Karneval i klassrum – kunskap på hjul : en studie av elevers möten med clown analyserade med narrativ metod och poetisk etnografi

The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge about learning in and through art related to pupils’ study processes developing clown characters in secondary school. The pre understanding of this qualitative piece of micro ethnographic research is that the elaboration of clown has openness to play, creative activity and imagination. The art form clown inspires and motivates. The clown character creates a kind and friendly atmosphere, calls upon smile, which promotes learning. It is an art form promoting deep and personal reflection and evoking questions regarding identity formation. The pre understanding finally is that existential themes are brought to articulation in the art form clown. The problem formulation for the hermeneutic phenomenological study is an exploration of the meaning potential of an arts educational work with clown from the pupils’ as well as the teacher’s perspective. The study elaborates the following research questions: 1.) How are the pupils staging themselves in the work with clown? a) How are they constructing the clown character? b) How do they reflect upon their construction? c) What are the characteristics of the working process in the elaboration of clown? 2.) What is characteristic of the teacher’s contribution to the arts educational work? 3.) What is characteristic of the meaning making in the elaboration of clown? One group of 21 pupils and their drama teacher in a Swedish secondary school in six workshops (each one 90 minutes) elaborating the clown theme is the group under study through video observation, interviews, students’ logs and drawings, teacher log and researcher’s field notes. The theoretical framework comprises three perspectives on clown: a perspective on the culture of carnival, a drama education perspective and a performance perspective. Through a content analysis of texts about clown a set of characteristics for the clown is used as analytical concepts in the subsequent analysis of the pupils’ working process when they create three clown characters: August, the white clown and the bag lady. The results are presented as fictive narratives built on the video observations and the interviews. The presentation is brought to even more condensation through poetic ethnographic writing of haiku poems by the researcher. This ethnographic writing is idiomatic to the art form under study, and can be seen as a metaphorical meta commentary to the narratives. As a main result the researcher has developed a model describing the different aspects of the clown characters and the meaning potential of the clown as learning regarding exploration of identity and elaboration of existential questions regarding life, loneliness, love, religion and death.

Multifrequency VLBI Observations of Selected Active Galactic Nuclei

In this dissertation, active galactic nuclei (AGN) are discussed, as they are seen with the high-resolution radio-astronomical technique called Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). This observational technique provides very high angular resolution (_ 10−300 = 1 milliarcsecond). VLBI observations, performed at different radio frequencies (multi-frequency VLBI), allow to penetrate deep into the core of an AGN to reveal an otherwise obscured inner part of the jet and the vicinity of the AGN’s central engine. Multi-frequency VLBI data are used to scrutinize the structure and evolution of the jet, as well as the distribution of the polarized emission. These data can help to derive the properties of the plasma and the magnetic field, and to provide constraints to the jet composition and the parameters of emission mechanisms. Also VLBI data can be used for testing the possible physical processes in the jet by comparing observational results with results of numerical simulations. The work presented in this thesis contributes to different aspects of AGN physics studies, as well as to the methodology of VLBI data reduction. In particular, Paper I reports evidence of optical and radio emission of AGN coming from the same region in the inner jet. This result was obtained via simultaneous observations of linear polarization in the optical and in radio using VLBI technique of a sample of AGN. Papers II and III describe, in detail, the jet kinematics of the blazar 0716+714, based on multi-frequency data, and reveal a peculiar kinematic pattern: plasma in the inner jet appears to move substantially faster that that in the large-scale jet. This peculiarity is explained by the jet bending, in Paper III. Also, Paper III presents a test of the new imaging technique for VLBI data, the Generalized Maximum Entropy Method (GMEM), with the observed (not simulated) data and compares its results with the conventional imaging. Papers IV and V report the results of observations of the circularly polarized (CP) emission in AGN at small spatial scales. In particular, Paper IV presents values of the core CP for 41 AGN at 15, 22 and 43 GHz, obtained with the help of the standard Gain transfer (GT) method, which was previously developed by D. Homan and J.Wardle for the calibration of multi-source VLBI observations. This method was developed for long multi-source observations, when many AGN are observed in a single VLBI run. In contrast, in Paper V, an attempt is made to apply the GT method to single-source VLBI observations. In such observations, the object list would include only a few sources: a target source and two or three calibrators, and it lasts much shorter than the multi-source experiment. For the CP calibration of a single-source observation, it is necessary to have a source with zero or known CP as one of the calibrators. If the archival observations included such a source to the list of calibrators, the GT could also be used for the archival data, increasing a list of known AGN with the CP at small spatial scale. Paper V contains also calculation of contributions of different sourced of errors to the uncertainty of the final result, and presents the first results for the blazar 0716+714.

Observations on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine. Clinical Studies on Healthy Volunteers and Intensive Care Patients

Patients treated in intensive care units require sedation and analgesia. However, sedative drugs also have potential adverse effects, and there is no single ideal sedativeanalgesic drug for these patients. Dexmedetomidine is an apha2-adrenoceptor agonist licenced for sedation of intensive care patients and patients undergoing surgery and other invasive procedures. Several routes of parenteral administration (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intranasal) have been utilized. In the present series of studies, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasally administered dexmedetomidine as well as the gastrointestinal effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine were determined in healthy volunteers. Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine during long lasting, high-dose infusions were characterized in intensive care patients. The bioavailability of intranasal dexmedetomidine was relatively good (65%), but interindividual variation was large. Dexmedetomidine significantly inhibited gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. In intensive care patients, the elimination half-life of dexmedetomidine was somewhat longer than reported for infusions of shorter duration and in less ill patients or healthy volunteers. Dexmedetomidine appeared to have linear pharmacokinetics up to the studied dose rate of 2.5 μg/kg/h. Dexmedetomidine clearance was decreasing with age and its volume of distribution was increased in hypoalbuminaemic patients, resulting in a longer elimination half-life and context-sensitive half-time. Intranasally administered dexmedetomidine was efficacious and well tolerated, making it appropriate for clinical situations requiring light sedation. The clinical significance of the gastrointestinal inhibitory effects of dexmedetomidine should be further evaluated in intensive care patients. The possibility of potentially altered potency and effect duration should be taken into account when administering dexmedetomidine to elderly or hypoalbuminaemic patients.

Enhancing absorptive capacity in a non-research and development. An action research approach to converting individual observations into organisational awareness

The ability to recognize potential knowledge and convert it into business opportunities is one of the key factors of renewal in uncertain environments. This thesis examines absorptive capacity in the context of non-research and development innovation, with a primary focus on the social interaction that facilitates the absorption of knowledge. It proposes that everyone is and should be entitled to take part in the social interaction that shapes individual observations into innovations. Both innovation and absorptive capacity have been traditionally related to research and development departments and institutions. These innovations need to be adopted and adapted by others. This so-called waterfall model of innovations is only one aspect of new knowledge generation and innovation. In addition to this Science–Technology–Innovation perspective, more attention has been recently paid to the Doing–Using–Interacting mode of generating new knowledge and innovations. The amount of literature on absorptive capacity is vast, yet the concept is reified. The greater part of the literature links absorptive capacity to research and development departments. Some publications have focused on the nature of absorptive capacity in practice and the role of social interaction in enhancing it. Recent literature on absorptive capacity calls for studies that shed light on the relationship between individual absorptive capacity and organisational absorptive capacity. There has also been a call to examine absorptive capacity in non-research and development environments. Drawing on the literature on employee-driven innovation and social capital, this thesis looks at how individual observations and ideas are converted into something that an organisation can use. The critical phases of absorptive capacity, during which the ideas of individuals are incorporated into a group context, are assimilation and transformation. These two phases are seen as complementary: whereas assimilation is the application of easy-to-accept knowledge, transformation challenges the current way of thinking. The two require distinct kinds of social interaction and practices. The results of this study can been crystallised thus: “Enhancing absorptive capacity in practicebased non-research and development context is to organise the optimal circumstances for social interaction. Every individual is a potential source of signals leading to innovations. The individual, thus, recognises opportunities and acquires signals. Through the social interaction processes of assimilation and transformation, these signals are processed into the organisation’s reality and language. The conditions of creative social capital facilitate the interplay between assimilation and transformation. An organisation that strives for employee-driven innovation gains the benefits of a broader surface for opportunity recognition and faster absorption.” If organisations and managers become more aware of the benefits of enhancing absorptive capacity in practice, they have reason to assign resources to those practices that facilitate the creation of absorptive capacity. By recognising the underlying social mechanisms and structural features that lead either to assimilation or transformation, it is easier to balance between renewal and effective operations.

”Hei, mä opin tän asian enkuks!” Toimintatutkimus ympäristötiedon ainesisältöjen ja vieraan kielen oppimisesta sekä opettamisesta englanninkielissä oppituokioissa

Tämä kvalitatiivinen toimintatutkimus sai lähtökipinän opettajan tarpeesta kehittää englannin kielen opetustaan suuntaan, joka innostaisi oppijoita opiskelemaan ja tuottamaan vierasta kieltä rohkeasti. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, mitä muutoksia oppijoissa ilmenee, kun perinteiseen vieraan kielen opetukseen sisällytetään kahden lukuvuoden ajan oppituokioita, joissa ympäristötiedon ainesisältöjä opetetaan vieraalla kielellä. Kiinnostuksen kohteena oli tutkia, ilmeneekö oppijoilla muutoksia ainesisältöjen hallinnassa, englanninkielisen ympäristötiedon sanavaraston karttumisessa, kielitaidon kehittymisessä sekä asenteessa oppituokioita ja englannin kieltä kohtaan yleensä. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli myös luoda toimivaa käytäntöä opettajalle toteuttaa ainesisältöjen opettamista vieraalla kielellä, josta kansainvälisesti käytetään termiä Content and language integrated learning (CLIL). Tutkimus oli kahden vuoden pitkittäistutkimus, joka toteutettiin lukuvuosina 2008–2010. Tutkimusjoukko koostui 18:sta (11 poikaa ja 7 tyttöä) neljättä luokkaa aloittavasta oppijasta. Vertailuryhmään kuului 22 musiikkiluokan oppijaa (6 poikaa ja 16 tyttöä). Tutkija opetti molemmille ryhmille englannin kieltä kaksi viikkotuntia. Englanninkieliset oppituokiot toteutettiin englannin tuntien yhteydessä noin kerran viikossa. Kerrallaan tuokio kesti 15–20 minuuttia. Tutkimusaineistoa, joka koostuu sekä kvalitatiivisesta että kvantitatiivisesta aineistosta, kerättiin eri tavoin: tutkija keräsi havaintomateriaalia päiväkirjaansa koko tutkimuksen ajan, oppijoita testattiin kuusi kertaa tutkimuksen aikana sekä itsearvio- ja asennekyselyjä toteutettiin kahdesti. Tutkimusaineiston pohjalta saatiin selviä tutkimustuloksia, joiden mukaan CLIL-opetus vaikutti oppijoihin positiivisesti: ympäristötiedon ainesisältöjä opittiin, englanninkielinen ympäristötiedon sanavarasto laajeni ja vierasta kieltä käytettiin rohkeammin kuin aiemmin. Kommunikoidessa huomio kiinnitettiin kielen tarkkailun sijasta asiasisältöön. Oppijat suhtautuivat englanninkielisiin oppituokioihin positiivisesti ja englannin osaaminen koettiin tärkeäksi. Tässäkin kokeilussa CLIL osoittautui joustavaksi metodiseksi lähestymistavaksi, joka taipuu käyttökelpoiseksi käytännön teoriaksi soveltuen monenlaisille oppijoille.

Observations of Industry Momentum Effect in European Equity Indices

This thesis examines the existence and nature of momentum effect in European equity indices. A set of predefined indicators is used to compose momentum portfolios and different holding periods are used to test the strategies over variable time periods as well as under different economical conditions. The data consists of daily closing prices of STOXX Europe 600 index and its 18 super sector indices. Over the study period we follow the performances of a long position in the Winner portfolio, a position in the market neutral zero-cost portfolio and also a position in the risk-controlled zero-cost portfolio. The investment ratio of the risk-controlled zero-cost portfolio is negatively correlated with the realized market volatility. The results show that momentum effect is present in European industries and is most prominent in the short-term. Indicators that are based on short-term performance tend predict the over- and underperformers for the 1-month holding period more reliably than any other indicator/holding period combination. The examination of the strategies under different economical conditions shows that the market neutral approach can create significant returns in times of recession but in times of economic boom the long position in Winner portfolio outperforms the market neutral portfolio by an extensive margin.

Nerve endings of filliform, fungiform and vallate papillae of dorsal tongue mucosa of White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari): Neurohistological observations

The neurohistologic observations were performed using the specimens prepared by Winkelmann and Schmitt silver impregnation method. The tissues were fixed in 10% formalin solution and sections of 40µm thickness were obtained by Leica Cryostat at -30ºC. The sections of dorsal mucosa of White-lipped peccary tongue showed numerous filliform and fungiform papillae, and two vallate papillae on the caudal part. The epithelial layer revealed queratinized epithelial cells and the connective tissue papillae of different sizes and shapes. Thick nerve fiber bundles are noted into the subepithelial connective tissue of the papillae. The connective tissue of fungiform and vallate papillae contained numerous sensitive nerves fibers bundles forming a complex nerve plexus.

Violations of children's rights in armed conflicts : international treaties, observations by peacekeepers and crisis management training in Finland

Ninety-nine Finnish peacekeepers, who had been serving in 15 different operations around the world, participated in the study (8 women, 27-52 years old, m = 37.4, SD = 8.9; and 91 men, 21-69 years old, m = 41.4, SD = 10.2). Three military crisis management trainers from the Finnish Defence Forces International Centre also participated in the study. The data was collected with two webbased questionnaires. In addition two interviews were made with specialists of civilian crisis management in Finland. The study also provides an overview of international treaties concerning children’s rights in armed conflict. The results show that 48.7 % of dangers for children in conflicts reported by the peacekeepers were related to physical injury (e.g. landmines and traffic), and 27.4 % were related to social problems (e.g. poverty, child soldiers, and trafficking). 24.1 % of the peacekeepers had made observations of children’s rights violations either often or very often during peacekeeping operations. 49.6 % of the observations were related to social problems (e.g. child labour or being forced to beg), and 33.0 % were related to physical injury (e.g. assault). Frequency of observation of children’s rights violations was not associated with either sex or military degree of the peacekeepers; instead it was significantly correlated with the peacekeepers’ degree of knowledge of EU’s child protection guidelines. On the basis of the results, it is recommended that knowledge about children’s rights and protection should be included in the training of Finnish crisis management personnel to a much higher degree than at the present.

Riskivastuullisuus turvallisuuskasvatuksen kulttuurissa. Oppilaiden vastuullisuus, turvallisuustaju ja tuottamistoiminnan riskiraja peruskoulun käsityön opetuksessa

Riskit ja riskittömyys uhkaavat yksilöitä, käsityötä ja yhteiskuntaa. Käsityökasvatukselleon haaste toimia kulttuurissa, joka tavoittelee täyttä riskittömyyttä. Käsityössä kasvatetaan kekseliäisyyteen ja varautumaan sen aiheuttaman riskin kohtaamiseen sekä ottamaan siitä vastuuta. Tämän tutkimuksen tehtävänä on riskivastuullisuuden mallin rakentamiseksi selvittää, kuinka oppilaiden vastuullisuus selittää riskirajaa käsityön turvallisuuskasvatuksen kulttuurissa. Välinearvojen saavuttamiseksi on siedettävä välineriskiä, joka ei ylitä turvallisuuskulttuurin riskirajaa. Välinearvot ovat välineiden laatua lisääviä ominaisuuksia, joilla pyritään peittämään välineriskejä. Siedettävän riskin rajan ratkaisemiseen tarvitaan tietoa käsityön tuottamisesta ja todellisuutta havainnoivien tiedonalojen tietoa. Viime kädessä ratkaisu tehdään rakentavalla ajattelulla, johon kuuluu välinearvojen tavoittelua ohjaava käsityötaju ja välineriskeihin varautumista ohjaava turvallisuustaju. Käsityössä onnistuminen kannustaa kohti uusia haasteita ja epäonnistumisen riski asettuu mittasuhteisiinsa. Kekseliäässä käsityön kulttuurissa kokeillaan omia ja ympäröivän todellisuuden mahdollisuuksia ottamalla oivaltaen riskejä, jotka saavat aikaan rakentavan kokemuksen riskistä. Käsityö on riskioivallusten oppiaine. Tutkimustehtävän toteuttamiseksi tässä tutkimuksessa rakennetaan uusi riskivastuullisuuden malli, jossa vastuullisuus selittää riskirajaa. Mallin vastaavuutta selvitetään valtakunnallisesti peruskoulun käsityön 6. ja 9. luokan käsityön opetuksessa (n = 393). Aineisto on analysoitu rakenneyhtälöanalyysein konfirmatorisella faktorianalyysilla ja polkumallinnuksella. Tutkimusaineisto ja riskivastuullisuuden malli vastaavat toisiaan. Vastuullisuuden selitysosuus turvallisuustajun ja käsityötajun ratkaisemasta riskirajasta on mallin mukaan 35 %. Oppilaat osoittivat tuntevansa oman tuottamisensa vaikutuksia ja vastuuta niistä. Vastuullisuus osoittautui tärkeäksi riskirajan selittäjäksi, joten käsityön turvallisuuskasvatuksen kulttuuri voi kohota uudelle tasolle riskivastuulliseksi. Käsityön turvallisuuskasvatus on kokonaisvaltaista turvallisuustajun kasvatusta. Riskivastuullisuus luo turvallisuuskulttuuriin yhteisen käsityksen siedettävän riskin rajasta. Oppilaiden mahdollisuuksia kekseliääseen tutkivaan tuottamiseen on vahvistettava eikä rajoitettava. Riskivastuullisessa käsityön turvallisuuskasvatuksen kulttuurissa opettajan tehtävänä ei ole estää mitään tapahtumasta vaan saada mahdollisimman paljon tapahtumaan, sillä vastuullisuus kasvaa vastuuta ottamalla. Se on kasvatuksen – käsityökasvatuksen – keino turvallisuustyössä.

Amérique méridionale : dressée sur les mémoires les plus récents et assujétie aux observations astronomique[s]

Julkaisussa: Atlas universel

Carte générale du globe terrestre dressée sur les mémoires les plus approuvés et les observations les plus exactes

Julkaisussa: Nouvel atlas du globe terrestre representé en une carte générale et XII cartes particulières avec une courte description

Mappemonde, ou, description du globe terrestre : dressée sur les mémoires les plus nouveaux et assujettie aux observations astronomiques

Julkaisussa: Atlas universel

Carte d'Europe dressée pour l'usage du Roy sur les itinéraires anciens et modernes et sur les routiers de mer assujetis aux observations astronomiques

Nimeke- ja tekijätiedot nimiönkehyksissä

Carte de l'Asie projettée stéreographiquement, tirée des rélations et observations, contenues dans les voyages modernes, de même que dans les monumens des anciens, corrigée de tout ce qui sent la fable, et divisée en ses IX parties méthodiques = Asia secundum legitimas projectionis stereographicae regulas et juxta recentissimas observationes, et relationes explosis aliorum fabulosis designationibus et narrationibus, adhibitis quoque veterum monumentis et recentiorum itinerariis descripta, et in partes suas methodicas IX divisa

Nimeke- ja tekijätiedot nimiönkehyksissä

L'Europe, où, tous les points principaux sont placez sur les observations de messieurs de L'Académie Royale des Sciences

Nimeke- ja tekijätiedot nimiönkehyksissä