426 resultados para Sanctions
Resumo:
Le Myanmar traverse un processus de libralisation politique qui a t entam par le haut. Le rgime militaire a tenu des lections gnrales en 2010, lesquelles ont plac au pouvoir un nouveau gouvernement compos la fois de civils et de militaires. Depuis, la majorit des sanctions imposes par plusieurs tats occidentaux au Myanmar ont t leves, et on observe une diversification des relations internationales du pays. Imbriqu la sphre dinfluence chinoise depuis quelques annes, celui-ci rtablit des contacts diplomatiques et conomiques avec lOccident. Peu de chercheurs ont tent dexpliquer les causes de cette transition politique, et le lien entre libralisation politique et diversification des relations internationales na pas encore t expliqu. Ce mmoire propose de le faire en utilisant un modle thorique issu de deux types de littrature, celle sur la culture stratgique et celle sur les transitions politiques. Il suggre que la libralisation politique du Myanmar sexplique par les luttes dinfluences au sein du rgime entre deux sous-cultures stratgiques, les hardliners et les softliners. Lapplication des normes favorises par les hardliners ayant chou dans latteinte des objectifs stratgiques du rgime, les softliners ont pu imposer leurs propres prfrences normatives. Il propose galement que la libralisation politique tait une tape ncessaire pour que le gouvernement birman puisse diversifier ses relations internationales.
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Introduction: In Nepal, by tradition, family life and marriage are generally controlled by patriarchal norms, sanctions, values and gender differences. Women in Nepal have limited possibilities to make decisions regarding their sexual and reproductive health, as the husbands and other elders in the family make most of the decisions regarding family planning, pregnancy and childbirth. Aim: To describe the perceptions of Nepali men regarding the role of the man with respect to family planning, pregnancy and childbirth. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with 15 Nepali men in both urban and rural areas. The material was analyzed through inductive content analysis. Findings: One main category and two generic categories were identified. One generic category contained six subcategories and the other five subcategories. The main category was labeled: He leads She follows and the generic categories were labeled: Supporting women in family planning, during pregnancy and childbirth and Withdrawal from supporting women in family planning, during pregnancy and childbirth. Conclusion: The role of the Nepali men with respect to family planning, pregnancy and childbirth, was identified as a conflicted approach. This study highlights the importance of understanding the influence of culture and tradition when developing strategies for promoting sexual and reproductive health during family planning, pregnancy and childbirth among families in Nepal.
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Chaque anne, des adolescents qubcois sont soumis des sanctions judiciaires en raison de leurs actes de dlinquance (Association des centres jeunesse du Qubec, 2015). Plusieurs recherches rcentes indiquent que ces jeunes sont plus risque de rpondre aux critres diagnostiques dau moins un trouble mental que les adolescents de la population gnrale (Fazel, Doll, & Langstrom, 2008; Vermeiren, 2003). Les jeunes contrevenants sont galement plus nombreux prsenter des symptmes et des troubles intrioriss (Abram et al., 2014; Skowyra & Cocozza, 2007; Teplin et al., 2006), soit des comportements anxieux, dpressifs, de retrait et des plaintes somatiques (Achenbach & McConaughy, 1992). Cette thse contribue aux connaissances quant aux symptmes et aux troubles intrioriss chez les jeunes contrevenants en traitant de deux sujets peu tudis : les problmes intrioriss des jeunes contrevenants associs aux gangs de rue et lidentification de ces problmes par les intervenants travaillant auprs deux. Le premier article composant la thse prsente une tude descriptive o le nombre de symptmes et de troubles intrioriss a t compar entre des jeunes contrevenants rvlant tre ou avoir t associs aux gangs de rue (n = 62) et des jeunes contrevenants nayant pas rvl une telle association (n = 41). Les symptmes et les troubles intrioriss ont t mesurs laide dun questionnaire et dune entrevue diagnostique semi-structure. Les rsultats indiquent que les jeunes associs aux gangs prsentent davantage de symptmes de dpression-anxit et sont plus nombreux rpondre aux critres diagnostiques dau moins un trouble anxieux que ceux qui ny sont pas associs. De plus, prs de la moiti des participants, associs ou non aux gangs de rue, rpondent aux critres diagnostiques dau moins un trouble intrioris. Cette forte prvalence de troubles intrioriss soulve limportance que ceux-ci soient dpists par les intervenants travaillant auprs des jeunes contrevenants. En effet, considrant que les troubles mentaux non traits entrainent de la souffrance, nuisent au fonctionnement et sont lis des taux de tentatives de suicide, darrestations et de rcidive plus levs (Abram et al., 2014; Cottle, Lee, & Heilbrun, 2001; Hoeve, McReynolds, & Wasserman, 2013; Schonfeld et al., 1997), leur identification savre primordiale afin quils puissent bnficier des services dont ils auraient besoin. Le deuxime article de cette thse est une tude exploratoire o sont recenss les symptmes et les troubles intrioriss mentionns par les intervenants au rapport prdcisionnel (RPD) de 22 participants. La concordance entre ces symptmes et troubles intrioriss et ceux autorapports par les jeunes contrevenants par un questionnaire et une entrevue semi-structure est ensuite value. Plusieurs symptmes et troubles intrioriss seraient sous-identifis dans le RPD des jeunes contrevenants en comparaison de ce qui est rvl par les participants. Les rsultats de ces deux tudes laissent croire quil serait pertinent doffrir de la formation aux intervenants quant aux symptmes et aux troubles intrioriss chez les adolescents, dimplanter une procdure de dpistage systmatique des troubles mentaux, et dinclure les symptmes et les troubles intrioriss dans les programmes de prvention et de traitement offerts aux jeunes contrevenants.
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A cocana uma droga com ao estimulante no sistema nervoso central, extrada e refinada a partir da planta de coca (Erythroxylum coca). caracterstica por induzir o consumidor a um estado de hipervigilncia reduzindo ao mesmo tempo, o cansao e a fadiga. Este p branco, cristalino, de sabor amargo, possui tambm um efeito anestsico local e vasoconstritor. As formas de apresentao mais comuns da droga so o cloridrato de cocana e a cocana crack. Esta droga destaca-se por ser o estimulante mais consumido na Europa com cerca de 3,4 milhes de consumidores estimados no ano de 2014. A prevalncia do consumo desta droga em Portugal aumentou 0,3% de 2001, para 2012 na populao geral (15-64 anos). Os estudos mais recentes em populaes escolares (entre 2010 e 2011) evidenciaram, de um modo geral, o aumento da prevalncia de consumo nesta populao. Os efeitos adversos resultantes, tanto a nvel fsico como psquico, so vrios, sendo as manifestaes orofaciais as que mais interferem na Qualidade de vida do toxicmano. As manifestaes mais frequentes so as perfuraes do septo nasal e palatino, bruxismo, gengivite, eroso dentria, xerostomia, crie, leses brancas atpicas e cefaleias em salva, tendo o Mdico Dentista um papel importante no diagnstico e tratamento destas leses. A legislao, ao nvel Europeu, sobre drogas procura uma uniformizao das medidas aplicadas nos pases membros, baseando-se no equilbrio entre as sanes e o tratamento. Apesar das convenes das Naes Unidas sobre drogas limitarem o consumo de estupefacientes e substncias psicotrpicas exclusivamente para fins mdicos e cientficos, cabe aos pases signatrios a liberdade de deciso das polticas a adoptar em matrias de infraes penais como a posse e o consumo ilegal.
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[...] La ncessit de voir la supervision dans son ensemble ne fait aucun doute, toutefois pour viter de s'garer dans cet immense labyrinthe qu'elle reprsente, nous nous concentrerons sur le problme de la supervision li aux rsistances des enseignants son implantation. L'objectif gnral de la recherche sera d'identifier un certain nombre de rsistances ou de forces restrictives qui bloquent les diffrentes dmarches de cet ordre. Nous nous attacherons aussi dterminer les causes potentielles qui engendrent ces rsistances l'aide de certaines des questions suivantes: Pourquoi les enseignants craignent-ils la supervision? Ont-ils peur d'tre jugs inaptes ou inefficaces? Se sentent-ils dficients au plan de leur formation? Refusent-ils systmatiquement tout changement d'ordre pdagogique? La classe leur appartient-elle en exclusivit? Craignent-ils des sanctions administratives?
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Projeto de Graduao apresentado Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obteno do grau de licenciada em Criminologia
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L'tat est une organisation qui revendique et russit gnralement faire respecter un monopole ultime de la force sur un territoire donn. Un tel monopole se traduit par limposition de sanctions quiconque utilise la force sans une permission spcifique ou gnrale du monopoleur. Certes, il y a des conditions d'existence de ltat que cette dfinition ne saisit pas -une certaine reconnaissance de sa lgitimit, par exemple-; elle ne russit pas la tche difficile de formuler des conditions suffisantes de l'existence de ltat. Mais elle se rapproche suffisamment de lacception ordinaire du terme et elle nous servira assez bien pour que l'on sen satisfasse. La revendication et l'exercice habituel dun monopole ultime de la force constituent certainement, tout le moins, des conditions ncessaires de lexistence de l'tat. En plus de sa compatibilit avec ce que l'usage gnral peroit comme le plus petit commun dnominateur, l'exprience historique ou la nature de l'tat, cette dfinition offre l'avantage important de ne rien prsumer de la question de l'tat, de son fonctionnement de sa finalit, de son utilit et de sa moralit, bref de sa justification. C'est une ptition de principe trop courante que d'inclure dans la dfinition de l'tat les fondements de sa justification. Tel quil est vcu, ltat, et surtout l'tat dmocratique moderne, ressemble fort un rituel, un ensemble d'actions, de gestes et d'incantations que lon rpte sans effet et dont la vritable valeur rside dans leur rptition mme. On chante lhymne national; on vote tous les deux , quatre ou sept ans; les projets de loi prsents par la majorit parlementaire sont vots en premire, deuxime et troisime lecture; on rpte que l'tat c'est nous. Ces rites ne sont pas ncessairement inoffensifs : les dieux ont toujours aim les sacrifices. Mais l'une des fonctions sociales du rite, suggre Kenneth Boulding, est de contrer la frustration agressive que les problmes insolubles engendrent chez les hommes, en leur fournissant un placebo pour solution. Ainsi agiraient les rituels sociaux , la magie, les crmonies religieuses et les techniques comptables mmes. Ajoutons le rituel tatique, qui rpond au problme redoutable de lgitimer une organisation qui prtend employer la force pour imposer l'harmonie. []
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Esta dissertao apresenta a modelagem de uma ferramenta baseada em SMA para a simulao da produo e gesto social de um ecossistema urbano, a organizao social do Projeto da Horta San Jeronimo(SJVG), localizado no Parque San Jeronimo Sevilha, Espanha, que e coordenado pela confederao Ecologistas en Accion . Estes processos sociais observados no projeto do SJVG so caracterizados pela ocorrncia de uma serie de interaes e trocas sociais entre os participantes. Alm disso, os comportamentos peridicos, interaes e comunicaes so regulados pelo Regimento de Normas Internas, estabelecidos pela comunidade em assembleia, sob a superviso e coordenao da confederao EA. O SMA foi concebido como um sistema JaCaMo multidimensional, composto por cinco dimenses integradas: a populao de agentes, os artefatos normativos (a organizao), os artefatos fsicos (o ambiente dos agentes), artefatos de comunicao (o conjunto de interaes) e os artefatos normativos (poltica normativa interna). A ferramenta utilizada no projeto e o framework JaCaMo, uma vez que apresenta suporte de alto nvel e modularidade para o desenvolvimento das trs primeiras dimenses acima mencionadas. Mesmo tendo enfrentado alguns problemas importantes que surgiram adotando o framework JaCaMo para desenvolvimento do Projeto SJVG-SMA, como: (i) a impossibilidade de especificao da periodicidade no modelo MOISE, (II) a impossibilidade de definir normas, seus atributos bsicos (nome, periodicidade, papel a que se aplica) e as sanes, e (III) a inexistncia de uma infraestrutura modular para a definio de interaes atravs da comunicao, foi possvel adotar solues modulares interessantes para manter a ideia de um SMA de 5 dimenses, desenvolvidos na plataforma JaCaMo. As solues apresentadas neste trabalho so baseadas principalmente no mbito do Cartago, apontando tambm para a integrao de artefatos organizacionais, normativos, fsicos e de comunicao.
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In economics of information theory, credence products are those whose quality is difficult or impossible for consumers to assess, even after they have consumed the product (Darby & Karni, 1973). This dissertation is focused on the content, consumer perception, and power of online reviews for credence services. Economics of information theory has long assumed, without empirical confirmation, that consumers will discount the credibility of claims about credence quality attributes. The same theories predict that because credence services are by definition obscure to the consumer, reviews of credence services are incapable of signaling quality. Our research aims to question these assumptions. In the first essay we examine how the content and structure of online reviews of credence services systematically differ from the content and structure of reviews of experience services and how consumers judge these differences. We have found that online reviews of credence services have either less important or less credible content than reviews of experience services and that consumers do discount the credibility of credence claims. However, while consumers rationally discount the credibility of simple credence claims in a review, more complex argument structure and the inclusion of evidence attenuate this effect. In the second essay we ask, Can online reviews predict the worst doctors? We examine the power of online reviews to detect low quality, as measured by state medical board sanctions. We find that online reviews are somewhat predictive of a doctors suitability to practice medicine; however, not all the data are useful. Numerical or star ratings provide the strongest quality signal; user-submitted text provides some signal but is subsumed almost completely by ratings. Of the ratings variables in our dataset, we find that punctuality, rather than knowledge, is the strongest predictor of medical board sanctions. These results challenge the definition of credence products, which is a long-standing construct in economics of information theory. Our results also have implications for online review users, review platforms, and for the use of predictive modeling in the context of information systems research.
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The general goal of this study was to analyze the relations between the agents social capital and joint actions developed by the Cluster of wine produced at the high altitudes of Santa Catarina. This group is made up of 43 agents: one governing agent, 26 support agents and 16 winemakers. This descriptive and exploratory study uses data from qualitative and quantitative approaches. During the exploratory phase, a documental analysis was carried out, as well as semi-structured interviews. The data collection tool used to gather information concerning the social capital and joint actions was the semi-structured questionnaire, and this data gathering was conducted through field research using a structured interview with the selected agents from November 16 to November 26, 2015. The results of this study show a good social capital, which reflects on the joint actions done by the agents. Among the variables of social capital, trust shows a great level among the Cluster agents, followed by good levels concerning commitment and involvement, information share, rules and sanctions, horizontality and authority and improvement. As a result, it has created a nice level of involvement and effectiveness of joint actions, highlighting events organization, joint participation at fairs and events, marketing campaigns, development of products and processes, and human resources improvement. There is a small group of agents who show a strong social capital and a proper environment to expand this capital throughout the network. However, the evaluation concerning reciprocity and density represents only one third of the possibilities of this group, and it happens especially because of the geographical distance between the agents who are part of the Cluster. The main limitation of this study was the trouble trying to map the whole agent group before applying the questionnaires and identifying the responsible people in each of the support agents to inform everything correctly. It is suggested that these questionnaires be carried out with other Clusters as well as in the future in order to have a temporal assessment of this study.
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The goal was to understand, document and module how information is currently flown internally in the largest dairy organization in Finland. The organization has undergone radical changes in the past years due to economic sanctions between European Union and Russia. Therefore, organizations ultimate goal would be to continue its growth through managing its sales process more efficiently. The thesis consists of a literature review and an empirical part. The literature review consists of knowledge management and process modeling theories. First, the knowledge management discusses how data, information and knowledge are exchanged in the process. Knowledge management models and processes are describing how knowledge is created, exchanged and can be managed in an organization. Secondly, the process modeling is responsible for visualizing information flow through discussion of modeling approaches and presenting different methods and techniques. Finally, process documentation procedure was presented. In the end, a constructive research approach was used in order to identify process related problems and bottlenecks. Therefore, possible solutions were presented based on this approach. The empirical part of the study is based on 37 interviews, organizations internal data sources and theoretical framework. The acquired data and information were used to document and to module the sales process in question with a flowchart diagram. Results are conducted through construction of the flowchart diagram and analysis of the documentation. In fact, answers to research questions are derived from empirical and theoretical parts. In the end, 14 problems and two bottlenecks were identified in the process. The most important problems are related to approach and/or standardization for information sharing, insufficient information technology tool utilization and lack of systematization of documentation. The bottlenecks are caused by the alarming amount of changes to files after their deadlines.
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Le Myanmar traverse un processus de libralisation politique qui a t entam par le haut. Le rgime militaire a tenu des lections gnrales en 2010, lesquelles ont plac au pouvoir un nouveau gouvernement compos la fois de civils et de militaires. Depuis, la majorit des sanctions imposes par plusieurs tats occidentaux au Myanmar ont t leves, et on observe une diversification des relations internationales du pays. Imbriqu la sphre dinfluence chinoise depuis quelques annes, celui-ci rtablit des contacts diplomatiques et conomiques avec lOccident. Peu de chercheurs ont tent dexpliquer les causes de cette transition politique, et le lien entre libralisation politique et diversification des relations internationales na pas encore t expliqu. Ce mmoire propose de le faire en utilisant un modle thorique issu de deux types de littrature, celle sur la culture stratgique et celle sur les transitions politiques. Il suggre que la libralisation politique du Myanmar sexplique par les luttes dinfluences au sein du rgime entre deux sous-cultures stratgiques, les hardliners et les softliners. Lapplication des normes favorises par les hardliners ayant chou dans latteinte des objectifs stratgiques du rgime, les softliners ont pu imposer leurs propres prfrences normatives. Il propose galement que la libralisation politique tait une tape ncessaire pour que le gouvernement birman puisse diversifier ses relations internationales.
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Przedmiotem artykuu jest problem ochrony prawa do prywatnoci w polskim procesie karnym w kontekcie relacjonowania przebiegu rozprawy gwnej przez media. Analizie zostay poddane zarwno warunki dopuszczalnoci relacjonowania rozprawy, przedmiot ingerencji, jak i podmioty, ktrych prawo do prywatnoci moe by naruszone w toku relacjonowania rozprawy gwnej przez media. Prawo do prywatnoci jest wspczenie chronione nie tylko przez normy prawa cywilnego, ale rwnie przez prawo konstytucyjne, std obowizek przestrzegania i poszanowania prawa do prywatnoci ciy take na organach prowadzcych postpowanie karne. Jak wynika z zamieszonych w artykule rozwaa, moliwe jest pogodzenie pozornie sprzecznych celw procesu karnego z koniecznoci poszanowania prawa do prywatnoci, a sfera prywatna jednostek podlega ochronie rwnie w procesie karnym. Wrd zagroe dla efektywnej ochrony prawa od prywatnoci naley jednak wskaza brak sankcji za zamanie zakazu publikacji danych osobowych czy wizerunku, ktrego nie przewiduj ani normy prawa karnego ani prawa prasowego.
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The present article is about a particular form of sexual activity on the Internet: cybersex in chatrooms-in Portuguese by Portuguese people. This study aims to identify the reasons for engaging in cybersex on chats and the behavioral domains that characterize this activity. To carry out the study, we developed a self-report questionnaire that we made available on a website. The sample was collected online (n = 400) through the Portuguese Internet Relay Chat. Factor analyses revealed seven domain structures: (a) social skills, (b) preference for cybersex, (c) filter for a later date, (d) sex by phone, (e) fantasies, (f) using masks, and (g) impact on real relationships. We found a huge variety of sexual attitudes and behaviors connected to cybersex in chatrooms and the existence of two major trends: (a) people that use these chats as a starting place for offline relationships (online anonymity prevents the fear of rejection and social sanctions in real life), and (b) people who want and prefer online sex without any interest in further real contacts.
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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
