Características físicas e estrutura de sementes e morfologia de plântulas de Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Alston

A Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Alston tem sido introduzida em diferentes sistemas de produção em razão de sua versatilidade de cultivo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a estrutura e características físicas da semente e a morfologia de plântulas de Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Alston. Amostras de três lotes de sementes colhidos em 2007, 2008 e 2009 foram avaliadas em relação ao tamanho, grau de umidade, massa de mil sementes, massa do hectolitro e número de sementes por grama. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com três lotes e oito repetições. Em outro ensaio, as sementes foram seccionadas para a observação e descrição da anatomia do tegumento, tecido de reserva e do embrião. As estruturas de plântulas foram avaliadas e registradas durante o seu desenvolvimento. As sementes de flemingia são globulares e esféricas, o tegumento apresenta coloração preta e marron. O grau de umidade das sementes variou entre 9,5 e 12,1%, a massa de mil sementes variou de 18,11 a 19,28 g, o peso hectolitro de 72,23 a 74,39 kg e o número de sementes por grama de 52 a 55. A estrutura do tegumento é formada por camada de células paliçádicas, característica da família Fabaceae. A germinação é do tipo hipógea.

Host plant recognition by the root feeding clover weevil, Sitona lepidus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)

This study investigated the ability of neonatal larvae of the root-feeding weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal, to locate white clover Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae) roots growing in soil and to distinguish them from the roots of other species of clover and a co-occurring grass species. Choice experiments used a combination of invasive techniques and the novel technique of high resolution X-ray microtomography to non-invasively track larval movement in the soil towards plant roots. Burrowing distances towards roots of different plant species were also examined. Newly hatched S. lepidus recognized T. repens roots and moved preferentially towards them when given a choice of roots of subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. (Fabaceae), strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum L. (Fabaceae), or perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L. (Poaceae). Larvae recognized T. repens roots, whether released in groups of five or singly, when released 25 mm (meso-scale recognition) or 60 mm (macro-scale recognition) away from plant roots. There was no statistically significant difference in movement rates of larvae.

Contrasting effects of necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogens on the aphid Aphis fabae

Phytophagous insects have to contend with a wide variation in food quality brought about by a variety of factors intrinsic and extrinsic to the plant. One of the most important factors is infection by plant pathogenic fungi. Necrotrophic and biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi may have contrasting effects on insect herbivores due to their different infection mechanisms and induction of different resistance pathways, although this has been little studied and there has been no study of their combined effect. We studied the effect of the biotrophic rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) Schroet (Basidiomycota: Uredinales: Pucciniaceae) and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. (Ascomycota: Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) singly and together on the performance of the aphid Aphis fabae Scop. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Vicia faba (L.) (Fabaceae). Alone, botrytis had an inhibitory effect on individual A. fabae development, survival and fecundity, while rust infection consistently enhanced individual aphids’ performance. These effects varied in linear relation to lesion or pustule density. However, whole-plant infection by either pathogen resulted in a smaller aphid population of smaller aphids than on uninfected plants, indicating a lowering of aphid carrying capacity with infection. When both fungi were applied simultaneously to a leaf they generally cancelled the effect of each other out, resulting in most performance parameters being similar to the controls, although fecundity was reduced. However, sequential plant infection (pathogens applied five days apart) led to a 70% decrease in fecundity and 50% reduction in intrinsic rate of increase. The application of rust before botrytis had a greater inhibitory effect on aphids than applying botrytis before rust. Rust infection increased leaf total nitrogen concentration by 30% while infection by botrytis with or without rust led to a 38% decrease. The aphids’ responses to the two plant pathogens individually is consistent with the alteration in plant nutrient content by infection and also the induction of different plant defence pathways and the possible cross-talk between them. This is the first demonstration of the complex effects of the dual infection of a plant by contrasting pathogens on insect herbivores. Key words: Vicia faba, Botrytis cinerea, Uromyces viciae-fabae, tripartite interactions, induced resistance

Tannin containing legumes as a model for nutraceuticals against digestive parasites in livestock

Parasitic infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) still represent a worldwide major pathological threat associated with the outdoor production of various livestock species. Because of the widespread resistance to synthetic chemical anthelmintics, there is a strong impetus to explore novel approaches for a more integrated management of the infections. The use of nutraceuticals in the control of GINs is one of the alternatives which has been widely studied for since 20 years. The objectives of this review are: i) to define and illustrate the concept of ‘nutraceutical’ in the context of veterinary parasitology based on data obtained on the most studied GIN models in small ruminants, the tannin-containing legumes (Fabaceae); ii) to illustrate how the ‘nutraceutical concept’ could be expanded to other plants, other livestock production systems and other GI parasitic diseases, and iii) to explain how this concept is opening up new research fields for better understanding the interactions between the host, the digestive parasites and the environment.

THE ENDOPARASITE PILOSTYLES ULEI (APODANTHACEAE - CUCURBITALES) INFLUENCES WOOD STRUCTURE IN THREE HOST SPECIES OF MIMOSA

Pilostyles species (Apodanthaceae) are endoparasites in stems of the plant family Fabaceae. The body comprises masses of parenchyma in the host bark and cortex, with sinkers, comprising groups of twisted tracheal elements surrounded by parenchyma that enter the secondary xylem of the host plant. Here we report for the first time the effects of Pilostyles parasitism on host secondary xylem. We obtained healthy and parasitized stems from Mimosa foliolosa, M. maguirei and M. setosa and compared vessel element length, fiber length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency, measured through digital imaging. Also, tree height and girth were compared between healthy and parasitized M. setosa. When parasitized, plant size, vessel diameter, vessel element length and fiber length are all less than in healthy plants. Also, vessel frequency is greater and vessels are narrower in parasitized stems. These responses to parasitism are similar to those observed in stressed plants. Thus, hosts respond to the parasite by changing its wood micromorphology in favour of increased hydraulic safety.

STRUCTURE OF THE SHRUB-ARBOREAL COMPONENT OF AN ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENT ON A HILLOCK IN THE CENTRAL LOWLAND OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The present study describes and evaluates the horizontal and vertical structures of a lowland forest fragment on a hillock in the municipality of Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (22 degrees 31`56 `` S and 42 degrees 20`46 `` W). Twenty plots (10x2m) totaling 0.5ha were laid out following the slope grade using DBH >= 5cm as the inclusion criterion. A total of 734 individuals were encountered, yielding a total density of 1468 ind./ha and a total basal area of 10783m(2). The richness values (129 species/41 families), Shannon-Wiener diversity (4.22) and equitability (0.87) indices indicated an accentuated floristic heterogeneity and low ecological dominance. Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae showed the greatest species richness, corroborating other studies that indicated these species as the most representative of Atlantic Forest areas in southeastern Brazil. The species with the greatest importance values (VI) were Aparisthmium cordatum, Guapira opposita, Lacistema pubescens, Xylopia sericea, Tapirira guianensis and Piptocarpha macropoda. The high diversity observed was influenced by earlier anthropogenic actions and by the current successional stage. The forest fragment studied demonstrated closer floristic similarity to areas inventoried in a close-by biological reserve than to fragments dispersed throughout the coastal plain. Similarities in soil type, degree of soil saturation and use-history of forest resources all support these relationships. The fragmented physiognomy of the central lowland in this region and the use-history of the landscape make these small remnant forest areas important in terms of establishing strategies for landscape restoration and species conservation.

Isolation of a lectin and a galactoxyloglucan from Mucuna sloanei seeds

A lectin and a galactoxyloglucan were characterized from Mucuna sloanei seed cotyledons. The galactoxyloglucan, isolated by water extraction and ethanol precipitation, had Glc:Xyl:Gal proportions in a molar ratio of 1.8:1.7:1.0 and a molar mass (M(w)) of 1.6 x 10(6) g mol(-1). The lectin (sloanin), isolated from the same seed by affinity chromatography on cross-linked Adenanthera pavonina galactomannan, gave two protein bands by SDS-PAGE (36 and 34 kDa) and one peak by gel filtration (63.6 kDa). Its N-terminal sequence indicated similar to 69% identity with soybean agglutinin to leguminous lectins. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra established that sloanin predominantly contains beta-sheet structures. Sloanin has similar to 5.5% carbohydrate and displayed hemagglutinating activity against rabbit and enzyme treated human erythrocytes, inhibited only by D-Gal containing sugars. The interaction between sloanin and storage cell-wall galactoxyloglucan was tested by affinity chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The defensive functions of plant inhibitors are not restricted to insect enzyme inhibition

Three plant proteinase inhibitors BbKI (kallikrein inhibitor) and BbCI (cruzipain inhibitor) from Bauhinia bouhinioides, and a BrTI (trypsin inhibitor) from B. rufa, were examined for other effects in Callosobruchus maculatus development; of these only BrTI affected bruchid emergence. BrTI and BbKI share 81% identities in their primary sequences and the major differences between them are the regions comprising the RGD and RGE motifs in BrTI. These sequences were shown to be essential for BrTI insecticidal activity, since a modified BbKI [that is a recombinant form (BbKIm) with some amino acid residues replaced by those found in BrTI sequence] also strongly inhibited insect development. By using synthetic peptides related to the BrTI sequence, YLEAPVARGDGGLA-NH(2) (RGE) and IVYYPDRGETGL-NH(2) (RGE), it was found that the peptide with an RGE sequence was able to block normal development of C. maculatus larvae (ED(50) 0.16% and LD(50) 0.09%), this being even more effective than the native protein. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Estudo do componente árboreo de mata Ribeirinha no rio Camaquã, Cristal, RS

As matas ribeirinhas no rio Camaquã constituem os maiores remanescentes da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual Ribeirinha no Estado, sendo muito pouco conhecidas florística e fitossociologicamente. Em um fragmento de mata ribeirinha na margem esquerda do baixo rio Camaquã, município de Cristal (31°01’01.7’’S e 51°56’42.0’’W, em torno de 14 m.n.m.) realizou-se um estudo do componente arbóreo, com o intuito de se determinar sua estrutura e relacionar os resultados obtidos com outras florestas no Estado. O clima da região é do tipo Cfa de Köppen, com médias anuais de temperatura de 18,9 °C, e de precipitação de 1.234 mm. Os solos são do tipo Planossolo Hidromórfico Eutrófico (Sge), de textura média/siltosa. O levantamento fitossociológico foi realizado em uma área de 1 ha, dividida em 100 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, onde foram amostradas todas as árvores com DAP maior ou igual a 5 cm. Foram calculados os parâmetros fitossociológicos empregados usualmente, além das estimativas de diversidade de Shannon (H’) e equabilidade de Pielou (J’). Relações florísticas com outras áreas foram feitas através da análise de coordenadas principais e de agrupamento, utilizando os índices de similaridade de Jaccard e Dice. No levantamento florístico foram encontradas 68 espécies arbóreas, a maioria características de ambientes ribeirinhos. Na fitossociologia foram amostrados 2.179 indivíduos, pertencentes a 29 espécies, 25 gêneros e 14 famílias. As famílias Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Sapindaceae e Salicaceae apresentaram as maiores riquezas. Os valores de importância mais elevados foram registrados para espécies típicas de sub-bosque, que apresentam grande densidade (Sebastiania commersoniana, Allophylus edulis e Eugenia schuechiana). As espécies ocupantes do dossel, com densidades baixas ou intermediárias (Luehea divaricata e Nectandra megapotamica) destacam-se pela dominância. O índice de diversidade foi estimado em 2,342 nats.ind.-1 (J’= 0,695), sendo intermediário entre os menores valores estimados para as matas de restingas e os maiores para Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais na região. O predomínio de espécies zoocóricas demonstra ser uma floresta madura, embora se tenha encontrado uma grande participação de indivíduos com síndrome de dispersão abióticas. Por sua localização na Planície Costeira Interna, a área apresentou, floristicamente, uma grande influência de espécies provenientes das matas de encosta da Serra do Sudeste, havendo uma maior similaridade com as matas do rio Piratini e outras Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais.

Occurrence of Quesada gigas on Schizolobium amazonicum trees in Maranhão and Pará States, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Florística e fitossociologia de área de cerrado S.S. no município de Patrocínio Paulista, nordeste do Estado de São Paulo

A necessidade de se conhecer mais sobre o Bioma Cerrado torna-se cada vez mais urgente, devido à sua destruição acelerada. Este trabalho realizou o levantamento florístico-fitossociológico de uma área de cerrado sensu stricto na Fazenda Santa Cecília, município de Patrocínio Paulista, nordeste do Estado de São Paulo (20º 46' 2 S e 47º 14' 24 W, 836 m de altitude e Neossolo Quartzarênico). em 30 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, foram amostrados 511 indivíduos arbustivo-arbóreos de PAP > 15 cm, pertencentes a 30 famílias, 38 gêneros e 53 espécies. As famílias com maior riqueza específica foram Fabaceae (sete espécies), Myrtaceae (cinco espécies), Vochysiaceae (quatro espécies), Annonaceae (três espécies) e Caesalpiniaceae (três espécies), totalizando 45% das espécies. As espécies de maior valor de importância (IVI) foram: Qualea grandiflora (62,38), Dalbergia miscolobium (22,24), Styrax camporum (21,86), Ocotea corymbosa (18,02), Qualea parviflora (14,97) e Qualea multiflora (11,46). A comunidade arbórea apresentou densidade de 1.703 indivíduos por hectare, índice de Shannon (H') de 3,05 e índice de similaridade de Jaccard (ISj) de 45% quando comparado com área próxima de cerrado.

Dominance of legume trees alters nutrient relations in mixed species forest restoration plantings within seven years

Failures in reforestation are often attributed to nutrient limitation for tree growth. We compared tree performance and nitrogen and phosphorus relations in adjacent mixed-species plantings of contrasting composition, established for forest restoration on Ultisol soil, originally covered by tropical semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest in Southeast Brazil. Nutrient relations of four tree species occurring in both planting mixtures were compared between a legume-dominated, species-poor direct seeding mixture of early-successional species ("legume mixture"), and a species-diverse, legume-poor mixture of all successional groups ("diverse mixture"). After 7 years, the legume mixture had 6-fold higher abundance of N(2)-fixing trees, 177% higher total tree basal area, 22% lower litter C/N, six-fold higher in situ soil resin-nitrate, and 40% lower in situ soil resin-P, compared to the diverse mixture. In the legume mixture, non-N(2)-fixing legume Schizolobium parahyba (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae) had significantly lower proportional N resorption, and both naturally regenerating non-legume trees had significantly higher leaf N concentrations, and higher proportional P resorption, than in the diverse mixture. This demonstrate forms of plastic adjustment in all three non-N(2)-fixing species to diverged nutrient relations between mixtures. By contrast, leaf nutrient relations in N(2)-fixing Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) did not respond to planting mixtures. Rapid N accumulation in the legume mixture caused excess soil nitrification over nitrate immobilization and tighter P recycling compared with the diverse mixture. The legume mixture succeeded in accelerating tree growth and canopy closure, but may imply periods of N losses and possibly P limitation. Incorporation of species with efficient nitrate uptake and P mobilization from resistant soil pools offers potential to optimize these tradeoffs.

Antimycobacterial activity of Indigofera suffruticosa with activation potential of the innate immune system

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Free radical scavenging profile and myeloperoxidase inhibition of extracts from antidiabetic plants: Bauhinia forficata and Cissus sicyoides

There is abundant evidence that reactive oxygen species are implicated in several physiological and pathological processes. To protect biological targets from oxidative damage. antioxidants must react with radicals and other reactive species faster than biological substrates do. The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from leaves of Bauhinia forficata Link (Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae) and Cissus sicyoides L. (Vitaceae) (two medicinal plants used popularly in the control of diabetes mellitus), using several different assay systems, namely, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) decolorization. superoxide anion radical (O-2 center dot-) scavenging and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In the ABTS assay for total antioxidant activity, B. forficata showed IC50 8.00 +/- 0.07 mu g/mL, while C. sicyoides showed IC50 13.0 +/- 0.2 mu g/mL. However, the extract of C. sicyoides had a stronger effect on O-2 center dot- (IC50 60.0 +/- 2.3 mu p/mL) than the extract of B. forficata (IC50 90.0 +/- 4.4 mu g/mL). B. forficata also had a stronger inhibitory effect on MPO activity, as measured by guaiacol oxidation, than C. sicyoides. These results indicate that aqueous extracts of leaves of B. forficata and C. sicyoides are a potential source of natural antioxidants and may be helpful in the prevention of diabetic complications associated with oxidative stress.

Chemotaxonomic significance of 5-deoxyproanthocyanidins in Stryphnodendron species

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)