Intelligent control and look-ahead energy management of hybrid electric vehicles

A review of the state of knowledge in the field of control and energy management in HEVs is carried out. The key innovation of the project is the development of a model of a PHEV using the real road data with an intelligent look-ahead online controller. Another novelty of this work is the method of route planning. It combines the information of vehicle sensors such as accelerometer and speedometer with the data of a GPS to create a road grade map for use within the look-ahead energy management strategy in the vehicle. For the PHEV, an adaptive cruise controller is modelled and an optimisation method is applied to obtain the best speed profile during a trajectory. Finally, the nonlinear model of the vehicle is applied with the sliding mode controller. The effect of using this controller is compared with the universal cruise controller. The stability of the system is studied and proved.

Setback distances as a conservation tool in wildlife-human interactions : testing their efficacy for birds affected by vehicles on open-coast sandy beaches

In some wilderness areas, wildlife encounter vehicles disrupt their behaviour and habitat use. Changing driver behaviour has been proposed where bans on vehicle use are politically unpalatable, but the efficacy of vehicle setbacks and reduced speeds remains largely untested. We characterised bird-vehicle encounters in terms of driver behaviour and the disturbance caused to birds, and tested whether spatial buffers or lower speeds reduced bird escape responses on open beaches. Focal observations showed that: i) most drivers did not create sizeable buffers between their vehicles and birds; ii) bird disturbance was frequent; and iii) predictors of probability of flushing (escape) were setback distance and vehicle type (buses flushed birds at higher rates than cars). Experiments demonstrated that substantial reductions in bird escape responses required buffers to be wide (> 25 m) and vehicle speeds to be slow (< 30 km h-1). Setback distances can reduce impacts on wildlife, provided that they are carefully designed and derived from empirical evidence. No speed or distance combination we tested, however, eliminated bird responses. Thus, while buffers reduce response rates, they are likely to be much less effective than vehicle-free zones (i.e. beach closures), and rely on changes to current driver behaviour

Integrated thermal and energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

In this research, the significant influence of engine and cabin thermal management on the fuel efficiency and emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is investigated. A practical solution to implement an optimal energy management strategy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles which considers the temperature noise factor is introduced.

Are vehicles 'mobile bird hides'?: A test of the hypothesis that 'cars cause less disturbance'

We tested the 'cars cause less disturbance' hypothesis by comparing the flight-initiation distance (FID) evoked by a car versus a single walker for 38 species of waterbird (n = 657 standardised approaches). For the 15 species where we had sample size adequate for statistical testing (n ≥ 5), we found that cars elicited shorter responses after controlling for starting distance. Within-species analyses revealed that this difference was significant in 8 of 15 species. Although mean FIDs for car approaches were always shorter than FIDs toward single walkers in the remaining species (7), the tests in those species lacked sufficient power to draw meaningful conclusions. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that birds respond to cars at shorter distances. The wide taxonomic breadth of species investigated suggests that this principle may be broadly applicable, at least in waterbirds. The results of this study and the FID estimates we present will allow development of meaningful stimulus-specific buffer zones to protect waterbirds from disturbance.

Mini-micro unmanned aerial vehicle intelligence: a threat to land vehicles

Increasing use of commercial off-the-shelf Mini-Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (MAV) systems with enhanced intelligence methodologies can potentially be a threat, if this technology falls into the wrong hands. In this study, we investigate the level of threat imposed on critical infrastructure using different MAV swarm artificial intelligence traits and coordination methodologies. The critical infrastructure in consideration is a moving commercial land vehicle that may be transporting for example an important civil servant or politician. Non-dimensional fitness functions used for measuring MAV mission effectiveness have been established for the case studies considered in this paper. The findings indicated that increased in intelligent and coordination level elevate teams' efficiency, therefore poses a higher degree of threat to targeted land vehicle. Observations from the study have suggested that memory-based cooperative technique provides a consistent efficiency compared to other methods for the mission objectives considered in this paper. © 2014 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.

Investigating strain transfer in polymer coated structures for the health monitoring of aerospace vehicles using polymer photonic waveguides

In this work, we present the concept of planar polymer photonic waveguides for the health monitoring of aerospace structures. Here a polymer layer is deposited onto the material/structure to be monitored. Within the polymer layer, waveguides are created after deposition. These waveguides can then be used as 'optical fibres' for optical fibre sensing methodologies. In investigating the use of polymer photonic waveguides the question to be answered is: does the strain in the test material transfer to the polymer layer, such that the value to be measured optically is reliable and indicative of the true strain in the test structure? To answer this question we have conducted a preliminary structural analysis with finite element analysis, utilising ANSYS. A simple aluminium cantilever was used as the test structure, and layers of polyethylene with different thicknesses were added to this. Result show that the thinner the layer of polymer, the more accurate the measured strain will be. For a 100um coating, the difference is strain was observed to be on the order of 3.3%. © 2014 IEEE.

Nanostructured liquid crystalline particles as next generation agrochemical delivery vehicles

A new system for delivering agrichemicals to crop plants was investigated. Nano-structured lipid particles were used as an alternative to traditional surfactants for penetrating plant surfaces. In laboratory and field trials the nanoparticles delivered chemicals effectively, caused less damage to plants, required less water and resulted in lower environmental impacts.

Adaptive robust control of 6-DOF autonomous aerial vehicles

The thesis focused on development of an auto-pilot system for UAV’s and small fixed wing aircraft for use in hazardous flight conditions, such as severe weather. This led to development of a mathematical algorithm that unbinds the flight systems from coupling effects which can adaptively changed to the environment.

A new perspective of storm bite on sandy beaches using unmanned aerial vehicles

Aerial imagery collected before and after major storm events is ideal for the assessment of coastal landscape change driven by individual high-magnitude events. Using traditional satellite sensors and manned aerial systems can be challenging due to issues related to cloud cover, mobilization expenses and resolution. Rapid advances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology allow for the cost-effective collection of aerial imagery and topography at centimetre resolution suitable for assessing change in coastal ecosystems. In this study we demonstrate the utility of UAV-based photogrammetry to quantify storm-driven sediment dynamics on a sandy beach on the open-coast shoreline of Victoria, Australia. UAV-based aerial photography was collected before and after a major storm event. High-resolution (< 5 cm) aerial imagery and digital surface models were acquired and change-detection techniques were applied to quantify changes in the beachface. An average beach erosion of 12.24 m3/m with a maximum of 28.05 m3/m was observed, and the volume of sand cut from the beachface and retreat of the foredune are clearly illustrated. Following the storm event, erosion was estimated at 7259.94 ± 503.69 m3 along 550 m of beach. By combining the aerial imagery and derived topographic datasets we demonstrate the advantage of UAV-based photogrammetry techniques for rapid high-resolution data collection in semi-remote locations. Its utility in setting unlimited virtual vantage points is also illustrated and the valuable perspective it provides for tracking landscape change discussed.

Development and evaluation of a range anxiety-reducing business model for connected full electric vehicles

This thesis develops and evaluates a business model for connected full electric vehicles (FEV) for the European market. Despite a promoting political environment, various barriers have thus far prevented the FEV from becoming a mass-market vehicle. Besides cost, the most noteworthy of these barriers is represented by range anxiety, a product of FEVs’ limited range, lacking availability of charging infrastructure, and long recharging times. Connected FEVs, which maintain a constant connection to the surrounding infrastructure, appear to be a promising element to overcome drivers’ range anxiety. Yet their successful application requires a well functioning FEV ecosystem which can only be created through the collaboration of various stakeholders such as original equipment manufacturers (OEM), first tier suppliers (FTS), charging infrastructure and service providers (CISP), utilities, communication enablers, and governments. This thesis explores and evaluates how a business model, jointly created by these stakeholders, could look like, i.e. how stakeholders could collaborate in the design of products, services, infrastructure, and advanced mobility management, to meet drivers with a sensible value proposition that is at least equivalent to that of internal combustion engine (ICE) cars. It suggests that this value proposition will be an end-2-end package provided by CISPs or OEMs that comprises mobility packages (incl. pay per mile plans, battery leasing, charging and battery swapping (BS) infrastructure) and FEVs equipped with an on-board unit (OBU) combined with additional services targeted at range anxiety reduction. From a theoretical point of view the thesis answers the question which business model framework is suitable for the development of a holistic, i.e. all stakeholder-comprising business model for connected FEVs and defines such a business model. In doing so the thesis provides the first comprehensive business model related research findings on connected FEVs, as prior works focused on the much less complex scenario featuring only “offline” FEVs.

Aligning sustainability and corporate strategies: the case of hybrid-electric vehicles and Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles

Este estudo analisa a integração da sustentabilidade ambiental na estratégia das empresas no contexto da indústria automobilística. A implementação de estratégias de sustentabilidade e o desenvolvimento de veículos híbrido-elétricos são investigados com referência ao caso de um ator principal na indústria. Entre as aplicações de mobilidade eléctrica, que irá aumentar a presença no mercado nos próximos anos devido às regulamentações rigorosas e as preferências dos clientes, a pesquisa está focada em veículos híbrido-elétricos. As estratégias de sustentabilidade das grandes fabricantes de automóveis e as implicações subsequentes em termos de desenvolvimento de produtos, com uma atenção especial aos veículos elétricos híbridos, foram analisados através de dados secundários. Além disso, os dados primários foram coletados sobre a estratégia de sustentabilidade de um ator importante na indústria e usados para realizar um estudo de caso. A análise incidiu sobre os fatores críticos e os aspectos que têm impacto sobre as estratégias de sustentabilidade, que visam reduzir o impacto ambiental da indústria automobilística, e sobre o desenvolvimento de veículos híbridos. A análise dos dados mostrou que a Fiat-Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) teve uma ênfase menor na mobilidade eléctrica em termos de relatórios de sustentabilidade. A conclusão apresenta uma avaliação da estratégia corporativa da FCA, em termos de sustentabilidade ambiental, e apresenta um quadro para o desenvolvimento de veículos híbridos com quatro abordagens diferentes que têm impacto sobre a estratégia de sustentabilidade de uma montadora.

Residues of calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medication associated with different vehicles: A scanning electron microscopy evaluation

This study evaluated the presence of residues after removal of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] associated with different vehicles. Thirty single-rooted teeth were instrumented to a master apical file #25 using 2.5% NaOCl as main irrigant and 17% trisodium EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as final agent irrigant. Then, the root canals were dressed with Ca(OH)2 associated with silicone oil (Group 1), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (Group 2), or propylene glycol (Group 3). After coronal sealing, all teeth were kept in a moist environment at room temperature. After 7 days, the teeth were reopened and medicaments were removed using 5 mL of saline solution and instrumentation with master apical file followed by new irrigation with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl. Subsequently, teeth were split longitudinally and assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The wall cleanliness of the cervical and apical thirds of the roots were evaluated and scored by three blinded examiners. Statistical analysis was performed using KruskalWallis and Wilcoxon tests at 5% level of significance. All roots had residues of Ca(OH)2 on the canal walls. All experimental groups had similar results (P > 0.05) regardless of the third evaluated. There was significant difference between the apical and cervical thirds only in Group 3 (P < 0.05). Association of different vehicles to Ca(OH)2 does not influence the persistence of residues on the root canal walls. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.