On estimation and influence diagnostics for log-Birnbaum-Saunders Student-t regression models: Full Bayesian analysis

The purpose of this paper is to develop a Bayesian approach for log-Birnbaum-Saunders Student-t regression models under right-censored survival data. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are used to develop a Bayesian procedure for the considered model. In order to attenuate the influence of the outlying observations on the parameter estimates, we present in this paper Birnbaum-Saunders models in which a Student-t distribution is assumed to explain the cumulative damage. Also, some discussions on the model selection to compare the fitted models are given and case deletion influence diagnostics are developed for the joint posterior distribution based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence. The developed procedures are illustrated with a real data set. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bayesian analysis for a skew extension of the multivariate null intercept measurement error model

Skew-normal distribution is a class of distributions that includes the normal distributions as a special case. In this paper, we explore the use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to develop a Bayesian analysis in a multivariate, null intercept, measurement error model [R. Aoki, H. Bolfarine, J.A. Achcar, and D. Leao Pinto Jr, Bayesian analysis of a multivariate null intercept error-in -variables regression model, J. Biopharm. Stat. 13(4) (2003b), pp. 763-771] where the unobserved value of the covariate (latent variable) follows a skew-normal distribution. The results and methods are applied to a real dental clinical trial presented in [A. Hadgu and G. Koch, Application of generalized estimating equations to a dental randomized clinical trial, J. Biopharm. Stat. 9 (1999), pp. 161-178].

Extending the use of canonical and microcanonical Monte Carlo algorithms to spin models

We describe the canonical and microcanonical Monte Carlo algorithms for different systems that can be described by spin models. Sites of the lattice, chosen at random, interchange their spin values, provided they are different. The canonical ensemble is generated by performing exchanges according to the Metropolis prescription whereas in the microcanonical ensemble, exchanges are performed as long as the total energy remains constant. A systematic finite size analysis of intensive quantities and a comparison with results obtained from distinct ensembles are performed and the quality of results reveal that the present approach may be an useful tool for the study of phase transitions, specially first-order transitions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bayesian Estimation of the Logistic Positive Exponent IRT Model

A Bayesian inference approach using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is developed for the logistic positive exponent (LPE) model proposed by Samejima and for a new skewed Logistic Item Response Theory (IRT) model, named Reflection LPE model. Both models lead to asymmetric item characteristic curves (ICC) and can be appropriate because a symmetric ICC treats both correct and incorrect answers symmetrically, which results in a logical contradiction in ordering examinees on the ability scale. A data set corresponding to a mathematical test applied in Peruvian public schools is analyzed, where comparisons with other parametric IRT models also are conducted. Several model comparison criteria are discussed and implemented. The main conclusion is that the LPE and RLPE IRT models are easy to implement and seem to provide the best fit to the data set considered.

Semiparametric Bayesian measurement error modeling

This work presents a Bayesian semiparametric approach for dealing with regression models where the covariate is measured with error. Given that (1) the error normality assumption is very restrictive, and (2) assuming a specific elliptical distribution for errors (Student-t for example), may be somewhat presumptuous; there is need for more flexible methods, in terms of assuming only symmetry of errors (admitting unknown kurtosis). In this sense, the main advantage of this extended Bayesian approach is the possibility of considering generalizations of the elliptical family of models by using Dirichlet process priors in dependent and independent situations. Conditional posterior distributions are implemented, allowing the use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), to generate the posterior distributions. An interesting result shown is that the Dirichlet process prior is not updated in the case of the dependent elliptical model. Furthermore, an analysis of a real data set is reported to illustrate the usefulness of our approach, in dealing with outliers. Finally, semiparametric proposed models and parametric normal model are compared, graphically with the posterior distribution density of the coefficients. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Modelling water adsorption on Au(210) surfaces: II. Monte Carlo simulations

Canonical Monte Carlo simulations for the Au(210)/H(2)O interface, using a force field recently proposed by us, are reported. The results exhibit the main features normally observed in simulations of water molecules in contact with different noble metal surfaces. The calculations also assess the influence of the surface topography on the structural aspects of the adsorbed water and on the distribution of the water molecules in the direction normal to the metal surface plane. The adsorption process is preferential at sites in the first layer of the metal. The analysis of the density profiles and dipole moment distributions points to two predominant orientations. Most of the molecules are adsorbed with the molecular plane parallel to surface, while others adsorb with one of the O-H bonds parallel to the surface and the other bond pointing towards the bulk liquid phase. There is also evidence of hydrogen bond formation between the first and second solvent layers at the interface. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chinese Basic Pension Substitution Rate: A Monte Carlo Demonstration of the Individual Account Model

At the end of 2005, the State Council of China passed ”The Decision on adjusting the Individual Account of Basic Pension System”, which adjusted the individual account in the 1997 basic pension system. In this essay, we will analyze the adjustment above, and use Life Annuity Actuarial Theory to establish the basic pension substitution rate model. Monte Carlo simulation is also used to prove the rationality of the model. Some suggestions are put forward associated with the substitution rate according to the current policy.

Analisando o risco de uma carteira de crédito via simulações de Monte Carlo

Neste trabalho, analisamos utilização da metodologia CreditRLsk+ do Credit Suisse sua adequação ao mercado brasileiro, com objetivo de calcular risco de uma carteira de crédito. Certas hipóteses assumidas na formulação do modelo CreditRisk+ não valem para o mercado brasileiro, caracterizado, por exemplo, por uma elevada probabilidade de defcnilt. Desenvolvemos, então, uma metodologia para cálculo da distribuição de perdas através do método de Simulação de Monte Cario, alterando algumas hipóteses originais do modelo com objetivo de adaptá-lo ao nosso mercado. utilização de simulações também oferece resultados mais precisos em situações onde as carteiras possuem uma pequena população de contratos, além de eliminar possíveis problemas de convergência do método analítico, mesmo considerando as hipóteses do modelo original. Verifica-se ainda que tempo computacional pode ser menor que da metodologia original, principalmente em carteiras com elevado número de devedores de perfis distintos com alocações em diversos setores da economia. Tendo em vista as restrições acima, acreditamos que metodologia proposta seja uma alternativa para forma analítica do modelo CreditRisk+. Apresentamos exemplos de utilização resultados providos por estas simulações. ponto central deste trabalho realçar importância da utilização de metodologias alternativas de medição de risco de crédito que incorporem as particularidades do mercado brasileiro.

Uma análise comparativa entre a metodologia analítica e a metodologia de simulação Monte Carlo para o cálculo do value at risk

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever, avaliar comparar as metodologias analítica da simulação Monte Cario para cálculo do Value at Risk (Valor em Risco) de instituições financeiras de empresas. Para comparar as vantagens desvantagens de cada metodologia, efetuaremos comparações algébricas realizamos diversos testes empíricos com instituições hipotéticas que apresentassem diferentes níveis de alavancagem de composição em seus balanços, que operassem em diferentes mercados (consideramos os mercados de ações, de opções de compra de títulos de renda fixa prefixados).

Construção e avaliação de um modelo de simulação de Monte Carlo para analisar a capacitade de pagamento das empresas em financiamentos de longo prazo

A atividade de crédito consiste, em termos financeiros, na entrega de um valor presente mediante uma promessa de pagamento em data futura. Uma vez que se trata de promessa de pagamento, existe a possibilidade de que a mesma não seja cumprida, dando origem ao risco de crédito. Dada a existência desse risco, cabe às instituições que concedem crédito realizar uma análise do proponente, buscando aferir se o mesmo possui condições de cumprir o compromisso assumido. Um dos aspectos a ser levado em consideração nessa análise diz respeito à capacidade de pagamento da empresa, realizada através de projeções do fluxo de caixa da mesma. Com base nisso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo a construção de um modelo de simulação para avaliar a capacidade de pagamento de empresas em financiamentos de longo prazo. Entende-se que a aplicação de um modelo dessa natureza pode trazer informações adicionais relevantes para o problema em análise. A avaliação do modelo construído, realizada através de consulta a experts no problema de decisão de crédito, aponta que tanto a técnica utilizada quanto o modelo construído mostram-se adequados e aderentes à realidade, propiciando uma maior segurança para a tomada de decisão.

A simulação de Monte Carlo como instrumento de análise de riscos e seleção de projetos

Trata da aplicabilidade da Simulação de Monte Carlo para a análise de riscos e, conseqüentemente, o apoio à decisão de investir ou não em um projeto. São abordados métodos de análise de riscos e seleção de projetos, bem como a natureza, vantagens e limitações da Simulação de Monte Carío. Por fim este instrumento tem sua viabilidade analisada sob a luz do processo de análise de riscos de uma empresa brasileira.

The importance of common cyclical features in VAR analysis: a Monte-Carlo study

Despite the commonly held belief that aggregate data display short-run comovement, there has been little discussion about the econometric consequences of this feature of the data. We use exhaustive Monte-Carlo simulations to investigate the importance of restrictions implied by common-cyclical features for estimates and forecasts based on vector autoregressive models. First, we show that the ìbestî empirical model developed without common cycle restrictions need not nest the ìbestî model developed with those restrictions. This is due to possible differences in the lag-lengths chosen by model selection criteria for the two alternative models. Second, we show that the costs of ignoring common cyclical features in vector autoregressive modelling can be high, both in terms of forecast accuracy and efficient estimation of variance decomposition coefficients. Third, we find that the Hannan-Quinn criterion performs best among model selection criteria in simultaneously selecting the lag-length and rank of vector autoregressions.

The importance of Common-Cyclical Features in VAR analysis: a Monte-Carlo study (Preliminary Version)

Despite the belief, supported byrecentapplied research, thataggregate datadisplay short-run comovement, there has been little discussion about the econometric consequences ofthese data “features.” W e use exhaustive M onte-Carlo simulations toinvestigate theimportance ofrestrictions implied by common-cyclicalfeatures for estimates and forecasts based on vectorautoregressive and errorcorrection models. First, weshowthatthe“best” empiricalmodeldevelopedwithoutcommoncycles restrictions neednotnestthe“best” modeldevelopedwiththoserestrictions, duetothe use ofinformation criteria forchoosingthe lagorderofthe twoalternative models. Second, weshowthatthecosts ofignoringcommon-cyclicalfeatures inV A R analysis may be high in terms offorecastingaccuracy and e¢ciency ofestimates ofvariance decomposition coe¢cients. A lthough these costs are more pronounced when the lag orderofV A R modelsareknown, theyarealsonon-trivialwhenitis selectedusingthe conventionaltoolsavailabletoappliedresearchers. T hird, we…ndthatifthedatahave common-cyclicalfeatures andtheresearcherwants touseaninformationcriterium to selectthelaglength, theH annan-Q uinn criterium is themostappropriate, sincethe A kaike and theSchwarz criteriahave atendency toover- and under-predictthe lag lengthrespectivelyinoursimulations.