Quantificação de fluxos de mercúrio gasoso na interface solo/atmosfera utilizando câmara de fluxo dinâmica: aplicação na bacia do Rio Negro

Gaseous mercury sampling conditions were optimized and a dynamic flux chamber was used to measure the air/surface exchange of mercury in some areas of the Negro river basin with different vegetal coverings. At the two forest sites (flooding and non-flooding), low mercury fluxes were observed: maximum of 3 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and minimum of -1 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. At the deforested site, the mercury fluxes were higher and always positive: maximum of 26 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and 17 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. Our results showed that deforestation could be responsible for significantly increasing soil Hg emissions, mainly because of the high soil temperatures reached at deforested sites.

Caracterización estructural de capas epitaxiadas de InGaAs/InAlAs crecidas sobre substratos (111) de InP

Se ha analizado por microscopía electrónica en transmisión (TEM) la estructura de transistores HEMT basados en un pozo cuántico tensionado de InGaAs/InAlAs crecido sobre un sustrato {111} de InP. Se han observado dislocaciones filiformes y defectos planares que cruzan la capa superior hacia la superficie, así como maclas paralelas a la interficie y grandes complejos defectivos en forma de V que se nuclean unos pocos nanometres por encima de la interficie entre el pozo cuántico y la capa superior que lo confina. La estructura de los defectos es muy diferente de la observada en heteroestructuras similares crecidas sobre sustratos {100}, hecho que sugiere que hay que tener en cuenta consideraciones sobre el proceso mismo de nucleación de los defectos junto con las convencionales relacionadas con el desajuste de redes.

Dinâmica complexa no sistema bromato/hipofosfito/acetona/manganês e ferroína

New chemical systems have been recently designed for the study of complex phenomena such as oscillatory dynamics in the temporal domain and spatiotemporal pattern formation. Systems derived from oscillators based on the chemistry of bromate are the most extensively studied, with the celebrated Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction being the most popular example. Problems such as the formation of bubbles (CO2) and solid precipitate in the course of the reaction and the occurrence of simply short-lived oscillations under batch conditions are very common and, in some cases, compromise the use of some of these systems. It is investigated in this paper the dynamic behavior of the bromate/hypophosphite/acetone/dual catalyst system, which has been sugested as an interesting alternative to circumvent those inconvenients. In this work, manganese and ferroin are employed as catalysts and the complete system (BrO3-/H2PO2-/acetone/Mn(II)-ferroin) is studied under batch conditions. Temporal symmetry breaking was studied in a reactor under agitation by means of simultaneous records of the potential changes of platinum and Ag/AgBr electrodes, both measured versus a reversible hydrogen electrode. Additionally, spatio-temporal formation of target patterns and spiral waves were obtained when the oscillating mixture was placed in a quasi two-dimensional reactor.

Dinámica del heleoplancton en relación a las fluctuaciones hidrológicas en aiguamolls de l’Empordà (NE de la península Ibérica). Propuesta de un método sencillo de monitorización basado en la abundancia de grupos taxonómicos

Monitoring of the 'ecological water quality' in 'Aiguamolls de l’Empordà' Natural Park was carried out between September 1996 and August 1997 . The aim of this sampling programme was to design a simple method for rapid detect changes in water quality due to human activity. These include flow regulation by the Park management, nutrient entries from effluents of a nearby wastewater treatment plant or agricultural fertilising. The proposed method is based on the analysis of the abundance of characteristic taxonomic groups of aquatic invertebrates (heleoplankton). The simplicity of the method is ensured by the use of large taxa which are easier to recognise than species. The functioning of aquatic systems has been modelled by means of correspondence analysis between samples and taxa. Results can be summerized in five environmental conditions with a regular community structure. Dominated by one taxon: cladocerans, ostracods, calanoids, cyclopoids and harpacticoids. The dynamics of both freshwater and brackish lagoons can be modelled as displacements between these five groups of environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the “calanoids situation” and the “harpacticoids situation” occur mainly in brackish lagoons, whereas the “cladocerans situation” occurs mainly in freshwater. The four principal axes of data variation have been respectively identified as nutrient turnover rate, hypertrophy, degree of mineralization of the organic matter and eutrophy. The use of these taxa has been validated by comparison with a model obtained from the species. We conclude that in a highly fluctuating system such as the one here, only persistent situations of eutrophy or hypertrophy must be equated to low 'ecological water quality'

Cardiotocógrafo: monitor para el control de la frecuencia cardiaca fetal y la dinámica uterina

Controlar la frecuencia cardiaca fetal y la dinámica uterina durante el proceso del embarazo y el parto resulta de particular importancia para conocer el estado de salud de la madre y el niño. Hoy en día existen aparatos muy novedosos para este fin de uso generalizado en los hospitales españoles. De este tema se ocupa la Ficha de Utillaje de este mes analizando en qué consiste este monitor; cómo se utiliza, los pasos a seguir; etc.

Cardiotocógrafo: monitor para el control de la frecuencia cardiaca fetal y la dinámica uterina

Controlar la frecuencia cardiaca fetal y la dinámica uterina durante el proceso del embarazo y el parto resulta de particular importancia para conocer el estado de salud de la madre y el niño. Hoy en día existen aparatos muy novedosos para este fin de uso generalizado en los hospitales españoles. De este tema se ocupa la Ficha de Utillaje de este mes analizando en qué consiste este monitor; cómo se utiliza, los pasos a seguir; etc.

Cardiotocógrafo: monitor para el control de la frecuencia cardiaca fetal y la dinámica uterina

Controlar la frecuencia cardiaca fetal y la dinámica uterina durante el proceso del embarazo y el parto resulta de particular importancia para conocer el estado de salud de la madre y el niño. Hoy en día existen aparatos muy novedosos para este fin de uso generalizado en los hospitales españoles. De este tema se ocupa la Ficha de Utillaje de este mes analizando en qué consiste este monitor; cómo se utiliza, los pasos a seguir; etc.

Càlcul estructural per a l’estabilització de la plataforma a reurbanitzar del c/ Sant Francesc d’Assís al barri de les Planes. Sant Cugat del Vallès

Estudi estructural per reurbanitzar el carrer Sant Francesc d’Assís de Les Planes, que s’assenta en una configuració de mitja vessant sobre un conjunt triple d’estrats de terreny. Al llarg dels anys s’han produït esllavissaments que han afectat l’àmbit de reblert i algun fins i tot activant els sols quaternaris. La solució proposada és basa en una pantalla curta encastada al substrat rocós, situat al voltant dels 5m. de profunditat, i superiorment lligada per una nova llosa solidària amb l’existent (fregament), però fonamentalment vinculada a un petit mort costat muntanya que, per empenta passiva del terreny, acaba conformant el suport fix de l’esquema estructural en “T”.

Heteropentámeros (etanol)4-agua: estudio estructural y termodinámico

Stochastic exploration of the potential energy surface of (ethanol)4-water heteropentamers through simulated annealing calculations was used to find probable structures of these clusters. Subsequent geometry optimization with the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) approach of these initial structures led to 13 stable heteropentamers. The strength of the hydrogen bonds of the type O"H-O (primary) and their spatial arrangements seem to be responsible for the geometric preferences and the high stability of these heteropentamers. This result is a consequence of the presence of the cooperative effects among such interactions. There is no significant influence of the secondary hydrogen bonds (C"H-O) on the stability of the heteropentamers.

Bases moleculares da ação anti-inflamatória dos ácidos oleanólico e ursólico sobre as isoformas da ciclo-oxigenase por docking e dinâmica molecular

The triterpenoids oleanolic (OA) and ursolic (UA) acids show non-selective antiinflamatory activity in vitro for cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms. 3D conformations of OA and UA, with three possible orientations (1, 1' and 2) in the active site of isoforms COX, obtained by docking, were submitted to molecular dynamics. The results show that orientation 2 of the OA in COX-2 is more favorable because orientation 1 moved away from the active site. The carboxylate group of OA interact by hydrogen bonds with Ser353 and with Phe357 and Leu359, mediated by water, while hydroxyl in C-3 interact by hydrogen bond, mediated by water, with Tyr385.

Dinâmica oscilatória em sistemas contendo bromato e 1,4-ciclo-hexanodiona em meio ácido: I. Efeito da temperatura

We present in this work the influence of temperature on the dynamics of homogeneous chemical systems containing bromate and 1,4-cyclohexanedione (1,4-CHD) in acidic media. In particular, the following systems were studied: bromate/1,4-CHD/acid, bromate/1,4-CHD/ferroin/acid and bromate/1,4-CHD/trisbipyridine ruthenium/acid. Investigations were carried out by means of an electrochemical probe, at five temperatures between 5 and 45 °C. Activation energies (Ea) were estimated in different ways for the pre-oscillatory and oscillatory regimes. In any case, the Ea was found to depend on the catalyst, composition and initial concentrations. In addition, it was observed that ferroin and trisbipyridine ruthenium act as catalysts only during the transition between the induction period and oscillatory regime.

Estudo teórico da estrutura eletrônica e da dinâmica induzida por lasers da molécula de HCl

Potential energy and dipole moment curves for the HCl molecule were computed. Calculations were performed at different levels of theory (DFT, MRCI). Spectroscopic properties are reported and compared with experimental data, for validating the theoretical approaches. Interaction of infrared radiation with HCl is simulated using the wave packet formalism. The quantum control model for population dynamics of the vibrational levels, based on pi-pulse theory, is applied. The results demonstrate that wavepackets with specific composition can be built with short infrared laser pulses and provide the basis for studies of H + HCl collision dynamics with infrared laser excitation.

Dinâmica não-linear e reagente limitante: um exemplo de bifurcação transcrítica

The nonlinear analysis of a general mixed second order reaction was performed, aiming to explore some basic tools concerning the mathematics of nonlinear differential equations. Concepts of stability around fixed points based on linear stability analysis are introduced, together with phase plane and integral curves. The main focus is the chemical relationship between changes of limiting reagent and transcritical bifurcation, and the investigation underlying the conclusion.

Dinâmica temporal da Clorose Variegada dos Citros em três regiões do Estado de São Paulo

Este trabalho objetivou esclarecer se o progresso da Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC) diferia entre três regiões de São Paulo, distintas quanto à incidência da CVC em citrus (Citrus spp.). Foram avaliadas três áreas, Noroeste, Centro e Sul de São Paulo, durante dois anos, em avaliações quinzenais, quando eram mapeadas as plantas sintomáticas. Tentou-se o ajuste de nove modelos ao progresso da doença, além do ajuste de três modelos a segmentos das curvas originais. Foram estimadas também as diferenciais e as diferenciais secundárias de cada curva de progresso. Apenas quando as curvas foram divididas é que foram obtidos bons ajustes aos modelos de progresso. A diferencial (velocidade da doença) e diferencial secundária (aceleração do aparecimento de novas plantas doentes) apresentaram diversos picos ao longo do tempo. Esses picos ocorreram em meses de Primavera e Verão. Levanta-se aqui a hipótese de que os picos de diferencial - incomuns na quantidade encontrada - estejam relacionados a determinados picos de emissão de brotações, já que as novas brotações são o local preferido de alimentação dos vetores de Xylella fastidiosa.

Dinâmica espacial da clorose variegada dos citros em três regiões do Estado de São Paulo

A Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC) tem sido considerada a mais importante doença citrícola no Brasil, mas diversos aspectos de sua epidemiologia ainda não são bem conhecidos. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar o arranjo espacial das plantas afetadas, visando caracterizar a dinâmica da doença em três regiões do Estado de São Paulo (Noroeste, Centro e Sul). Por meio de avaliação de sintomas visuais, foram mapeados, quinzenalmente, três talhões de laranja-doce (Citrus sinensis) Pêra enxertada em limão Cravo (Citrus limonia), em três regiões do Estado de São Paulo, desde julho de 1998 até dezembro de 2000. Para o estudo da dinâmica espacial, foram aplicadas as seguintes análises: seqüências ordinárias; áreas isópatas; lei de Taylor modificada; índice de dispersão e análise de dinâmica e estrutura de focos. As seqüências ordinárias indicaram uma tendência à aleatoriedade na maioria das avaliações, indicando baixa transmissão a plantas imediatamente vizinhas. A análise de áreas isópatas mostrou pouca formação de focos compactos, numa tendência à uniformidade da incidência da CVC. As demais análises demonstraram pouca diferença no padrão espacial da doença entre as regiões, que pode ser considerado levemente agregado.