Kinetic studies of urban solid residues and leachate from sanitary landfill

Urban solid residues are constituted of food remaining, grass leaves, fruit peelings, paper, cardboard, rubber, plastic, etc. The organic fraction formed represents about 50% during the decomposition yields biogas and leachate, which are sources of pollution. Residue samples were collected from the landfill in different and cells from several ages and the corresponding leachate, both after treatments, were submitted to thermal analysis. Kinetic parameters were determined using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The linear relation between the two kinetic parameters (ln A and E) was verified for organic residue urban's samples, but not for leachate's sample. The occurred difference can be attributed to the constituents present in leachate.

Kinetic parameters for thermal decomposition of microcrystalline, vegetal, and bacterial cellulose

Cellulose can be obtained from innumerable sources such as cotton, trees, sugar cane bagasse, wood, bacteria, and others. The bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by the Gram-negative acetic-acid bacterium Acetobacter xylinum has several unique properties. This BC is produced as highly hydrated membranes free of lignin and hemicelluloses and has a higher molecular weight and higher crystallinity. Here, the thermal behavior of BC, was compared with those of microcrystalline (MMC) and vegetal cellulose (VC). The kinetic parameters for the thermal decomposition step of the celluloses were determined by the Capela-Ribeiro non-linear isoconversional method. From data for the TG curves in nitrogen atmosphere and at heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 A degrees C/min, the E(alpha) and B(alpha) terms could be determined and consequently the pre-exponential factor A(alpha) as well as the kinetic model g(alpha). The pyrolysis of celluloses followed kinetic model g(alpha) = [-ln(1 - alpha)](1.63) on average, characteristic for Avrami-Erofeev with only small differences in activation energy. The fractional value of n may be related to diffusion-controlled growth, or may arise from the distributions of sizes or shapes of the reactant particles.

Kinetic model of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) thermal degradation from experimental non-isothermal data

The non-isothermal data given by TG curves for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) were studied in order to obtain a consistent kinetic model that better represents the PHB thermal decomposition. Thus, data obtained from the dynamic TG curves were suitably managed in order to obtain the Arrhenius kinetic parameter E according to the isoconversional F-W-O method. Once the E parameters is found, a suitable logA and kinetic model (f(alpha)) could be calculated. Hence, the kinetic triplet (E +/- SD, logA +/- SD and f(alpha)) obtained for the thermal decomposition of PHB under non-isothermal conditions was E=152 +/- 4 kJ mol(-1), logA=14.1 +/- 0.2 s(-1) for the kinetic model, and the autocatalytic model function was: f(alpha)=alpha(m)(1-alpha)(n)=alpha(0.42)(1-alpha)(0.56).

Kinetic study of crystallization of PHB in presence of hydroxy acids

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Thermal Study in Solid State of Zn(II)-Diclofenac Complex: Behavior Kinetic of the Dehydration, Transition Phase and Thermal Decomposition

The dehydration, thermal decomposition and transition phase stage of Zn(II)-diclofenac compound were studied by simultaneous TG-DTA and DSC techniques. The TG and DSC curves of this compound were obtained with the mass of sample of 2 and 5 mg. Additionally, DSC curves were carried out in opened and closed alpha-alumina pans under static and nitrogen atmosphere. The DTA and DSC curves show that this compound possesses exothermic transition phase between 170-180 degrees C, which it is irreversible (monotropic reaction) The kinetics study of this transition phase stage was evaluated by DSC under non-isothermal conditions. The obtained data were evaluated with the isoconversional method, where the values of activation energy (E(a) / kJ mol(-1)) was plotted in function of the conversion degree (alpha). The results show that due to mass sample, different activation energies were obtained From these curves a tendency can be seen where the plots maintain the same profile for closed lids and almost run parallel to each other.

A Contribution to the Estimation of Binary Halide and Pseudo-Halide Equilibrium Constants using a Linear Extrapolation Methodology

The molar single ion activity coefficient (y(F)) of fluoride ions was determined at 25 degrees C and ionic strengths between 0.100 and 3.00 mol L(-1) NaClO(4) using an ion-selective electrode. The activity coefficient dependency on ionic strength was determined to be Phi(F) = log y(F) = 0.2315I-0.041I(2). The function Phi(F)(I), combined with functions obtained in previous work for copper (Phi(Cu)) and hydrogen (Phi(H)), allowed us to make the estimation of the stoichiometric and thermodynamic protonation constants of some halides and pseudo-halides as well as the formation constants of some pseudo-halides and fluoride 1:1 bivalent cation complexes. The calculation procedure proposed in this paper is consistent with critically-selected experimental data. It was demonstrated that it is possible to use Phi(F)(I) for predicting the thermodynamic equilibrium parameters independently of Pearson's hardness of acids and bases.

Effect of the catalyst MCM-41 on the kinetic of the thermal decomposition of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Dehydration and volatilization non isothermic kinetic of the solid state aluminium 8-hydroxyquinolinate

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Kinetic parameters of silicon uptake by rice cultivars

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Kinetic evaluation of the dehydration of Yb(III) Lu(III) and Y(III) 4-chlorobenzylidenepyruvate by thermogravimetry (TG)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Non-isothermal kinetic for lyophilized leachate from sanitary landfill and composting usine

Leachate samples from a sanitary landfill of Araraquara city and composting usine of Vila Leopoldina, São Paulo, Brazil were lyophilized to remove the water content. TG/DTG curves at different heating rates were recorded. The second step of the thermal decomposition of leachate from the Araraquara landfill (CB1), from the composting usine from Vila Leopoldina (CB2) from the organic phase extracted (FO) and aqueous phase (FA) were all kinetically evaluated using the non-isothermal method.By Flynn-Wall isoconversional method the following values were obtained: E=234 +/- 3.65 kJ mol(-1) and logA=29.7 +/- 0.58 min(-1) for CB1; E=129 +/- 1.66 kJ mol(-1) and logA=11.8 +/- 0.10 min(-1) for CB2; E=51.6 +/- 1.35 kJ mol(-1) and logA=6.09 +/- 0.09 min(-1) for FO and E=76.91 +/- 6.33 kJ mol(-1) and logA=8.88 +/- 0.7 min(-1) for FA with 95% confidence level. Applying the procedures of Malek and Koga, SB kinetic model (Sestak-Berggren) is the most appropriate to describe the decomposition of CB1, CB2, FO and FA.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF COBALT IONS ON RAT OSSEOUS PLATE ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE

Polidocanol-solubilized osseous plate alkaline phosphatase was modulated by cobalt ions in a similar way as by magnesium ions. For concentrations up to 1 mu M, the Chelex-treated enzyme was stimulated by cobalt ions, showing K-d = 6.0 mu M, V = 977.5 U/mg, and site-site interactions (n = 2.5). Cobalt-enzyme was highly unstable at 37 degrees C, following a biphasic inactivation process with inactivation constants of about 0.0625 and 0.0015 min(-1). Cobalt ions stimulated the enzyme synergistically in the presence of magnesium ions (K-d = 5.0 mu M; V = 883.0 U/mg) or in the presence of zinc ions (K-d = 75.0 mu M; V = 1102 U/mg). A steady-state kinetic model for the modulation of enzyme activity by cobalt ions is proposed.

Kinetic aspects of rat (Rattus-norvegicus albinus) submandibular glands lactic-dehydrogenase

Submandibular glands of male rats were homogenized with 33 mM sodium potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, containing 1 mM MgCl2 and 0.1 mM DTT and purified with ammonium sulphate, phosphocellulose chromatography, eluted with KC1 0.5 M, followed by Blue Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, eluted with NADH 0.5 mM. The enzyme kepts stable for 60 days when stored at -15-degrees-C in 33 mM phosphate buffer. In other experiment the enzyme was purified by oxamate-agarose chromatography from a crude extract of submandibular gland and the results obtained were better than by phosphocellulose and Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. The Km values for pyruvate. NADH, lactate and NAD+ were established. Sodium oxamate at 0.1 and 0.9 mM concentrations inhibited the LDH activity by 40 and 85%, respectively (competitive); with sodium oxalate the inhibition was of 30% (uncompetitive) and with 3-acetyl pyridine adenine dinucleotide was 80%.

Supercritical fluid extraction from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): global yield, composition and kinetic data

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) from solids has proven to be technically feasible for almost any system; nonetheless, its economical viability has been proven for a restricted number of systems. A common practice is to compare the cost of manufacturing of vegetable extracts by a variety of techniques without deeply considering the huge differences in composition and functional properties among the various types of extracts obtained; under this circumstance, the cost of manufacturing do not favor SFE. Additionally, the influence of external parameters such as the agronomic conditions and the SFE system geometry are not considered. In the present work, these factors were studied for the system fennel seeds + CO2. The effects of the harvesting season and the degree of maturation on the global yields for the system fennel seeds + CO2 were analyzed at 300 bar and 40 degrees C. The effects of the pressure on the global yields were determined for the temperatures of 30 and 40 degrees C. Kinetics experiments were done for various ratios of bed height to bed diameter. Fennel extracts were also obtained by hydrodistillation and low-pressure solvent extraction. The chemical composition of the fennel extracts were determined by gas chromatography. The SFE maximum global yield (12.5%, dry basis) was obtained with dry harvested fennel seeds. Anethole and fenchone were the major constituents of the extract; the following fat acids palmitic (C16H32O2), palmitoleic stearic (C18H36O2), oleic (C18H34O2), linoleic (C18H32O2) and linolenic (C18H30O2) were also detected in the extracts. A relation between amounts of feed and solvent, bed height and diameter, and solvent flow rate was proposed. The models of Sovova, Goto et al. and Tan and Lion were capable of describing the mass transfer kinetics. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Crystallization kinetic of fluoro-zirconate glasses by non-isothermal analysis

Fluoride glasses have been extensively studied due to their high transparency in the infrared wavelength. The crystallization kinetics of these systems has been studied using DTA and DSC techniques. Most of the experimental data is frequently investigated in terms of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) model in order to obtain kinetic parameters.In this work, DSC technique has been used to study the crystallization of fluorozirconate glass under non-isothermal conditions. It was found that JMA model was not fit to be applied directly to these systems, therefore, the method proposed by Malek has been applied and the Sestak-Berggren (SB) model seems to be adequate to describe the crystallization process.