of dissolved NaCl, MgCl2, and Na2SO4 in seawater on the optical attenuation in the region from 430 to 630 nm

The split-pulse laser method is used to reinvestigate the optical attenuation of distilled water in the region from 430 to 630 nm. The studies are then extended to ionic solutions of NaCl, MgCl2, and Na2SO4, these salts forming the major constituents of seawater. The effect of the concentration of these constituents on optical attenuation is investigated. Further, optical attenuation studies are carried out for the region from 430 to 630 nm for an aqueous solution prepared with all the major constituents in the same proportions as in natural seawater. These values are then compared with values obtained for natural seawater. The relative role of dissolved salts and suspended particles on optical attenuation in seawater is discussed. The lowest attenuation is observed at ~450 nm for all solutions and is found to coincide with that for distilled water.

Oportunidades y retos para Diageo con la firma del TLC Colombia- Unión Europea

Diageo es la multinacional líder en producción y comercialización de bebidas espirituosas Premium y cuenta con presencia en más de 80 países incluyendo Colombia, donde la industria de licores presenta una tendencia creciente consecuente con el crecimiento económico del país. Dentro de este contexto, la categoría de bebidas espirituosas juega el papel principal con productos como ron, whisky y aguardiente, con la mayoría de la participación en el mercado nacional. Sin embargo, existe en esta industria un sistema tributario que se presenta como una barrera para la expansión del mercado que tienen los bienes importados. Bajo este marco, se presenta con gran importancia la firma de un Tratado de Libre Comercio con la Unión Europea, el cual a la fecha se encuentra en una etapa avanzada después de haber sido aprobado por el Congreso en Colombia y por la Unión Europea aunque todavía no ha entrado en vigencia. Este tratado podría beneficiar a las compañías productoras y comercializadoras de bebidas europeas, facilitando su ingreso a los mercados departamentales y logrando con esta negociación un mayor control por parte del gobierno nacional a las prácticas anticompetitivas que se llevan a cabo por parte de algunos departamentos. A lo largo de este trabajo se estudia particularmente a la empresa británica Diageo, teniendo en cuenta que su portafolio mayoritariamente proviene de Europa y que existe una tendencia creciente en el consumo de este tipo de bebidas. Asimismo, se estudiará la situación actual del sector de bebidas alcohólicas en Colombia, con lo cual se conocerá más de cerca la posición estratégica de Diageo dentro de la industria y se verá como es el comportamiento de las empresas que participan en esta para las cuales el Tratado traería consigo oportunidades y retos importantes que deben afrontar y aprovechar.

La alianza de estados insulares pequeños y la securitización del cambio climático en la convención marco de Naciones Unidas sobre cambio climático (1992-2012)

La presente monografía busca explicar el proceso de securitización realizado por la AOSIS del cambio climático en las COP de la CMNUCC. Esta investigación defiende que la AOSIS sí ha hecho dicho proceso a través de estrategias como el liderazgo moral y los nexos con actores no-estatales; pero dicho proceso no ha sido exitoso, dado el predominio del discurso del desarrollo sostenible en las negociaciones, el debilitamiento de la AOSIS como actor securitizador y el poco apoyo formal de las potencias emergentes y el bloque UMBRELLA. Para sustentar lo anterior, se realizará una revisión de informes científicos que demuestran que el cambio climático es una amenaza a la seguridad, y un estudio desde de la teoría de securitización de Thierry Balzacq, de los discursos dados por los estados AOSIS, de las COP y de las posiciones de algunos bloques de negociación sobre el cambio climático.

Ciencias de la complejidad: estado actual

Los aportes teóricos y aplicados de la complejidad en economía han tomado tantas direcciones y han sido tan frenéticos en las últimas décadas, que no existe un trabajo reciente, hasta donde conocemos, que los compile y los analice de forma integrada. El objetivo de este proyecto, por tanto, es desarrollar un estado situacional de las diferentes aplicaciones conceptuales, teóricas, metodológicas y tecnológicas de las ciencias de la complejidad en la economía. Asimismo, se pretende analizar las tendencias recientes en el estudio de la complejidad de los sistemas económicos y los horizontes que las ciencias de la complejidad ofrecen de cara al abordaje de los fenómenos económicos del mundo globalizado contemporáneo.

Propuesta de mejoramiento del sistema de inventarios para Diageo Colombia en la categoría vinos

La gestión de inventarios es uno de los grandes retos que afrontan las empresas hoy en día, especialmente aquellas que manipulan productos con altas probabilidades de daños y averías, razón por la cual definir políticas o un sistema de gestión de inventarios garantizaría una perdurabilidad y sostenibilidad en el mercado más prolongada. Es por ello que el proyecto planteado a continuación desarrollado en la empresa Diageo, multinacional de consumo masivo del sector licores, está inscrito en la línea de investigación de Gerencia de la Universidad del Rosario. De esta manera, bajo el programa de Áreas funcionales para la dirección que cuenta con un enfoque en perdurabilidad empresarial, la línea de investigación en Gerencia busca generar conocimientos sobre finanzas, mercadeo, operaciones y gestión humana. Por lo anterior, partiendo de la premisa de que una empresa perdurable es aquella que “adecúa su manejo a la intensidad de las condiciones del entorno sectorial y las fuerzas del mercado” (Leal, Guerrero, Rojas, & Rivera, 2011), se hace necesario orientar los recursos y esfuerzos de la empresa hacia una nueva política de inventarios en el portafolio de vinos, de modo que al incrementar el nivel de servicio se afecten positivamente indicadores de rentabilidad y liquidez.

Auto-relato da frequência de consumo de álcool numa amostra representativa da população adulta portuguesa : associações com a obesidade e o perímetro da cintura

São vários, e ainda mal compreendidos, os factores que contribuem para a obesidade. Em Portugal, há simultaneamente uma elevada prevalência de obesidade e um elevado consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. A associação entre consumo de álcool e obesidade não é clara. Este artigo analisa a associação entre a frequência auto-relatada de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (vinho, cerveja e bebidas brancas/espirituosas) e a prevalência de pré-obesidade e/ou obesidade na população adulta (entre os 18 e os 64 anos) em Portugal. Trata-se de um estudo observacional e transversal, representativo a nível de Portugal continental. No total, recolheram-se dados relativamente a 8116 portugueses. As frequências de consumo das várias bebidas estão fortemente correlacionadas entre si. Foi encontrada uma associação significativa entre as frequências auto-relatadas de consumo de álcool e o excesso de peso, a obesidade e as medidas do perímetro da cintura. A frequência auto-relatada de consumo para todas as bebidas aumenta com as categorias de índice de massa corporal. As categorias de perímetro da cintura associadas a risco cardiovascular estão associadas a maior frequência auto-relatada de consumo de todas as bebidas alcoólicas em estudo, à excepção das bebidas brancas/espirituosas. Embora a associação entre álcool e obesidade ainda esteja por clarificar, vários estudos revelaram associações positivas entre o consumo de álcool e a obesidade. Esta descoberta é apoiada pelos dados aqui descritos, recolhidos em Portugal continental, que sugerem um efeito sinergético do consumo (auto-relatado) do vinho e da cerveja tanto no IMC como no perímetro da cintura. Os resultados sugerem uma ligação importante entre a frequência autorelatada de consumo de álcool e o peso excessivo e a obesidade abdominal na população adulta portuguesa.

As Relações entre Filhos/as de Santo e Espíritos no Cosmo Religioso Umbandista : uma abordagem a partir do contexto de Viçosa/AL

Contundentemente, espíritos do cosmo religioso umbandista estão e interferem na vida dos filhos/as de santo ou como proclama a religiosidade umbandista, nos seus ‘cavalos’. Este trabalho pesquisa oito terreiros de Umbanda inseridos no município de Viçosa/Alagoas, por meio das relações existentes entre filhos/as de santo e espíritos neste cosmo religioso ímpar e multifacetado. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, fez-se uso de um aparato metodológico que possibilitou compreender fenomenologicamente este processo análogo circunscrito em discursos sobre ‘marcas’ ou ‘sofrimentos’ resultantes das atitudes negligenciais dos filhos/as de santo que constituem a memória umbandista viçosense. Pretendeu-se mostrar também que o imbricamento dos aspectos relacionais como: reverência, temor, devoção, respeito, esperança, fidelidade, dedicação e obediência às entidades cultuadas, configuram-se nessa dinâmica relacional. Este cosmo religioso traz em seu arcabouço existencial discursos e situações vivenciadas em todas as esferas da vida desses filhos/as de santo, principalmente religiosa. O presente trabalho apontou, portanto, a relação de interdependência existente como fruto dessa religiosidade marcada por fé e mistérios.

Biopolítica y gran relato nacional: presencia espectral del mundo aborigen en tres novelas de la selva (Estudios)

Escritas durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, Canaima, La vorágine, y Sangama son tres novelas de la selva en las cuales aparece una representación del mundo indígena del Amazonas o del Orinoco. Se ha repetido que se trataba de novelas progresistas, que encerraban una crítica del sistema social de la época, y más particularmente del genocidio acarreado por la explotación del caucho durante el “ciclo da borracha”. Sin embargo estas ficciones nos proporcionan un enfoque ambiguo de la realidad indígena. Una visión impregnada por las mismas concepciones del siglo XIX que favorecieron los excesos, maltratos y masacres que dichas novelas pretenden denunciar. Este ensayo se propone analizar la matriz científica de estas representaciones, insistiendo en el paradigma racialista decimónico, derivado de la teoría evolucionista y de la ideología del progreso. Los indios de las ficciones se desplazan como fantasmas en un universo mágico, embrujado, o infernal que carece de realidad. Este “flor” romántico es la proyección literaria de una estrategia biopolítica que se da en las sociedades de la época: la cuestión gira en torno a la construcción del pueblo nacional. Los “aparecidos” del espacio novelesco son un momento de unas estrategias discursivas más globales: se trata de construir una homegeneidad nacional a partir de una etnicidad ficticia que requiere el rechazo del “otro atrasado”. El espectro es la huella o el testigo de esta violencia fundadora.

Diffusion of the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin into bed-sediments

Bed-sediments are a sink for many micro-organic contaminants in aquatic environments. The impact of toxic contaminants on benthic fauna often depends on their spatial distribution, and the fate of the parent compounds and their metabolites. The distribution of a synthetic pyrethroid, permethrin, a compound known to be toxic to aquatic invertebrates, was studied using river bed-sediments in lotic flume channels. trans/cis-Permethrin diagnostic ratios were used to quantify the photoisomerization of the trans isomer in water. Rates were affected by the presence of sediment particles and colloids when compared to distilled water alone. Two experiments in dark/light conditions with replicate channels were undertaken using natural sediment, previously contaminated with permethrin, to examine the effect of the growth of an algal biofilm at the sediment-water interface on diffusive fluxes of permethrin into the sediment. After 42 days, the bulk water was removed, allowing a fine sectioning of the sediment bed (i.e., every mm down to 5 mm and then 5-10 mm, then every 10 mm down to 50 mm). Permethrin was detected in all cases down to a depth of 5-10 mm, in agreement with estimates by the Millington and Quirk model, and measurements of concentrations in pore water produced a distribution coefficient (K-d) for each section, High K-d's were observed for the top layers, mainly as a result of high organic matter and specific surface area. Concentrations in the algal biofilm measured at the end of the experiment under light conditions, and increases in concentration in the top 1 mm of the sediment, demonstrated that algal/bacterial biofilm material was responsible for high K-d's at the sediment surface, and for the retardation of permethrin diffusion. This specific partition of permethrin to fine sediment particles and algae may enhance its threat to benthic invertebrates. In addition,the analysis of trans/cis-permethrin isomer ratios in sediment showed greater losses of trans-permethrin in the experiment under light conditions, which may have also resulted from enhanced biological activity at the sediment surface.

The role of calcite and gypsum in the leaching of potassium in a sandy soil

Pulses of potassium (K+) applied to columns of repacked calcium (Ca2+) saturated soil were leached with distilled water or calcium chloride (CaCl2) solutions of various concentrations at a rate of 12 mm h(-1). With increased Ca2+ concentration, the rate of movement of K+ increased, as did the concentration of K+ in the displaced pulse, which was less dispersed. The movement of K+ in calcite-amended soil leached with water was at a similar rate to that of the untreated soil leached with 1 mM CaCl2, and in soil containing gypsum, movement was similar to that leached with 15 mM CaCl2. The Ca2+ concentrations in the leachates were about 0.4 and 15 mM respectively the expected values for the dissolution of the two amendments. Soil containing native K+ was leached with distilled water or CaCl2 solutions. The amount of K+ leached increased as Ca2+ concentration increased, with up to 34% of the exchangeable K+ being removed in five pore volumes of 15 mM CaCl2. Soil amended with calcite and leached with water lost K+ at a rate between that for leaching the unamended soil with 1 mM CaCl2 and that with water. Soil containing gypsum and leached with water lost K+ at a similar rate to unamended soil leached with 15 mM CaCl2. The presence of Ca2+ in irrigation water and of soil minerals able to release Ca2+ are of importance in determining the amounts of K+ leached from soils. The LEACHM model predicted approximately the displacement of K+, and was more accurate with higher concentrations of displacing solution. The shortcomings of this model are its inability to account for rate-controlled processes and the assumption that K+:Ca2+ exchange during leaching can be described using a constant adsorption coefficient. As a result, the pulse is predicted to appear a little earlier and the following edge has less of a tail than chat measured. In practical agriculture, the model will be more useful in soils containing gypsum or leached with saline water than in either calcareous or non-calcareous soils leached with rainwater.

Potassium leaching in undisturbed soil cores following surface applications of gypsum

Displacement studies on leaching of potassium (K+) were conducted under unsaturated steady state flow conditions in nine undisturbed soil columns (15.5 cm in diameter and 25 cm long). Pulses of K+ applied to columns of undisturbed soil were leached with distilled water or calcium chloride (CaCl2) at a rate of 18 mm h(-1). The movement of K+ in gypsum treated soil leached with distilled water was at a similar rate to that of the untreated soil leached with 15 mM CaCl2. The Ca2+ concentrations in the leachates were about 15 mM, the expected values for the dissolution of the gypsum. When applied K+ was displaced with the distilled water, K+ was retained in the top 10-12.5 cm depth of soil. In the undisturbed soil cores there is possibility of preferential flow and lack of K+ sorption. The application of gypsum and CaCl2 in the reclamation of sodic soils would be expected to leach K+ from soils. It can also be concluded that the use of sources of water for irrigation which have a high Ca2+ concentration can also lead to leaching of K+ from soil. Average effluent concentration of K+ during leaching period was 30.2 and 28.6 mg l(-1) for the gypsum and CaCl2 treated soils, respectively. These concentrations are greater than the recommended guideline of the World Health Organisation (12 mg K+ l(-1)).

Laboratory simulation of terrestrial meteorite weathering using the Bensour (LL6) ordinary chondrite

Laboratory dissolution experiments using the LL6 ordinary chondrite Bensour demonstrate that meteoritic minerals readily react with distilled water at low temperatures, liberating ions into solution and forming reaction products. Three experiments were performed, all for 68 days and at atmospheric fO(2) but using a range of water/rock ratios and different ternperatures. Experiments I and 2 were batch experiments and undertaken at room temperature, whereas in experiment 3, condensed boiling water was dripped onto meteorite subsamples within a Soxhlet extractor. Solutions from experiment 1 were chemically analyzed at the end of the experiment, whereas aliquots were extracted from experiments 2 and 3 for analysis at regular intervals. In all three experiments, a very significant proportion of the Na, Cl, and K within the Bensour subsamples entered solution, demonstrating that chlorapatite and feldspar were especially susceptible to dissolution. Concentrations of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, and Fe in solution were strongly affected by the precipitation of reaction products and Mg and Ca may also have been removed by sorption. Calculations predict saturation of experimental solutions with respect to Al hydroxides, Fe oxides, and Fe (oxy)hydroxides, which would have frequently been accompanied by hydrous aluminosilicates. Some reaction products were identified and include silica, a Mg-rich silicate, Fe oxides, and Fe (oxy)hydroxides. The implications of these results are that even very short periods of subaerial exposure of ordinary chondrites will lead to dissolution of primary minerals and crystallization of weathering products that are likely to include aluminosilicates and silicates, Mg-Ca carbonates, and sulfates in addition to the ubiquitous Fe oxides and (oxy)hydroxides.

Effects of beverage alcohol taxes and prices on drinking: a meta-analysis of 1003 estimates from 112 studies

Aims: We conducted a systematic review of studies examining relationships between measures of beverage alcohol tax or price levels and alcohol sales or self-reported drinking. A total of 112 studies of alcohol tax or price effects were found, containing 1003 estimates of the tax/price–consumption relationship. Design: Studies included analyses of alternative outcome measures, varying subgroups of the population, several statistical models, and using different units of analysis. Multiple estimates were coded from each study, along with numerous study characteristics. Using reported estimates, standard errors, t-ratios, sample sizes and other statistics, we calculated the partial correlation for the relationship between alcohol price or tax and sales or drinking measures for each major model or subgroup reported within each study. Random-effects models were used to combine studies for inverse variance weighted overall estimates of the magnitude and significance of the relationship between alcohol tax/price and drinking. Findings: Simple means of reported elasticities are -0.46 for beer, -0.69 for wine and -0.80 for spirits. Meta-analytical results document the highly significant relationships (P < 0.001) between alcohol tax or price measures and indices of sales or consumption of alcohol (aggregate-level r = -0.17 for beer, -0.30 for wine, -0.29 for spirits and -0.44 for total alcohol). Price/tax also affects heavy drinking significantly (mean reported elasticity = -0.28, individual-level r = -0.01, P < 0.01), but the magnitude of effect is smaller than effects on overall drinking. Conclusions: A large literature establishes that beverage alcohol prices and taxes are related inversely to drinking. Effects are large compared to other prevention policies and programs. Public policies that raise prices of alcohol are an effective means to reduce drinking.

Improved process topology for membrane distillation

In membrane distillation in a conventional membrane module, the enthalpies of vaporisation and condensation are supplied and removed by changes in the temperatures of the feed and permeate streams, respectively. Less than 5% of the feed can be distilled in a single pass, because the potential changes in the enthalpies of the liquid streams are much smaller than the enthalpy of vaporisation. Furthermore, the driving force for mass transfer reduces as the feed stream temperature and vapour pressure fall during distillation. These restrictions can be avoided if the enthalpy of vaporisation is uncoupled from the heat capacities of the feed and permeate streams. A specified distillation can then be effected continuously in a single module. Calculations are presented which estimate the performance of a flat plate unit in which the enthalpy of distillation is supplied and removed by the condensing and boiling of thermal fluids in separate circuits, and the imposed temperature difference is independent of position. Because the mass flux through the membrane is dependent on vapour pressure, membrane distillation is suited to applications with a high membrane temperature. The maximum mass flux in the proposed module geometry is predicted to be 30 kg/m2 per h at atmospheric pressure when the membrane temperature is 65°C. Operation at higher membrane temperatures is predicted to raise the mass flux, for example to 85 kg/m2 per h at a membrane temperature of 100°C. This would require pressurisation to 20 bar to prevent boiling at the heating plate of the feed channel. Pre-pressurisation of the membrane pores and control of the dissolved gas concentrations in the feed and the recyled permeate should be investigated as a means to achieve high temperature membrane distillation without pore penetration and wetting.