779 resultados para negotiation of difference


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O segmento suplementar de saúde no Brasil apresenta hoje, substancial importância no cenário nacional, não só por sua abrangência e capilaridade, mas também por sua relevância econômica. Neste cenário, destaca-se o segmento de cooperativas médicas Unimed, que atendem hoje cerca de 8% da população brasileira e detém mais de 33% do marketshare do setor. Desde o advento do marco regulatório do setor no Brasil, a saúde suplementar vem sendo submetida a um rigoroso processo de reestruturação enquanto segmento econômico, que ano após ano, vem reduzindo a autonomia de livre negociação de preços e ampliando o rol de procedimentos obrigatórios para as operadoras. Diante deste cenário e sob a temática da estratégia empresarial, propôs-se um estudo exploratório da Federação das Unimeds do Estado de São Paulo (Fesp), avaliando criticamente o modelo de regionalização adotado em sua operadora, caracterizando-se como uma nova configuração estratégica, alinhada à realidade regulatória do setor e ao ambiente competitivo de mercado no qual está inserida.

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Este trabalho investiga como os controles de capitais praticados no Brasil através da imposição do Imposto sobre Operações Financeiras (IOF) sobre empréstimos externos em 2011 e 2012 afetaram decisões em âmbito financeiro empresarial. As principais questões abordadas são: As empresas brasileiras com financiamento de curto prazo em moeda estrangeira investiram menos após a imposição do IOF sobre empréstimo externo? Elas alongaram suas dívidas em moeda estrangeira, ou seja, mudaram a composição, mas não o total de dívida? Elas reduziram a dívida externa total, aumentando a dívida doméstica? Para responder a essas perguntas, foi adotado o método de diferenças-em-diferenças. Os resultados encontrados sustentam que as empresas brasileiras que tinham passivos externos de curto prazo antes da adoção do IOF não diminuíram seus investimentos significativamente mais do que as empresas que não foram diretamente afetadas por tal medida de controle, nem alteraram mais a proporção de endividamento externo sobre dívida total. Não obstante, os resultados apontam para um maior alongamento das dívidas em moeda estrangeira.

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A desoneração da folha é constituída pela eliminação da contribuição previdenciária patronal incidente sobre a folha de pagamento dos funcionários e pela adoção de uma nova contribuição previdenciária sobre a receita bruta das empresas. Um dos objetivos desta mudança, listados pelo Governo Federal do Brasil no programa Brasil Maior, é reduzir os custos de produção dos setores beneficiados através da diminuição da carga tributária, contribuindo, assim, para a geração de empregos e formalização de mão de obra. O objetivo deste trabalho, portanto, é estimar o impacto desta medida sobre a geração de empregos formais e também sobre o salário médio dos trabalhadores nos primeiros setores beneficiados, que foram, principalmente, Tecnologia da Informação (e Comunicação), Couro e Calçados, Vestuário e Têxtil, Hotéis e Call Center. Para isto, aplicou-se a metodologia econométrica difference-in-differences nos dados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), disponibilizados pelo Ministério do Trabalho. Os resultados sugerem principalmente que a desoneração da folha de pagamentos parece ter gerado empregos apenas para o setor Tecnologia da Informação (e Comunicação), assim como aumento do salário médio dos empregados deste setor. Outro resultado interessante é que para o setor de Call Center o impacto em termos de emprego não foi significativo, mas a lei parece ter contribuído para um aumento do salário no setor.

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Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da adesão à Gestão Plena do Sistema Municipal. Este processo começou com a instituição da Norma Operacional Básica do SUS de 1996 (NOB/SUS 01/96) e foi descontinuado em 2006 sem explicações oficiais. Os indicadores estudados foram a taxa de mortalidade, total e separada em faixas de idade, e a despesa per capita. As equações foram estimadas utilizando-se o método de difference-in-differences, através de um painel de efeitos fixos, utilizando dados anuais dos municípios brasileiros para o período de 2000 à 2006. Os resultados indicam que os aderentes na primeira metade de vigência da política (1998-2002) obtiveram uma redução de mortalidade gradual, já a partir do primeiro ano de adesão. Contudo, ao incluir os municípios que aderiram na metade final do período de vigência, não foram encontrados resultados estatisticamente relevantes, o que pode indicar uma mudança no rigor dos requisitos cobrados para aderência. Sobre as despesas, com exceção do primeiro ano após a adesão, há indícios de melhora da eficiência.

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No Brasil, até junho de 2011, cada banco emissor de cartões de crédito estipulava, por critérios próprios, o percentual mínimo da fatura que deveria ser pago pelo cliente. A partir de julho daquele mesmo ano, o Banco Central do Brasil – BACEN, estabeleceu o percentual de 15% do total da fatura, como valor de pagamento mínimo. Em vista disso, este estudo busca analisar as consequências dessa alteração na política de cartões de crédito. Do ponto de vista teórico, uma política desse tipo pode ter os seguintes efeitos: aumento da inadimplência de curto prazo, alteração do volume financiado e diferentes impactos em anchoring. Para investigar empiricamente esse efeito são utilizadas informações de fatura e pagamento destes clientes, nos momentos anteriores e posteriores à implantação da regulamentação do BACEN. Tal mudança institucional permite identificar, através do método de diferenças em diferenças, os efeitos da nova lei na inadimplência e alteração de volume financiado no curto prazo, provocados pela restrição ao crédito, e anchoring. As estimações indicam que a alteração do mínimo impactou no número de clientes em atraso, também é observada uma redução no volume financiado dos clientes que pagavam mais que 20% da fatura. Por outro lado, não são observadas variações na quantidade de clientes que pagaram mais que o mínimo exigido na regulamentação. Este resultado indica que a elevação do mínimo está positivamente correlacionada com o volume de pagamento para clientes que costumam fazer pagamentos superiores a 20% e aumenta a inadimplência no curto prazo, causada pela elevação do pagamento mínimo.

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Este é um estudo da atuação da Secretaria de Direitos Humanos da Presidência da República na tramitação da Proposta de Emenda Constitucional (PEC) conhecida como PEC do Trabalho Escravo, que tramitou por 15 anos no Congresso Nacional e foi promulgada em junho de 2014, dando origem à Emenda Constitucional 81/14. Espera-se, com isso, contribuir para a discussão sobre o papel de empreendedores políticos no processo de formulação de políticas públicas do Brasil. O longo processo de tramitação da matéria e as divergências entre importantes setores do Congresso e da sociedade constituem um ponto de partida para a investigação do processo de formulação de consensos que fazem avançar uma proposição legislativa, e permitem identificar os empreendedores políticos (KINGDON, 2011) que protagonizaram a esses entendimentos. A partir de entrevistas e análise de dados primários e secundários, foi possível identificar grupos organizados em maior ou menor grau para o exercício de pressão sobre o trâmite legislativo, que constituem o que Sabatier e Jenkins-Smith definem como coalizões de advocacy, ou seja, grupos que se organizam em torno de um sistema de crenças e valores em comum para influenciar o processo de formulação de políticas públicas (SABATIER, 1988). Propõe-se analisar atores (ONGs, mídia, órgãos internacionais) e compreender seus mecanismos de atuação e como foi possível articular todos esses interesses, expandindo, dessa forma, o entendimento acadêmico sobre a produção de políticas públicas, compreendendo o impacto que a mobilização desses atores “alternativos” teve sobre a formulação da proposta de lei em questão. Pudemos verificar na atuação da SDH/PR os fundamentos conceituais de aprendizado político (policy learning) e sua atuação como empreendedor político, decisiva para a aprovação da PEC do Trabalho Escravo. Indo além, a SDH/PR foi importante naquilo que denominamos “criação de momentos de decisão”, um avanço crucial para romper o ciclo de protelações que marcaram a história da tramitação da PEC. O empreendedorismo político da SDH/PR foi além das prerrogativas definidas pelo próprio multiple streams framework: um empreendedorismo político à brasileira.

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O fato de que o Estado brasileiro deve, de acordo com sua Carta Magna, garantir o direito de seus cidadãos à saúde não significa, necessariamente, que a provisão destes serviços tem de ser feita diretamente pelo poder público. As parcerias com organizações sociais, previstas na Lei Federal 9.637/1998 e regulamentadas pelos Contratos de Gestão, pretendem oferecer uma alternativa à eficiência, agilidade e flexibilidade na assistência à saúde. Entretanto, a estrutura dos contratos de gestão com Organizações Sociais de Saúde (OSS), elaborada com a pactuação de metas e indicadores de desempenho, não pode ser considerada, isoladamente, como fator garantidor da prestação adequada de tais serviços públicos. É fundamental considerar neste contexto os arranjos organizados pelo poder público para assegurar que os serviços oferecidos representam o que, de fato, os cidadãos consideram valor. O presente trabalho tem como objeto as parcerias com OSS no âmbito do governo do estado de São Paulo. As entrevistas realizadas e as pesquisas empreendidas na confecção deste estudo revelam que, caso se pretenda trabalhar com estas parcerias sob uma perspectiva de value-for-money e geração de valor público, faz-se necessário aprimorar os mecanismos de escuta aos cidadãos, os arranjos de governança colaborativa entre entes federados, o alinhamento com órgãos de controle e, sobretudo, qualificar a capacidade organizacional do Estado e das OSS, por meio da revisão das metas e indicadores dispostos nos contratos de gestão.

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This paper discusses the experiences related to the treatment of children´s cancer which had children, their mothers and families as their main characters. They were mainly originated from areas in the countryside and urban poor areas in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The non-governmental organization Grupo de Apoio à Criança com Câncer (GACC) was the privileged ethnographic location. In this setting, the mother, which was called acompanhante (companion), and the children, defined as pacientes (patients), were often sheltered in reason of therapeutic practices and the treatment undertaken by children in a nearby hospital. This study aims to focus on the therapeutic itinerary, beyond the children´s suffering, dealing with the family as a whole, since the moral values from these popular families imply the complete involvement of the family in relation to the illness and its treatment. Therefore, it is experienced as a family problem. We also intend to understand the construction of meanings to the illness, dealing with the ideological continuity in the relationships between the families and the GACC. These meanings were built in the intersection of these two spheres, which refer particularly to medical, religious and emotional explanations. Ethnographic methods were applied in this research at the entity and another social contexts, such as the family households. I also tried to retrieve the process of treatment outside the GACC, visiting the family context, when doing dense interviews or just having conversations with informants. It was found that the GACC, as a non-governmental organization, generates a negotiation of identities, which develops, then, through the family as a whole, but also through the child and especially the mother, affecting, in some way, their internal organization. Furthermore, the meanings of the experience of illness appeared to be shaped by the family sphere as well as by the logic of public health structures

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Os argumentos apresentados neste artigo partem de apontamentos etnográficos oriundos de pesquisa antropológica realizada entre travestis que se prostituem. A partir da análise dessas notas, apresentam-se as categorias classificatórias acionadas pelas travestis que se prostituem a fim de, por esses termos, demarcarem diferenças pouco consideradas pelos formuladores de políticas de saúde, mas que são significativas para elas, pois se referem a maneiras singularizadas de subjetividades nas quais gênero, geração, classe e raça estão implicadas. Assim, procura-se explorar como esses marcadores sociais da diferença operam contextual e relacionalmente nas respostas que esses sujeitos têm elaborado frente à sistemática associação entre travestis e aids, e como esses eixos se enfeixam compondo experiências específicas do adoecer e do sofrimento, ao mesmo tempo em que permitem que as travestis mobilizem diversas estratégias de resistência e enfrentamento a processos de estigmatização. A discussão a ser empreendida vale-se do escopo teórico pós-estruturalista, bem como das contribuições do feminismo como crítica epistemológica.

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In this work a series of discussions is made on the relationship between money and prostitution in a way of overcoming its merely economic aspects, in the perception of both being social, cultural and historical phenomena, and taking them as symbols, whose study aids to unveil the reality. In this context it is looked for revealing its forms and contents to make it possible to understand them beyond the rationality, calculability and mathematical elements presents in them; beyond apparentness, taking them in their complexity. The discussions encompass theoretical elements, based especially on Georg Simmel s theoretical analyses, allied to a specific empirical frame that regards the life experience of the women of Praia do Meio, pedaço of the city of Natal-RN-Brazil, where the data were collected from. Fundamentally, prostitution is perceived as an exchange activity, which is not depleted in the economic elements, but, contrarily, starts on them and surpasses them in diverse aspects. It deals about a money-mediated relationship between human beings that possesses in itself a full complexity, which demands an accurate and keen attention to be comprehended. Since money has transformed the world and the men and women in it, the discussions in the text are conducted in a direction to attempt to encircle and understand the relationship between money and prostitution. Prostitution, in turn, aids to understand such a transformation as it is also a symbol of our times and it makes us to face the true essence of our society: the transformation of human beings into merchandise, into negotiable objects. In the money-based society it is possible to picture the phenomenon of double prostitution: negotiation of the human being, through labor, and negotiation of sex, the last being dramatically stigmatized and the former strongly encouraged. This may be demonstrating that the paid sex is, in the money-ruled society, a limit of commercialization, widely accepted provided it is camouflaged and surrounded by an aura of sensuality and legitimacy

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This thesis is resulted of a research on propagated the social representations of constructivism in the Internet, which as had estimated basic the idea of Moscovici (1961) of that the media it has determinative paper in the popularization of the scientific theories, in formation e propagation of the social representations and in the construction of behaviors human beings. Understanding the Internet as latest space of circulation of social communications, therefore, privileged field (and still not explored) for studies of social representations, we choose this half midiático as investigative field of our research, it if it constitutes in the "great ocean of the new informational planet" (LEVY, 2000, p. 126), besides making possible the interaction with different forms of images, different individuals, different ' world ', configuring itself as important space of symbolic production e of analysis of the representational process in the world contemporary. Based in these questions, we trace as objective to analyze the circulating speech propagated on-line on the constructivism, searching to apprehend the social representations shared the respect. This objective was constructed in face of the insertion of the theory constructivist in the educational way has two decades more than, as well as of its consolidation as reference in different social contexts, mainly in midiático. The question that directed the research was: as this theory obtains to penetrate in some layers of our society, to influence the world readings e the behaviors of different people? That modifications it suffers in this trajectory and which the paper of the Internet in this process? The corpus of the research was constituted of the substances on the theory found in the Internet, in pages in Portuguese of Google, in the period of 27 of July of 2004 the 17 of August of 2004. The data they had been analyzed on the basis of the project of analysis of content elaborated for Moscovici (1961) and in the estimated theoreticians of the social communication, in special of the hypermedia. The results had disclosed that the Internet participates of determinative form in the process of popularization of the constructivism theory, not only spreading out its estimated theoretician- methodological for the domain public (diffusion), but propagating positive beliefs and images of its postulates (propagation) and using them it service of interests politicians e financiers (propaganda). The popularization of the constructivism in the Internet and social representations of this theory propagated configure one process in which the theory passes of pedagogical theoretical landmark for grief, assuming a commercial character extremely and the status of solution for problems of the education and the society, stirring up attitudes and behaviors in public, most general possible, that comes to take care of to the interests politicians e marketing. Recognizing the diversity, the permanent renewal of information and the negotiation of directions gifts in the Internet, as well as the innumerable ones forms of access to the information found by it, we consider results of the research as fruits of the inherent characteristics to this way midiático, to the time where we call the attention for relativity these results, for the plasticity of knowing them and sensible propagated on-line e for the great challenge that the hypermedia imposes to the study of communication phenomena, of the social representations and in educational quarrels and for the necessity of new research that they investigate the forms of socialization of the information and communication propitiated by hypermedia and its implications in the construction of the symbolic universes and in practical social

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Quasi-experimental study, prospective with quantitative approach, performed at the Hospital do Coração in Natal, aimed at verified the existence of difference between the care given by health professionals to the patients under mechanical ventilation (MV) in the Intensive Care Unit, before and after an educative intervention. The population was of 31 professionals, with data collected between november 05 of 2007 to march 27 of 2008. The results show a yong population, female gender, middle level of education, nursing technique, working between 05 and 09 years on nursing profession, and 01 to 04 years on Intensive Care Unit; almost all, never had an kind of training over prevent pneumonia associated to mechanical ventilation; from those that had training, occur on the work place with duration from 12 to 24 hours. About endotracheal intubation, the cuff was tested with a sterilized syringe had a positive change after a educative intervention, increased from 75,0% to 100,0%; the sterile guide was used on 75,0% before and 100,0% after an educative intervention. Regarding endotracheal suction procedure, was not informed to the patient on 72,7% before, however was informed on 56,7% after; the hands was not previously washed 68,5% before, however was 63,3% after the procedure; mask was used on 74,2 % opportunities before and 76,7% after; the aspiration catheter had adequated size on 98,9% observation before and 100,0% after; the gaze was sterilized on 95,7% before and 100,0% after; the ventilator was connected to the patient during the aspiration intervals on 94,4% observation before and 100,0% after; the ambu bag was clean and protected on 76,1% before and 85,7% after; the aspiration catheter was discarded after be used on 98,9% before and 100,0% after; FIO2 was turned to the begging value on 32,9% observation before and 12,0% after; before the procedure 71,9% professions washed their hands and 73,3% after; before, notes of aspiration results were performed on 70,8% observation and 86,7% after. Regarding devices used on respiratory tract, aspirator flasks were not swapped on 84,6% observations before and 71,0% after; daily látex extention change was not performed on 93,6% observation before and 87,1% after; the ambu bag change was not performed on 50,0% observation before even if was duty or unprotected and on 75,8% opportunities was changed, after; nebulization was not prepared with sterile fluids or manipulated aseptically on 65,2% observation before, perhaps was on 71,7% after; before nebulizers were not changed on 65,2% observations, perhaps were on 60,9% after. Concerning ventilator breathing circuits, condense fluids cumulated on circuits were removed on 55,0% opportunities before, and 64,0% after; moisturizer was not filled with sterile water when already had small amount of liquid inside on 78,4% observations before, and 90,2% after; MV circuits were changed on 97,0% observations on presence of visible duty or when presents some kind of failure, before and 98,4% after. About body position, on 51,3% observations the decubitus position change were done before and 78,2% after; fowler position was maitened on 95,5% observations before and 98,2% after; Regarding respiratory physiotherapy, enteral diet was not interrupted before respiratory physiotherapy on 94,9% before and 90,0% after; respiratory physiotherapy devices were not disinfected or sterile on 69,6% observations before but they re on 60,0% after; before the cateter was not tested before introduction enteral diet or medications on 100,0% but after was done on 15,2%. About enteral feeding, intestine motility and measure of stomach contents were not done on 100,0% observations before, but was 15,2% after. We conclude that 05 of 07 valuated procedures in relation to MV, had a significant improvement on quality of care given after educative intervention, when compared before intervention

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This work investigates the importance of Eco-Materiais applied in the civil construction and the necessity of knowledge of the real estate market, showing the importance of application of recycled products where inserted inside of a bigger scope of the sustainable development which has the subjects as the ambient management. In the theoretical referencial boarded the recycled and perfectly ecological products that demonstrate the applicability of this type of products in the sector of the civil construction, beyond the economic and social placesThe main popouse of the real estate sector is to show the awareness and demonstration in the negotiation of property constructed with these products, therefore, already it is practised by the market of the civil construction where much time sao commercialized by real estate and the its correctors lacking in same knowledge that is more deepened on these materials, having this evidence been made with statistical application of questionnaire and analyzed with base. We finish showing the statistical results with application of 142 questionnaires in a universe of 145 real estate from Natal/RN. With this, we may say that today exists a very strong concern with the environmental laws and the generated ambient impact in the civil construction and that the real estate sector has a feeling that the necessity of if inserting in this process, therefore, the real estate market in our State is in expansion and sensible to the necessity of changes, since the Natal/RN meets in the script of the tourism the International demanding of the professional that a globalized knowledge works with property, so the necessity of understanding the environmental laws and understanding application of the echo-materias used in the construction will give a better quality of life and at the same time to protect the nature

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This thesis aims to investigate the perception and behavior of goat and sheep rural producers from Central Cabugi Region of Rio Grande do Norte state, in terms of the sector competitiveness, the cooperation mechanisms, information and environmental practices integration in the supply chain, including their customers, and also among the local producers and other institutions that support this agribusiness cluster. The research problem is related to the environmental impacts from goat and sheep breeding. This problem can also be intensified by the organization of producers in a cluster. Then, it is important to examine how the environmental issues are considered by the rural producers and their perception of their suppliers, customers and the institutions that support this activity. The methodology used in this work involved literature review of the topics of supply chain management, green supply chain, clusters development and sustainable livestock. An exploratory survey research was also conducted by personal interviews using questionnaires. Three statistic techniques were used to compile the gathered data: descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and Chi-square tests. Two clusters were found in this study, however, the entire sample believes the sector of goat and sheep breeding is a medium competitive activity. On the other hand, for the variables of the importance of environmental practices for competitiveness , perception of environmental impacts and environmental benefits from farm vegetation management , the research found 2 distinct groups of individuals when those variables were analyzed together the green supply chain management group of variables in the cluster analysis. Beyond competitiveness perception, no degree of difference was found for the use of insecticides too. The chi-square tests present that producers having at least elementary education, lands bigger 100 hectares and located in the cities of Angicos or Lajes tend to have a higher perception to supply chain management and environmental awareness issues than those with no or incomplete first-level education, producing in lands smaller than 100 hectares and located in the cities of Afonso Bezerra or Pedro Avelino. The chi-square tests also show the amount of milk produced, family s income and associational condition are not related with the variables used in the clusters composition. In this context, this work contributes to planning clusters development strategies and enhancing the production chain sustainability. This Master of Science Thesis can also help to introduce the environmental variable in the project, assessment and monitoring of development policies as well

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Helena is the romance of perishable and discontinuous title character denominator of a dialectic that does not consume and build the narrative by sequential fragmentation combined with episodic frame. The novel is a lightning stroke to the romantic literary project. Therefore, this study aims to find "objective" elements of the novel that would constitute a conception of literary nation proposed by Machado de Assis, as in classical writing, where women are engaged as a metaphor for the nation by a non-cultural heroism, as the example of the Greek myth of Helena, where the feminine represents a mythical image of the nation. The paper's theoretical conception of the history of Walter Benjamin, that is, that is constructed as an allegorical appeal, the conclusions about the disciplinary society of nineteenth century of Michel Foucault, the construction of the nation as a subtle game to remember and forget of Wander Miranda and the rhetoric of death and loss reflected in the speeches of the cultural heritage of José Reginaldo Santos Gonçalves, which allow you to analyze the work permeated by subjectivity and existential conflicts by Machado, who has it arranged in dialectic with the avant-garde literary romanticism and realism. In this relationship with the Greek myth of Helen, explained that characters with the nickname of Helena in Machado's work are not uncommon. As in classical Helena, Machado s Helena uses three rhetorical are the cause of the seizure of the nation. In this game of remembering and forgetting, in the daily plebiscite, Machado draw ideal images that forged our mythical past and commitment to the future. The suffering love of Helena is suffering from failure of the nation which would have led the author to the use of allegorical language, seeking a balance in the chaos generated by the opposition between cruelty and pity widespread view in an area where only left the character's confession guilt for the death. It is a simulacrum of unfinished nation, the space for the game of remembering and forgetting, while the rhetoric of negotiation of our Brazilianness