A gênese da comunicação gestual e o desenvolvimento sociocognitivo: um estudo longitudinal

Mesmo antes das crianças começarem a falar, elas utilizam gestos, como dar, mostrar e apontar. O início da comunicação gestual pode ser percebido muito cedo na infância humana, mas ainda não está claro como ocorre a progressão deste desenvolvimento. O presente estudo investiga o papel e as características do desenvolvimento gestual no primeiro ano de vida. Um bebê de sexo masculino e sua mãe foram observados longitudinalmente, a cada semana, do nascimento aos 12 meses de idade. A díade foi filmada em casa enquanto realizava atividades de rotina. Nas idades de 9 a 12 meses, uma vez ao mês a mãe foi solicitada a brincar com seu bebê em situação estruturada. Os vídeos foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente em termos da percentagem de ocorrência de categorias de gestos comunicativos de ambos os parceiros e de seus comportamentos. Cenários comunicativos foram identificados. O aparecimento de diferentes comportamentos e suas trajetórias de desenvolvimento foram registrados. As possíveis relações com o surgimento posterior de gestos foram discutidas, analisando comportamentos que se tornaram ou não precursores e o modo como eles tenderam a apresentar mudanças com o tempo. Alguns resultados interessantes foram observados: pré-apontar foi identificado desde os primeiros meses e apresentou declínio de ocorrência. Pré-alcançar foi identificado aos 5 meses de idade e declinou no mesmo período em que foi observado o aparecimento do gesto de alcançar, o qual tendeu a aumentar com o tempo. Virar a cabeça enquanto rejeição foi observado aos 4 meses. Conforme o bebê foi se tornando mais velho, ele passou mais tempo engajado com sua mãe e com objetos de forma coordenada. Desde o início do primeiro ano, a mãe exibiu gestos de mostrar objetos e apontar proximal declarativo. Comportamentos de atenção conjunta foram observados e tenderam a aumentar no período de 9 a 12 meses de idade. Gestos proximais e declarativos realizados pelo bebê ocorreram mais precocemente se comparados a gestos imperativos e distais. As transições observadas a partir dos cenários comunicativos não compartilhados rumo aos de natureza simbólica foram identificadas. Percentagens de tempo de cenários comunicativos não-compartilhados e atencionais primários diminuíram enquanto as de cenários atencionais secundários aumentaram, tornando-se predominantes no final do primeiro ano. Neste período, cenários convencionais e simbólicos surgiram, apresentando breve duração. Embora estes resultados não sejam conclusivos, podem contribuir para a compreensão das primeiras modalidades de comunicação mãe-bebê, ajudando a fornecer suportes para a discussão sobre a existência de precursores gestuais precoces.

Chico Xavier e o mundo dos espíritos: um estudo de representações sociais

O médium Chico Xavier (1910-2002) impôs-se no cenário religioso brasileiro como uma das personalidades mais admiradas e polêmicas do país dada a sua postura de afirmar se comunicar com espíritos de pessoas falecidas, atribuindo a elas seus mais de 400 livros psicografados, assim como pelas atividades assistenciais desempenhadas. As comemorações, em 2010, do centenário de seu nascimento teve ampla repercussão, com numerosas matérias na mídia, (re)lançamentos de livros e produção de filmes. Foi nesse contexto que se desenvolveu esta pesquisa sobre as representações sociais produzidas sobre ele por pessoas com ou sem religião, de acordo com a Abordagem Estrutural da Teoria das Representações Sociais. A coleta de dados foi feita através de um questionário padronizado, aplicado via "web", ao qual se associou uma tarefa de evocação livre ao termo indutor "Chico Xavier". Foram analisadas as respostas de 1960 sujeitos, dentre espíritas (56,6%), católicos (15,5%), teístas (12,1%), umbandistas (4,6%), ateus (4,2%), evangélicos (4,1%) e agnósticos (2,8%). A análise das evocações permitiu identificar os seguintes termos, possivelmente centrais, mais compartilhados por esses grupos: amor, caridade e humildade evocado por espíritas, umbandistas, teístas e católicos; espiritismo, mediunidade-psicografia por teístas, católicos, agnósticos e ateus; católicos e teístas distinguiram-se pela referência à bondade e paz; e evangélicos e ateus referiram-se a engano-mentira; agnósticos evocaram ainda o termo caridade; e ateus, os termos charlatão-fraude e doente mental. A construção de árvores de co- ocorrências confirmou os temas "amor" e "espiritismo" como mais característicos de Chico Xavier, sugerindo a existência de duas representações distintas. Nesse sentido, "amor" parece organizar as representações de católicos, espíritas, umbandistas, teístas, e "espiritismo", as de evangélicos, agnósticos e ateus. A análise do questionário revelou o seguinte ranking decrescente dos grupos quanto à sua proximidade com relação a Chico Xavier: espíritas, umbandistas, teístas, católicos, agnósticos, evangélicos e ateus. Em seu conjunto, os dados revelaram afinidades de representação entre os grupos, sendo principalmente semelhantes as representações dos espíritas e umbandistas, e dos teístas e católicos. Observamos uma representação de Chico Xavier construída a partir de três planos de significação: o da "virtude", o do "pertencimento" e o da "verdade". No primeiro, caracteriza-se pela valorização de "amor", que o situa numa ordem de sentido mais abrangente, reconhecendo-o como alguém capaz de ter vivido e demonstrado tal virtude de forma irrecusável, tornando-se dela um exemplo; no segundo, pela valorização de "espiritismo" ocorre sua identificação dentro de limites grupais, como alguém que viveu segundo sua crença e dela se tornou uma figura de destaque. E o terceiro, atravessando esses dois planos, pela atribuição de um sentido de "verdade" ou "mentira" sobre o que ele viveu/ensinou quanto à vida após a morte e a comunicação com espíritos. Desse modo, Chico Xavier, em geral, é representado pelos espíritas, umbandistas, teístas e católicos como alguém virtuoso que viveu/ensinou a verdade; e pelos evangélicos e ateus como um espírita não-virtuoso que viveu/ensinou mentiras. Os agnósticos posicionaram-se, principalmente, de modo ambivalente, mas com pequena tendência a enfatizar a virtude e a verdade em Chico Xavier.

Disney: ideologia eta pedagogia

[eus] Ikerketa honek Walt Disney konpainiak ekoiztutako hainbat filmetan agertzen den edukia eta pertsonaiak analizatzen ditu. Pelikulak balorez eta aspektu ideologikoez beteta daude eta gizarte-ikaskuntzaren teoriaren arabera, izugarrizko eragina daukate haurren jarduteko moduan. Ideia horiek oso lotuta daude emakumezkoak gizartean hartzen duen irudiarekin, gizartean dagoen familiaren esanahiarekin eta gure gizarteko sistema politiko eta ekonomikoarekin. Beraz, animaziozko filmen aurrean umeen kritikotasuna garatzeko Lehen Hezkuntzako gelarako baliabide metodologikoa proposatzen da, umeek pantaila handian ikusten dutenaz hausnar dezaten.

Representações sociais e práticas de psicólogos no Programa DST/AIDS no Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho está associado ao projeto de pesquisa As transformações do cuidado de saúde e enfermagem em tempo de AIDS: representações sociais e memórias de enfermeiros e profissionais de saúde no Brasil, coordenado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem da UERJ. Neste trabalho, foi feito um recorte do projeto original, tendo como objetivo fazer um levantamento das práticas desenvolvidas pelos psicólogos que atuam no Programa Nacional DST/AIDS, além de descrever e analisar o conteúdo das representações sociais dos psicólogos sobre o HIV/AIDS e sobre seus pacientes. A fundamentação teórica do trabalho consiste na Teoria das Representações Sociais, inaugurada por Serge Moscovici em 1961, e desenvolvida por outros autores desde então. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram doze psicólogos que trabalham em serviços de saúde que desenvolvem as ações do Programa Nacional DST/AIDS na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em SAES e CTAS. A coleta de dados consistiu em duas etapas: a aplicação de questionários aos profissionais que trabalham no Programa Nacional DST/AIDS e realização de entrevista com alguns dos profissionais de saúde que responderam anteriormente ao questionário. Além das questões presentes no roteiro de entrevista comum a todos os profissionais de saúde, foram inseridas algumas questões relativas às práticas e à especificidade do trabalho do psicólogo nas equipes. Para a análise dos dados brutos obtidos através dos dois roteiros de entrevista, foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo temático-categorial, operacionalizada pelo software QRS NVivo. O resultado da análise do material discursivo ficou concentrado em seis categorias: 1) A memória do HIV/AIDS: o início da epidemia e sua construção social ao longo do tempo; 2) Mudanças e avanços em relação ao HIV/AIDS: conhecimento, cuidado, mentalidade e perfil dos pacientes; 3) O sistema de atendimento a pacientes com HIV/AIDS: práticas comuns e dificuldades vividas pelos profissionais de saúde; 4) A atuação dos psicólogos com pacientes HIV/AIDS: suas práticas, dificuldades e percepções; 5) Os desafios de se viver com o HIV/AIDS: adesão ao tratamento e discriminação; 6) Políticas governamentais, sociais e institucionais para o HIV/AIDS: desafios e questões epidemiológicas. As representações das psicólogas a respeito do HIV/AIDS contêm alguns elementos compartilhados com a população geral no passado, como a ideia de grupos de risco, mortalidade e culpabilização dos pacientes, mas também apresentam elementos que foram incorporados por conta de sua prática profissional, como a melhoria na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, a AIDS como uma doença crônica e a mudança de perfil dos pacientes. Em suas práticas, embora reconheçam algumas particularidades nos pacientes com HIV/AIDS, as psicólogas não reconhecem nestas particularidades uma necessidade de atendimento diferenciado a esses pacientes.

Cuidado em saúde à pessoa que vive com HIV/Aids: representações sociais de enfermeiros e médicos

O presente estudo tem como objetivos identificar as representações sociais do cuidado em saúde à pessoa que vive com HIV/aids para enfermeiros e médicos, descrevendo-as através das abordagens estrutural e processual; comparar as representações de enfermeiros e médicos; e analisar o cuidado em saúde à pessoa que vive com HIV/aids a partir das representações construídas por esses profissionais. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, orientado pela Teoria das Representações Sociais. Os participantes do estudo foram, numa primeira etapa, 81 profissionais, sendo 54 médicos e 27 enfermeiros que trabalham em instituições públicas com atuação voltada à testagem e ao atendimento à pessoa que vive com HIV/aids, onde responderam ao questionário sócio-profissional e de evocações livres. Na segunda etapa, conforme conveniência, participaram da entrevista semi-estruturada, 20 enfermeiros e 18 médicos. Para a análise dos dados utilizamos a técnica do quadro de quatro casas com a utilização do software EVOC 2005 e a análise lexical pelo software Alceste 4.0. Quanto à estrutura representacional geral, destaca-se no Núcleo Central os termos acolhimento, adesão-tratamento, futuro e informação, que refletem a estruturação do processo assistencial da prática do cuidado no seio do programa. Na zona de contraste foram identificados atenção, cuidado e educação-saúde, que reforçam o Núcleo Central. Destaca-se, ainda, o léxico cuidado trazendo a dimensão imagética da representação. Na análise realizada pelo Alceste foram definidas cinco classes: estrutura e dinâmica de atendimento às pessoas que vivem com HIV/aids; o processo de transmissão e de prevenção do HIV/aids: entre vítimas, culpados e profissionais; memórias e história da epidemia de HIV/aids contada por profissionais; o cuidado no contexto da equipe multidisciplinar: composição, desafios e conceitos; o programa nacional DST/Aids e sua implementação nas unidades de saúde: avaliação, memória e capacitação. Realizamos ainda, a análise cruzada dos termos cuidado de enfermagem e cuidado médico. Ao final do estudo, consideramos que a representação do cuidado em saúde para este grupo de profissionais mostrou-se positiva apesar das dificuldades encontradas em seu cotidiano laboral. A representação do cuidado em saúde à pessoa vivendo com HIV/aids para médicos e enfermeiros apoia-se no programa DST/Aids e no conhecimento científico que embasa cada profissão. Os profissionais valorizam o trabalho multidisciplinar e procuram tratar o cliente de forma respeitosa, incentivando a adesão ao tratamento através de informação e do apoio psicológico.

不同干扰条件下社会认知偏离者两半球协同功能研究

Previous studies have witnessed some psychological or behavioral deviation (such as aggressive behavior) might have an association with cerebral hemisphere cooperative dysfunction, however, it is still unclear whether there is an association between individuals with social cognitive bias and their hemispheric cooperative functions especially while the interhemisphere cooperative processing is under the conditions of emotional interferences. The purpose of this study is to explore the differences between the social cognitive bias group and the normal group’s interhemispheric cooperative functional activity under the conditions of with or without interferences. Methods: According to Dodge’s (1993) model of “social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression”, a 51 items of “social cognitive bias scale” was created and was used to screen the high score group. 20 male subjects was composed of high score group and other 23 matched the control group. Stimulus tachistoscopically presented to the bilateral visual field and compared with the central. Both group’s interhemispheric cooperative functional activity were observed and compared under the conditions of without interference- i.e. base level and with the emotional interferences of white noise level and negative evaluative feedback speech level while finishing: experiment one: Chinese word-figure Stroop analogue task; experiment two: two single Chinese Characters combination task. Heart rate and respiratory rate were simultaneously recorded as index of emotional changes. Results: ① The high score group showed a decrease in processing accuracy compared with the normal group under the condition of white noise interference level in experiment one. ② Still under the condition of white noise interference level, there were more reaction time and more errors were observed in high score group than normal in experiment two. ③ Both groups showed speed up effect and the strategic processing tendency of speed-accuracy trade-off effect under the condition of white noise interference level in both experiments. ④ Between group differences of interhemipheric cooperative function were not observed under the conditions of base level and the negative evaluative feedback speech level within both experiments. Conclusion: The results suggested that interhemispheric cooperative functional differences exists between the two groups, characterized as ① differences existed in interhemispheric cooperative processing strategy between the two groups, with the high score group presented “hierarchic” deficiency strategy. ② the appearance of the differences between the two groups were condition specified , and in this research it was only under the white noise interference condition. ③ the features of the differences between the two groups were the differences on multidimensional performances and with a deficit orientation in high score group. ④ the varieties of the differences were changing with cooperative tasks, as in this research the high score group performed worse in complementary cooperative task. In addition, both group adjusted the processing strategy respectively under the condition of white noise evoked emotional interference implied that the interaction between the interhemisphere cooperative processing and emotion might exist.

同事关系质量及其作用机制

Although the research into coworker relationship quality has been recognized one of key factors related to organization performance, and has been thought a new trend in organization behavior research with the flatting of organization structure and complication of task assignment, there is relatively little empirical research on the mechanism between coworkers’ interaction, contraring to the fruitful results on member exchange research based on social network theory, say nothing of the influence of cultural differences such as GUANXI. This research developed the scale for the assessment of Coworker Relationship Quality by literature review, deep interview, and questionnaires, compared the predictable ability of Coworker Relationship Quality (CRQ) scale and Coworker Exchange (CWX) scale on employees’ work attitudes and behaviors. Finally, the mediating effect of Coworker Relationship Quality between employees’ similarities on personality and their work attitudes and behaviors was investigated. Following are main results. Firstly, we found that the interpersonal communication, trust, and mutual support are the key factors of coworker relationship quality, which is similar to the result getting from western samples. But Chinese people are more GUANXI ORIENTATION, means they want to build longtime relationship with others, not only when they are coworkers, but also when one of them left the organization. Secondly, though the core meaning of CRQ and CWX are same, their predictable ability on organization outcomes is different. CRQ is more powerful than CWX, especially on turnover intention. The result showed that after controlling the effect of demographic variables and CRQ, CWX cannot predict turnover intention significantly, but CRQ can still predict turnover intention significantly after controlling demographic variables and CWX. Thirdly, the partial mediating effect of CRQ between positive affectivity similarity and organizational citizenship behavior, coworker satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention are validated, but we did not find the mediating effect of CRQ between demographic variable similarity and workers’ attitudes and behaviors. The Similarity Attraction Paradigm, Social Identity Theory, and Self Category Theory were supported.

Changes in innovation styles - comprehensive study of the changes in innovation styles to identify the causes and effects of different influencing factors and capabilities to create a general innovation pattern.

An investigation in innovation management and entrepreneurial management is conducted in this thesis. The aim of the research is to explore changes of innovation styles in the transformation process from a start-up company to a more mature phase of business, to predict in a second step future sustainability and the probability of success. As businesses grow in revenue, corporate size and functional complexity, various triggers, supporters and drivers affect innovation and company's success. In a comprehensive study more than 200 innovative and technology driven companies have been examined and compared to identify patterns in different performance levels. All of them have been founded under the same formal requirements of the Munich Business Plan Competition -a research approach which allowed a unique snapshot that only long-term studies would be able to provide. The general objective was to identify the correlation between different factors, as well as different dimensions, to incremental and radical innovations realised. The 12 hypothesis were formed to prove have been derived from a comprehensive literature review. The relevant academic and practitioner literature on entrepreneurial, innovation, and knowledge management as well as social network theory revealed that the concept of innovation has evolved significantly over the last decade. A review of over 15 innovation models/frameworks contributed to understand what innovation in context means and what the dimensions are. It appears that the complex theories of innovation can be described by the increasing extent of social ingredients in the explanation of innovativeness. Originally based on tangible forms of capital, and on the necessity of pull and technology push, innovation management is today integrated in a larger system. Therefore, two research instruments have been developed to explore the changes in innovations styles. The Innovation Management Audits (IMA Start-up and IMA Mature) provided statements related to product/service development, innovativeness in various typologies, resources for innovations, innovation capabilities in conjunction to knowledge and management, social networks as well as the measurement of outcomes to generate high-quality data for further exploration. In obtaining results the mature companies have been clustered in the performance level low, average and high, while the start-up companies have been kept as one cluster. Firstly, the analysis exposed that knowledge, the process of acquiring knowledge, interorganisational networks and resources for innovations are the most important driving factors for innovation and success. Secondly, the actual change of the innovation style provides new insights about the importance of focusing on sustaining success and innovation ii 16 key areas. Thirdly, a detailed overview of triggers, supporters and drivers for innovation and success for each dimension support decision makers in putting their company in the right direction. Fourthly, a critical review of contemporary strategic management in conjunction to the findings provides recommendation of how to apply well-known management tools. Last but not least, the Munich cluster is analysed providing an estimation of the success probability of the different performance cluster and start-up companies. For the analysis of the probability of success of the newly developed as well as statistically and qualitative validated ICP Model (Innovativeness, Capabilities & Potential) has been developed and applied. While the model was primarily developed to evaluate the probability of success of companies; it has equal application in the situation to measure innovativeness to identify the impact of various strategic initiatives within small or large enterprises. The main findings of the model are that competitor, and customer orientation and acquiring knowledge important for incremental and radical innovation. Formal and interorganisation networks are important to foster innovation but informal networks appear to be detrimental to innovation. The testing of the ICP model h the long term is recommended as one subject of further research. Another is to investigate some of the more intangible aspects of innovation management such as attitude and motivation of mangers. IV

Team-teaching for inclusive learning: Purposes, practices and perceptions of a team-teaching initiative in Irish post-primary schools

Background. Schools unequivocally privilege solo-teaching. This research seeks to enhance our understanding of team-teaching by examining how two teachers, working in the same classroom at the same time, might or might not contribute to the promotion of inclusive learning. There are well-established policy statements that encourage change and moves towards the use of team-teaching to promote greater inclusion of students with special educational needs in mainstream schools and mainstream classrooms. What is not so well established is the practice of team-teaching in post-primary settings, with little research conducted to date on how it can be initiated and sustained, and a dearth of knowledge on how it impacts upon the students and teachers involved. Research questions and aims. In light of the paucity and inconclusive nature of the research on team-teaching to date (Hattie, 2009), the orientating question in this study asks ‘To what extent, can the introduction of a formal team-teaching initiative enhance the quality of inclusive student learning and teachers’ learning at post-primary level?’ The framing of this question emerges from ongoing political, legal and educational efforts to promote inclusive education. The study has three main aims. The first aim of this study is to gather and represent the voices and experiences of those most closely involved in the introduction of team-teaching; students, teachers, principals and administrators. The second aim is to generate a theory-informed understanding of such collaborative practices and how they may best be implemented in the future. The third aim is to advance our understandings regarding the day-to-day, and moment-to-moment interactions, between teachers and students which enable or inhibit inclusive learning. Sample. In total, 20 team-teaching dyads were formed across seven project schools. The study participants were from two of the seven project schools, Ash and Oak. It involved eight teachers and 53 students, whose age ranged from 12-16 years old, with 4 teachers forming two dyads per school. In Oak there was a class of first years (n=11) with one dyad and a class of transition year students (n=24) with the other dyad. In Ash one class group (n=18) had two dyads. The subjects in which the dyads engaged were English and Mathematics. Method. This research adopted an interpretive paradigm. The duration of the fieldwork was from April 2007 to June 2008. Research methodologies included semi-structured interviews (n=44), classroom observation (n=20), attendance at monthly teacher meetings (n=6), questionnaires and other data gathering practices which included school documentation, assessment findings and joint examination of student work samples (n=4). Results. Team-teaching involves changing normative practices, and involves placing both demands and opportunities before those who occupy classrooms (teachers and students) and before those who determine who should occupy these classrooms (principals and district administrators). This research shows how team-teaching has the potential to promote inclusive learning, and when implemented appropriately, can impact positively upon the learning experiences of both teachers and students. The results are outlined in two chapters. In chapter four, Social Capital Theory is used in framing the data, the change process of bonding, bridging and linking, and in capturing what the collaborative action of team-teaching means, asks and offers teachers; within classes, between classes, between schools and within the wider educational community. In chapter five, Positioning Theory deductively assists in revealing the moment-to-moment, dynamic and inclusive learning opportunities, that are made available to students through team-teaching. In this chapter a number of vignettes are chosen to illustrate such learning opportunities. These two theories help to reveal the counter-narrative that team-teaching offers, regarding how both teachers and students teach and learn. This counter-narrative can extend beyond the field of special education and include alternatives to the manner in which professional development is understood, implemented, and sustained in schools and classrooms. Team-teaching repositions teachers and students to engage with one another in an atmosphere that capitalises upon and builds relational trust and shared cognition. However, as this research study has found, it is wise that the purposes, processes and perceptions of team-teaching are clear to all so that team-teaching can be undertaken by those who are increasingly consciously competent and not merely accidentally adequate. Conclusions. The findings are discussed in the context of the promotion of effective inclusive practices in mainstream settings. I believe that such promotion requires more nuanced understandings of what is being asked of, and offered to, teachers and students. Team-teaching has, and I argue will increasingly have, its place in the repertoire of responses that support effective inclusive learning. To capture and extend such practice requires theoretical frameworks that facilitate iterative journeys between research, policy and practice. Research to date on team-teaching has been too focused on outcomes over short timeframes and not focused enough on the process that is team-teaching. As a consequence team-teaching has been under-used, under-valued, under-theorised and generally not very well understood. Moving from classroom to staff room and district board room, theoretical frameworks used in this research help to travel with, and understand, the initiation, engagement and early consequences of team-teaching within and across the educational landscape. Therefore, conclusions from this study have implications for the triad of research, practice and policy development where efforts to change normative practices can be matched by understandings associated with what it means to try something new/anew, and what it means to say it made a positive difference.

A study of the Zhiqing identity

More than seventeen million Chinese urban youth (Zhiqing in Chinese) went to the countryside, lived and engaged in agricultural work there during the Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside (UMDC) Movement (1967-1981). Although this movement was officially terminated in 1981, it has left an imprint on these people – the Zhiqing identity by which they are still characterized as a unique group in Chinese society and a special generation in Chinese history. Historical and sociological perspectives are combined in this study. By applying Glen H. Elder’s life course approach, the study reveals how Zhiqing’s life trajectories are embedded in the social history and identifies a series of interrelated factors that made Zhiqing into a unique generation. With the guidance of Henri Tajfel’s social identity theory, the study uncovers the emergence of the Zhiqing group and the Zhiqing identity, explains individuals’ acquisitions of the Zhiqing identity and analyzes how it has kept influencing individuals’ lives during and after the UMDC Movement. Using Zhiqing’s life stories allowed the researcher to combine the historical and sociological aspects in her examination of Zhiqing’s identity issues. In each life story, the narrator reviewed his/her life experience, reflected on socio-historical changes and expressed his/her emotions and ideas about identity issues. Utilizing methods of in-depth interview and thematic analysis, the researcher completed the study and presents this thesis as one interpretation on the Zhiqing identity, which, as according the researcher’s hermeneutic stance, is open to further discussion and future research.

Response decision processes and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents.

Externalizing behavior problems of 124 adolescents were assessed across Grades 7-11. In Grade 9, participants were also assessed across social-cognitive domains after imagining themselves as the object of provocations portrayed in six videotaped vignettes. Participants responded to vignette-based questions representing multiple processes of the response decision step of social information processing. Phase 1 of our investigation supported a two-factor model of the response evaluation process of response decision (response valuation and outcome expectancy). Phase 2 showed significant relations between the set of these response decision processes, as well as response selection, measured in Grade 9 and (a) externalizing behavior in Grade 9 and (b) externalizing behavior in Grades 10-11, even after controlling externalizing behavior in Grades 7-8. These findings suggest that on-line behavioral judgments about aggression play a crucial role in the maintenance and growth of aggressive response tendencies in adolescence.

Real-Time Decision Making and Aggressive Behavior in Youth: A Heuristic Model of Response Evaluation and Decision (RED).

Considerable scientific and intervention attention has been paid to judgment and decision-making systems associated with aggressive behavior in youth. However, most empirical studies have investigated social-cognitive correlates of stable child and adolescent aggressiveness, and less is known about real-time decision making to engage in aggressive behavior. A model of real-time decision making must incorporate both impulsive actions and rational thought. The present paper advances a process model (response evaluation and decision; RED) of real-time behavioral judgments and decision making in aggressive youths with mathematic representations that may be used to quantify response strength. These components are a heuristic to describe decision making, though it is doubtful that individuals always mentally complete these steps. RED represents an organization of social-cognitive operations believed to be active during the response decision step of social information processing. The model posits that RED processes can be circumvented through impulsive responding. This article provides a description and integration of thoughtful, rational decision making and nonrational impulsivity in aggressive behavioral interactions.

Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best.

Evidence is reviewed that for older adults the period from 10 to 30 years of age produces recall of the most autobiographical memories, the most vivid memories, and the most important memories. It is the period from which peoples' favorite films, music, and books come and the period from which they judge the most important world events to have originated. Factual, semantic, general-knowledge, multiple-choice questions about the Academy Awards, the World Series, and current events from this period were answered more accurately by two different groups of 30 older adults tested 10 years apart. A cognitive theory based on the importance of transitions and several noncognitive theories are considered as explanations of this pervasive phenomenon.

Creative leadership & communities of practice

This Second Wave presentation focused on 'Creative Leadership and Communities of Practice', with particular reference to issues of trust affecting young people, unemployment and wider uncertainties in an economic recession when people were facing job cuts and in a social environment characterised by cynicism and a downturn in trust. Young people who join Second Wave are brought into a community of practice (CoP) (Lave and Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1999) involving a dynamic, fluid process which is distinctive in its transformative power to change people's lives. The philosophy behind this involves Dewey's notion of the 'active self' (Dewey, 1916) and the theories of 'social constructivism' (Vygotsky, 1978). The process fosters trust, confidence and social learning (Bandura, 1977; Vygotsky, 1978) in which young people join in with a dialogue involving participation in the youth-centred creative space. The 'border zone' (Heath, 1994) in that creative space enables young people to connect with each other in the specialist field of youth arts. The youth-centred partnerships involved lead to greater confidence and development in a range of important artistic, social, cognitive and emotional skills and opportunities. Ultimately, the young person may become engaged in multi-agency working with Second Wave's external partners. Throughout all of these processes, young people are encouraged progressively to develop a more 'active self' to engage proactively with many different beneficial opportunities relating to the performing arts. In an era in which there has been a loss of trust in public life this is particularly important. If trust is defined in part as a belief in the honesty, competence and benevolence of others, it tends to act like 'social glue', cushioning difficult situations and enabling actions to take place easily that otherwise would not be permissible. The Edelman Trust Barometer for 2009 has recorded a marked diminution of trust in corporations, businesses and government, as a result of the credit crunch. While the US and parts of Europe were showing recovery from a generalised loss of trust by mid-year 2009, the UK had not. Social attitudes in Britain may be hardening - from being a nation of sceptics we may be becoming a nation of cynics: for example, only 13% of the population surveyed by Edelman trust politicians to tell the truth. In this situation, there is a need to promote positive measures to build trust. The presentation aims described key aspects of Second Wave's approach to identify and disseminate its model of good practice to make this more explicit and accessible to others. It is with awareness of the profoundly challenging circumstances facing young people, particularly but not exclusively in inner city urban areas such as Deptford, and the valuable contribution youth arts work can make to their well-being and development, that the presentation was carried out. In an era of generalised mistrust, the work done at Second Wave is crucial in empowering and supporting young people to find a positive and creative direction as part of the community.

De la cooperativa agroalimentaria a la "learning netchain". Hacia un planteamiento teorico interorganizativo e interpersonal

Se propone un planteamiento teórico/conceptual para determinar si las relaciones interorganizativas e interpersonales de la netchain de las cooperativas agroalimentarias evolucionan hacia una learning netchain. Las propuestas del trabajo muestran que el mayor grado de asociacionismo y la mayor cooperación/colaboración vertical a lo largo de la cadena están positivamente relacionados con la posición horizontal de la empresa focal más cercana del consumidor final. Esto requiere una planificación y una resolución de problemas de manera conjunta, lo que está positivamente relacionado con el mayor flujo y diversidad de la información/conocimiento obtenido y diseminado a lo largo de la netchain. Al mismo tiempo se necesita desarrollar un contexto social en el que fluya la información/conocimiento y las nuevas ideas de manera informal y esto se logra con redes personales y, principalmente, profesionales y con redes internas y, principalmente, externas. Todo esto permitirá una mayor satisfacción de los socios de la cooperativa agroalimentaria y de sus distribuidores y una mayor intensidad en I+D, convirtiéndose la netchain de la cooperativa agroalimentaria, así, en una learning netchain.