Study of the electromyographic signal dynamic behavior in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neurons degeneration, which reduces muscular force, being very difficult to diagnose. Mathematical methods are used in order to analyze the surface electromiographic signal’s dynamic behavior (Fractal Dimension (FD) and Multiscale Entropy (MSE)), evaluate different muscle group’s synchronization (Coherence and Phase Locking Factor (PLF)) and to evaluate the signal’s complexity (Lempel-Ziv (LZ) techniques and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA)). Surface electromiographic signal acquisitions were performed in upper limb muscles, being the analysis executed for instants of contraction for ipsilateral acquisitions for patients and control groups. Results from LZ, DFA and MSE analysis present capability to distinguish between the patient group and the control group, whereas coherence, PLF and FD algorithms present results very similar for both groups. LZ, DFA and MSE algorithms appear then to be a good measure of corticospinal pathways integrity. A classification algorithm was applied to the results in combination with extracted features from the surface electromiographic signal, with an accuracy percentage higher than 70% for 118 combinations for at least one classifier. The classification results demonstrate capability to distinguish members between patients and control groups. These results can demonstrate a major importance in the disease diagnose, once surface electromyography (sEMG) may be used as an auxiliary diagnose method.

Three-phase three-level current-source converter for EVs fast battery charging systems

This paper presents a three-phase three-level fast battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs) based in a current-source converter (CSC). Compared with the traditional voltage-source converters used for fast battery chargers, the CSC can be seen as a natural buck-type converter, i.e., the output voltage can assume a wide range of values, which varies between zero and the maximum instantaneous value of the power grid phase-to-phase voltage. Moreover, using the CSC it is not necessary to use a dc-dc back-end converter in the battery side, and it is also possible to control the grid current in order to obtain a sinusoidal waveform, and in phase with the power grid voltage (unitary power factor). Along the paper is described in detail the proposed CSC for EVs fast battery charging systems: the circuit topology, the power control theory, the current control strategy and the grid synchronization algorithm. Several simulation results of the EV fast battery charger operating with a maximum power of 50 kW are presented.

Aplicação do Building Information Modeling na gestão de projetos de construção

Dissertação de mestrado em Construção e Reabilitação Sustentáveis

Implementation and comparison of different switching techniques for shunt active power filters

This paper presents a comparison between three switching techniques that can be used in three-phase four-wire Shunt Active Power Filters (SAPFs). The implemented switching techniques are: Periodic-Sampling (PS), Triangular Carrier Pulse-Width Modulation (TC-PWM) and Space Vector PWM (SVPWM). The comparison between them is made in terms of the compensated currents THD%, implementation complexity, necessary CPU time and SAPF efficiency. To perform this comparison are presented and analyzed several experimental results, obtained with a 20 kVA Shunt Active Power Filter prototype, specially developed for this purpose. The control system of the developed SAPF is based in the p-q Theory with a grid synchronization algorithm p-PLL.

New control algorithm for single-phase series active power filter

This paper presents a single-phase Series Active Power Filter (Series APF) for mitigation of the load voltage harmonic content, while maintaining the voltage on the DC side regulated without the support of a voltage source. The proposed series active power filter control algorithm eliminates the additional voltage source to regulate the DC voltage, and with the adopted topology it is not used a coupling transformer to interface the series active power filter with the electrical power grid. The paper describes the control strategy which encapsulates the grid synchronization scheme, the compensation voltage calculation, the damping algorithm and the dead-time compensation. The topology and control strategy of the series active power filter have been evaluated in simulation software and simulations results are presented. Experimental results, obtained with a developed laboratorial prototype, validate the theoretical assumptions, and are within the harmonic spectrum limits imposed by the international recommendations of the IEEE-519 Standard.

Desenvolvimento de um sistema para análise de equilíbrio baseado em sensores inerciais

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Eletrónica Industrial e de Computadores

Avaliação sensoriomotora do complexo articular do ombro : validação de um protocolo

Introdução: São escassas as medidas objetivas, válidas e consistentes da função sensoriomotora do complexo articular do ombro (CAO). Objetivos: desenvolvimento e validação de um protocolo de avaliação sensoriomotora do CAO. Materiais e métodos: 40 Sujeitos (16 atletas e 24 não atletas) completaram 6 momentos de teste, 3 por cada um de 2 investigadores. Em cada momento avaliou-se a NPA pelo Biodex System 3, na elevação do braço no plano da omoplata a 80º e 160º, e na rotação externa (RE) a 45º e 80º , bem como o controlo postural do CAO avaliou-se pela plataforma Rsscan. Resultados/Discussão: Todas as variáveis apresentaram estabilidade temporal, exceto os erros a 80º na RE (p=0,021) e 80º no PO (p=0,006), nos atletas, para o Investigador 1, e as componentes do CP nos não atletas, para o investigador 2. Os ICC’s foram globalmente baixos, apresentando valores moderados no grupo de não atletas, para o Investigador 2, no comprimento (0,862) e velocidade média do CP (0,852). Excluindo a área do CP no grupo de não atletas (p=0,030), não houve diferenças significativas nas médias entre observadores. Verificaram-se correlações fortes entre as componentes do CP, mas não ocorreram correlações fortes entre estas e as da NPA. Conclusões: Os resultados poucos consistentes, não permitem retirar conclusões sólidas, impossibilitando assumir o protocolo como fiável e válido na avaliação sensoriomotora do CAO.

Sistemas de Tipos para Verificación de Programas Concurrentes. Type Systems for Concurrent Programs Verification.

La programación concurrente es una tarea difícil aún para los más experimentados programadores. Las investigaciones en concurrencia han dado como resultado una gran cantidad de mecanismos y herramientas para resolver problemas de condiciones de carrera de datos y deadlocks, problemas que surgen por el mal uso de los mecanismos de sincronización. La verificación de propiedades interesantes de programas concurrentes presenta dificultades extras a los programas secuenciales debido al no-determinismo de su ejecución, lo cual resulta en una explosión en el número de posibles estados de programa, haciendo casi imposible un tratamiento manual o aún con la ayuda de computadoras. Algunos enfoques se basan en la creación de lenguajes de programación con construcciones con un alto nivel de abstración para expresar concurrencia y sincronización. Otros enfoques tratan de desarrollar técnicas y métodos de razonamiento para demostrar propiedades, algunos usan demostradores de teoremas generales, model-checking o algortimos específicos sobre un determinado sistema de tipos. Los enfoques basados en análisis estático liviano utilizan técnicas como interpretación abstracta para detectar ciertos tipos de errores, de una manera conservativa. Estas técnicas generalmente escalan lo suficiente para aplicarse en grandes proyectos de software pero los tipos de errores que pueden detectar es limitada. Algunas propiedades interesantes están relacionadas a condiciones de carrera y deadlocks, mientras que otros están interesados en problemas relacionados con la seguridad de los sistemas, como confidencialidad e integridad de datos. Los principales objetivos de esta propuesta es identificar algunas propiedades de interés a verificar en sistemas concurrentes y desarrollar técnicas y herramientas para realizar la verificación en forma automática. Para lograr estos objetivos, se pondrá énfasis en el estudio y desarrollo de sistemas de tipos como tipos dependientes, sistema de tipos y efectos, y tipos de efectos sensibles al flujo de datos y control. Estos sistemas de tipos se aplicarán a algunos modelos de programación concurrente como por ejemplo, en Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming (SCOOP) y Java. Además se abordarán propiedades de seguridad usando sistemas de tipos específicos. Concurrent programming has remained a dificult task even for very experienced programmers. Concurrency research has provided a rich set of tools and mechanisms for dealing with data races and deadlocks that arise of incorrect use of synchronization. Verification of most interesting properties of concurrent programs is a very dificult task due to intrinsic non-deterministic nature of concurrency, resulting in a state explosion which make it almost imposible to be manually treat and it is a serious challenge to do that even with help of computers. Some approaches attempts create programming languages with higher levels of abstraction for expressing concurrency and synchronization. Other approaches try to develop reasoning methods to prove properties, either using general theorem provers, model-checking or specific algorithms on some type systems. The light-weight static analysis approach apply techniques like abstract interpretation to find certain kind of bugs in a conservative way. This techniques scale well to be applied in large software projects but the kind of bugs they may find are limited. Some interesting properties are related to data races and deadlocks, while others are interested in some security problems like confidentiality and integrity of data. The main goals of this proposal is to identify some interesting properties to verify in concurrent systems and develop techniques and tools to do full automatic verification. The main approach will be the application of type systems, as dependent types, type and effect systems, and flow-efect types. Those type systems will be applied to some models for concurrent programming as Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming (SCOOP) and Java. Other goals include the analysis of security properties also using specific type systems.

Dessincronia ventricular e aumento dos níveis de BNP na estimulação apical do ventrículo direito

FUNDAMENTO: A estimulação apical crônica do ventrículo direito pode ocasionar dessincronia ventricular e, secundariamente, alterações neuro-humorais e aumento da morbimortalidade cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Pesquisar dessincronia ventricular e seus efeitos sobre os níveis de BNP em pacientes com marca-passo estimulados cronicamente no ápice do ventrículo direito (VD). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 85 pacientes com marca-passo uni ou bicameral, em classe funcional I e II da NYHA e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) > 35%. A avaliação de dessincronia foi realizada utilizando-se várias técnicas ecocardiográficas, incluindo o Tissue Synchronization Imaging (TSI), com análise dos 12 segmentos. O BNP foi dosado junto com o ecocardiograma, porém com o examinador cego. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e seis mulheres e 39 homens, com idade de 58 ± 12 anos, chagásicos (56%) e hipertensos controlados (62%), foram incluídos. A fração de ejeção do VE foi 52 ± 8% e a duração média do QRS de 139 ms (120-180 ms). O BNP mostrou-se alterado em 36,5% da amostra (ponto de corte de 60 pg/ml). Na análise multivariada de regressão linear, o BNP correlacionou-se com a idade (p = 0,024), FEVE (p < 0,0001) e tempo pré-ejetivo do VE (p = 0,009), que é índice de dessincronia intraventricular. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com estimulação cardíaca convencional, estáveis clinicamente, a dessincronia intraventricular foi um preditor independente do aumento dos níveis de BNP, após ajuste pela idade e FEVE.

Theoretische Untersuchungen der mikroskopischen Synchronisation von molekularen Enzymzyklen

Allosteric regulation, automaton-model, enzymes, kinetics, fluctuations, hopf-bifurcation, reaction coordinate, selforganization, synchronization

Objektivierung eines musikunterstützten Trainings motorischer Funktionen nach Schlaganfall

Neurorehabilitation, Stroke, Plasticity, Music-supported Training, Auditory sensorimotor integration

Hatching and larval export of the intertidal crab Neohelice granulata in Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, Argentina

Synchronization in the events of the reproductive cycle in female Neohelice granulata Dana, 1851 were studied from samples taken weekly and biweekly from September to December 2006 in the Laguna Mar Chiquita. The timing and larval hatching and synchronicity were inferred from numbers of ovigerous females and observing the stages of embryonic development. Synchronization in larval hatching also was observed in females in experiments in dark for a period of 48 hours, at three different salinities (10, 23 and 33 ppm). In addition plankton sampling were performed in order to study larval exportation at the field and its link to the tidal and light/dark cycles. We found that ovigerous females of N. granulata have a marked synchronization in embryonic development which results in that most of berried females are close to hatching within a period of maximum tidal range (days). Within this period, there is a synchronization of hatching at a time scale of hours, governed by environmental conditions. The salinity range used in this study (10-32‰) did not affect hatching synchronicity neither time to hatch. Hatching was synchronized according to endogenous rhythms governed mainly by the tidal cycle and secondarily by the breadth of it. It is also conditioned by the light-dark cycle through an exogenous cycle, so that the hatchings would occur mostly at night high tides.

Membrane potential dynamics of neocortical projection neurons driving target-specific signals.

Primary sensory cortex discriminates incoming sensory information and generates multiple processing streams toward other cortical areas. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, by making whole-cell recordings in primary somatosensory barrel cortex (S1) of behaving mice, we show that S1 neurons projecting to primary motor cortex (M1) and those projecting to secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) have distinct intrinsic membrane properties and exhibit markedly different membrane potential dynamics during behavior. Passive tactile stimulation evoked faster and larger postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in M1-projecting neurons, rapidly driving phasic action potential firing, well-suited for stimulus detection. Repetitive active touch evoked strongly depressing PSPs and only transient firing in M1-projecting neurons. In contrast, PSP summation allowed S2-projecting neurons to robustly signal sensory information accumulated during repetitive touch, useful for encoding object features. Thus, target-specific transformation of sensory-evoked synaptic potentials by S1 projection neurons generates functionally distinct output signals for sensorimotor coordination and sensory perception.

Estudio de sincronización cooperativa en redes de sensores

En este informe se estudia cómo es posible utilizar redes de sensores inalámbricos (WSN), para la localización de determinados eventos. Se hace un estudio previo de cómo una red de sensores puede llegar a estar sincronizada de una manera cooperativa, interactuando todos los sensores de la red entre sí. Primero se realiza el estudio para la sincronización de dos sensores con frecuencias diferentes, viéndose los parámetros que intervienen para que esta sincronización se realice con éxito, y también los efectos que en ella se produce al añadirle ruido. Seguidamente, se realiza el estudio para la sincronización de redes de N sensores, de manera que interactúen entre ellos de forma cooperativa. Se observan las características de la sincronización cuando todos los sensores llegan a consenso y, después, se busca la forma para que el consenso tienda hacia un valor determinado por mutuo acuerdo de los sensores. Finalmente, a partir de las características obtenidas en el consenso de N sensores, se realiza una aplicación práctica para la localización de eventos por medio del consenso de estas redes de sensores inalámbricos.

Implementación de técnicas de estimación y sincronización para sistemas OFDM: aplicación directa sobre la implementación de la capa física del estándar DVB-T

El sistema de modulación ODFM es utilizado en diversas aplicaciones de banda ancha, tanto en comunicaciones por cable como en aplicaciones inalámbricas. Presenta numerosas ventajas frente a sistemas de banda ancha de portadora única ya que permite una alta eficiencia espectral, una fácil ecualización y una reducción del ISI. Por el contrario, presenta dificultades inherentes a su estructura, que son de vital importancia solventar, entre las cuales se encuentran los altos requisitos de sincronización. Este proyecto presenta métodos de sincronización de tiempo y frecuencia implementados y evaluados sobre una plataforma software basada en Matlab®, que recoge el sistema completo de transmisión basado fielmente en el estándar DVB-T. Tras una presentación de los principios de la modulación OFDM, en este documento se presenta un estudio detallado de este sistema de transmisión y su implementación, formando conjuntamente una plataforma de simulación para la evaluación de los estimadores implementados.