Incomplete vertical root fracture associated with lateral compaction technique: a microscopic analysis

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of root canal obturation employing lateral compaction technique and spreader load of 1.5 kg on the incidence of complete (CVRF) or incomplete vertical root fractures (IVRF). Material and Methods: Twenty-seven distal roots of extracted human mandibular molars were used. All root canals were prepared by biomechanical step-back technique and obturated by lateral compaction technique. The prepared roots were distributed into two groups: G1- experimental (n = 17) and G2- control (n = 10). During obturation, load of 1.5 kg was applied to a size # 30 finger spreader. Pre- and post-obturation images of the coronal portion of the roots were captured by inverted digital microscopy and analyzed by one trained examiner. Data were evaluated by Fisher’s test (p < 0.05) using GrapH Pad Prism 5.0. Results: No roots exhibited CVRF. All fractures observed before and after obturation were IVRF or “other defects”. In G2 (control group), there was no increase of IVRF number. Interestingly, G1 presented an increase in the IVRF number to 70.59% in the 12 teeth out of 17 teeth studied. The statistical analysis showed that the mean of IVRF increased significantly in G1 when compared to G2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The application of a 1.5 kg spreader load during lateral compaction technique does not produce complete vertical root fractures, but may produce incomplete fractures or “other defects”.

Effects of coronal leakage on concentration of hydrogen ions and calcium hydroxide release of several calcium hydroxide pastes over different periods of time

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of coronal leakage on concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) and calcium release of several calcium hydroxide pastes, over different periods of time. Material and Methods: Fifty extracted human mandibular central incisors (n=10) were instrumented up to the F2 instrument and assigned to the following intracanal dressing: G1- Calen, G2- Calen with 0.4% chlorhexidine (CHX), G3- Calcium hydroxide with camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CPMC) and glycerin, G4- Calen, but temporary filling material maintained during all test (positive control) and G5- Root canal without intracanal dressing (negative control). All groups were immersed in distilled water for 7 days. In sequence, the temporary filling materials were removed, except in controls groups. All specimens were individually mounted on a specific device and only its root again immersed in distilled water. Concentration of hydrogen ions and calcium release by calcium hydroxide pastes in distilled water were evaluated in 24h, 7, 14 and 28 days. The results were submitted to ANOVA test (p = 0.05). After 28 days, root canals from experimental groups were examined in SEM. Results: G1, G2, G3 and G4 presented similar pH values and calcium release and did not differ from each other (p>0.05), up to 7 days. After this time G1, G2 and G3 presented values lower values than G4 (p<0.05). In SEM analysis, calcium hydroxide residues were observed in all experimental groups. Conclusions: After 7 days, coronal leakage decreased the concentration of hydrogen ions and calcium ion release provided by all calcium hydroxide pastes.

Influência da agulha irrigadora e da dilatação do canal radicular na eficácia da irrigação endodôntica

Introduction: The irrigation of root canals aims to their cleaning and disinfection, improving endodontic treatment success. Objective: To investigate the influence of the diameter and type of irrigation needle and the root canal enlargement on the mechanical efficacy of endodontic irrigation. Material and methods: Twelve human single-rooted mandibular incisors were used. During some instrumentation stages (enlargement by #20, #30, and #40 K file), root canals were filled with radiographic contrast solution mixed to propyleneglycol and zinc oxide. Needles with different diameters and designs were employed: G1 – 23G and lateral opening; G2 – 22G and apical opening; G3 – 30G and lateral opening; G4 – 30G and apical opening. The needles were inserted up to resistance, with 1 mm step-back to avoid root canal obliteration. The irrigation was performed with 2 mL of distilled water. Before and after irrigation/aspiration, teeth were radiographed at bucco-lingual and mesiodistal direction, using a digital radiographic system. Then, root canal areas, before (filled by contrast solution) and after irrigation (remnant of contrast solution), were submitted to image subtraction with Adobe Photoshop CS4 software. Subsequently, the areas were measured by Image Tool 3.0 software, allowing the obtaining of the cleaning percentage for each modality. Data were analysed by using Anova and Tukey’s test. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: For all root canal enlargements, 30G needles (G3 e G4) presented a better cleaning efficacy. In all groups, higher cleaning efficacy percentage was observed at #30 and #40 K file enlargement. Conclusion: Regardless their design, thinner needles were more effective; a better cleaning efficacy occurred in more enlarged root canals.

Evaluación comparativa in vitro de la capacidad de sellado del sistema de conductos radiculares por diferentes técnicas

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the sealing ability of the root canal using different techniques: cold lateral compaction, modified Hybrid Tagger, Thermafil and System B. Material and methods. Were used 116 human single-roots, included in resin blocks, sectioned longitudinally, attached to a device with screws and divided into four groups (n=29). After instrumentation using a bur, depression was made in each third of the root canal in each of the halves. Teeth were filled upon the different techniques. For evaluation of the quality, pictures were taken with a 1.5X magnification, photos and radiographs were utilized. After statistical analysis, were performed both macroscopic and radiographic evaluation, by Chi-square test (χ2). Results. The Thermafil technique showed better results in terms of sealing capacity, failures and homogeneity followed by modified Hybrid Tagger, the System B and cold lateral compaction. Conclusions. Thermafil was the technique that shown to be macroscopic, radiographic and homogeneously best over the other techniques evaluated in regard to the filling of the depressions made (AU)

Influência do diâmetro foraminal do canal radicular, do tipo e da penetração de agulha, e do fluxo da solução irrigadora na limpeza e na extrusão apical

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth after different intra-radicular treatments

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth after different intra-radicular treatments. Crowns and roots of bovine incisors were cut transversally and removed to simulate immature teeth. Root canal preparation and flaring were performed using a bur in crown-apex and apex-crown direction. The samples were distributed into 5 groups (n=10): Positive control (PoC) - no root canal flaring or filling; Negative control (NeC) - teeth were sectioned and their root canals were flared; Direct anatomical glass fiber post (RaP) - #2 Reforpost main glass fiber post relined with composite resin; Double tapered conical glass fiber posts (ExP) - #3 Exacto glass fiber post; and #2 Reforpost main glass fiber + Reforpin accessory glass fiber posts (RrP). In RaP, ExP and RrP, 4.0-mm apical plugs were done with MTA Angelus. The specimens were embedded in polystyrene resin inside cylinders and the periodontal ligament was simulated with a polyether-based impression material. The specimens were submitted to compressive fracture strength test (0.5 mm/min at 135° relative to the long axis of the tooth) in a servo-hydraulic mechanical testing machine MTS 810. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's C or Tukey's tests (α=0.05). The control groups (PoC and NeC) showed lower fracture strength than the experimental groups. NeC presented the lowest resistance and ExP presented the highest resistance among the experimental groups. The flaring procedures produced a detrimental effect on the fracture resistance of the bovine teeth. Glass fiber intra-radicular posts increased significantly the fracture resistance of simulated immature teeth.

Effect of intracanal dressings on repair and apical bridging of teeth with incomplete root formation

Periapical repair and apical bridging were studied in dog's teeth with incomplete root formation and induced chronic periapical lesions treated with different dressings. A total of 75 root canals from the upper and lower premolars of 4 dogs approximately 6 months of age were chemo-mechanically prepared and filled with the following dressings: antibacterial dressing consisting of a calcium hydroxide+camphorated p-monochlorophenol paste applied for 7 days and followed by monthly renewed calcium hydroxide paste as temporary dressing at 30, 60 and 90 days (Group A); antibacterial dressing consisting of camphorated p-monochlorophenol alone for 7 days, followed by temporary dressing with calcium hydroxide paste renewed at 30, 60 and 90 days (Group B). A control group (Group C) received no dressings. Ninety days after the last calcium hydroxide paste (Groups A, B) and after the last irrigation/aspiration (Group C), the animals were killed, the maxillae and mandibles were removed, and the material submitted to routine histological processing and examination. Both root canal dressings, were of fundamental importance for apical repair and bridging. The apical bridging was predominantly complete in Group A, incomplete in Group B, and absent in Group C. The calcium hydroxide+camphorated p-monochlorophenol combination gave better results than camphorated p-monochlorophenol alone.

Root reconstructed with mineral trioxide aggregate and guided tissue regeneration in apical surgery: a 5-year follow-up

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cirurgias do Periápice

Apical surgeries are part of a segment of root canal treatment by which we can correct or eliminate iatrogenic deficiencies arising from conventional endodontic treatment. Currently no consensus among authors regarding to the factors linked to the surgery success as the execution of an apex resection followed by retropreparation and retrofilling. The apex resection performed 3mm from apical vertex allows the elimination of most apical ramifications, and it is a consensus part of the treatment. The preparation of cavities using ultrasonic tips has advantages over those made with drills such as better cleaning of the cavity, the possibility of lower cutting angle of the apical resection and deeper retropreparation. Another detail to consider is the type of tip, since the diamond tips in a more angulated inclination have higher cutting efficiency but causing increased formation of debris on the dentin walls. Finally, filling the cavity with an apical filling material allows proper sealing of the intracanal contents favoring apical healing.

Avaliação da influência de materiais obturadores endodônticos sobre a resistência de união adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Variability of physicochemical properties of an epoxy resin sealer taken from different parts of the same tube

Baldi JV, Bernardes RA, Duarte MAH, Ordinola-Zapata R, Cavenago BC, Moraes JCS, de Moraes IG. Variability of physicochemical properties of an epoxy resin sealer taken from different parts of the same tube. International Endodontic Journal,similar to 45, 915920, 2012. Abstract Aim To analyse several physicochemical properties of AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany), including setting time, flow, radiopacity and the degree of conversion (DC); and to correlate the results with the source of the material: from the beginning, middle or end of the tubes in which they were supplied. Methodology Three experimental groups were established for each property investigated. Group 1 corresponded to material taken from the beginning of tubes A and B; Group 2 corresponded to material taken from the middle of each tube; and group 3 corresponded to that from the end of each tube. The setting time, flow and radiopacity were studied according to American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA) Specification 57. DC was determined from infrared spectra, which were recorded at 1-h intervals for the first 6 h; then, at 2-h intervals for the next 14 h; then, at 24 and 30 h. Data were analysed statistically by analysis of variance (anova), TukeyKramer, KruskalWallis and Dunn tests, with a significance level of 5%. Results Group 1 had a significantly longer setting time (2303 +/- 1058 min) (P < 0.05). Group 3 had the lowest flowability (30.0 +/- 0.7 mm) and the highest radiopacity (14.85 +/- 1.8 mm Al) (P < 0.05). No differences were found for the DC test (P > 0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that segregation occurs between the organic and inorganic components of AH Plus sealer, thereby changing the setting time, flow and radiopacity.

Fracture susceptibility of endodontically treated teeth

Aim: To assess the influence of cervical preparation on fracture susceptibility of roots. Material and methods: During root canal instrumentation, the cervical portions were prepared with different taper instruments: I: no cervical preparation; II: #30/.08; III: #30/.10; IV: #70/.12. The specimens were sealed with the following filling materials (n = 8), A: unfilled; B: Endofill/gutta-percha; C: AH Plus/gutta-percha; D: Epiphany SE/Resilon. For the fracture resistance test, a universal testing machine was used at 1 mm per minute. Results: anova demonstrated difference (P < 0.05) between taper instruments with a higher value for group I (205.3 +/- 77.5 N) followed by II (185.2 +/- 70.8 N), III (164.8 +/- 48.9 N), and IV (156.7 +/- 41.4 N). There was no difference (P > 0.05) between filling materials A (189.1 +/- 66.3 N), B (186.3 +/- 61.0 N), C (159.7 +/- 69.9 N), and D (176.9 +/- 55.2 N). Conclusions: Greater cervical wear using a #70/.12 file increased the root fracture susceptibility, and the tested filling materials were not able to restore resistance.

Avaliação in vitro da capacidade de selamento de diferentes materiais usados como barreiras intra-coronal

Introdução: O adequado selamento do sistema de canais radiculatres (SCR) obtido através da obturação, evita a infiltração de micro-organismos entre as paredes do canal radicular e o material obturador, reduzindo a possibilidade de insucesso do tratamento endodôntico (TE). A falta de selamento coronal, o atraso da colocação da restauração permanente, a fratura da restauração coronal, assim como uma espessura inadequada da restauração provisória, inferior a 4mm, podem, entre outros factores, ser predisponentes para a recontaminação do SCR obturado. Sendo o selamento da entrada do SCR uma importante etapa do TE, neste estudo pretendeu-se avaliar diferentes materiais para tal procedimento, avaliando qual o material que proporciona menor infiltração. Materiais e métodos: Neste estudo foram utilizados 70 dentes humanos monocanalares, que foram divididos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos. Grupo I (15 dentes) foram selados com ionómero de vidro modificado por resina (Ionoseal - VOCO®), Grupo II (15 dentes) foram selados com ionómero de vidro modicifado por resina (GC Fuji II LC- GA America®), Grupo III (15 dentes) foram selados por um compósito fluído (GrandioSO Heavy Flow - VOCO®), Grupo IV (15 dentes) foram selados por um compósito nanohíbrido (GrandioSO - VOCO®). O Grupo V (5 dentes) e o Grupo VI (5 dentes) foram usados como controlo negativo e positivo, respectivamente. Os dentes foram submetidos a termociclagem de 500 ciclos, de 60 segundos de duração cada um, com variações de temperatura de 5°C - 55°C. Em seguida, foram imersos em corante azul de metileno a 2% para avaliação da infiltração dos materiais. Resultados: Em geral, Ionoseal® demonstrou maior infiltração de corante que os outros materiais, e quando comparado com os demais grupos a diferença foi significativa. Porem entre os grupos 1, 2 e 3 não houve diferença estatística significante. Conclusões: LC Fuji II®, GrandioSo® Nano partícula Flow e GrandioSo® Nano partícula podem ser usados como barreira intracanalar.

Revascularização pulpar

O tratamento de dentes permanentes imaturos com comprometimento pulpar pode ser muitas vezes um desafio. Em dentes com a polpa vital, a manutenção da vitalidade pulpar é essencial, o que permitirá a continuação do desenvolvimento natural da porção radicular do elemento dentário. Já em dentes onde a polpa se encontre necrosada e/ ou infetada, há, inevitavelmente, a interrupção do desenvolvimento radicular, deixando o elemento dentário com paredes dentinárias finas e com o ápice aberto, o que torna o tratamento ainda mais desafiante, uma vez que o tratamento endodôntico convencional, baseado na preparação químico-mecânica e no preenchimento do sistema de canais radiculares com um material bioinerte, torna-se difícil ou até impossível. Atualmente, os tratamentos mais realizados para estes dentes passam pela apexificação com Hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2), ou a inserção de uma barreira apical de Agregado de Mineral Trióxido (MTA) seguidas pela obturação convencional do canal radicular. Ambas as técnicas têm um bom potencial na resolução das infeções e no encerramento apical; no entanto, não permitem a continuação do desenvolvimento radicular, o que mantém as paredes dentinárias finas e frágeis e o elemento dentário mais susceptível a fraturas. Estudos recentes têm vindo a demonstrar resultados positivos com uma nova abordagem de base biológica denominada revascularização pulpar. A técnica baseia-se na desinfeção do canal radicular e uma subsequente indução da formação de um coágulo sanguíneo no interior no canal, que servirá de base para a proliferação de um novo tecido, e uma possível regeneração do tecido pulpar. Desta forma pode-se alcançar além da resolução das infeções, a continuação do desenvolvimento radicular, o que resulta em raízes mais longas, com paredes mais espessas e no fecho apical normal. Embora a revascularização pulpar tenha vindo a demonstrar bons resultados clínicos e radiográficos, estudos histológicos demonstraram que o tecido formado no espaço pulpar pode não ser exatamente polpa. Mais estudos parecem ser necessários para que a técnica possa vir a ser executada com uma maior previsibilidade. A engenharia tecidular tem vindo a estudar diversas possibilidades para aprimorar a técnica, o que pode torná-la mais previsível no futuro.

Novas tecnologias associadas ao retratamento endodôntico não cirúrgico

Introdução: O trabalho elaborado desenvolve o tema seguinte: Novas tecnologias associadas ao retratamento endodôntico não cirúrgico. Desde o início da medicina dentária que somos deparados com o insucesso nos tratamentos realizados, na endodôntia sendo um acontecimento regular na prática diária. Quando o tratamento Endodontico não cirúrgico não é eficaz na resolução de patologias pulpares e ocorre recidiva da patologia, é necessário a realização do retratamento endodôntico não cirúrgico. Uma vez que o retratamento endodôntico, respeita os mesmos princípios do tratamento Endodontico, sendo estes a desinfeção do sistema de canais radiculares, a sua instrumentação e obturação. Esta prática está indicada por vários motivos, anatómicos, microbiológicos, erros de instrumentação, erros de obturação e as próprias limitações dos materiais. Objetivos: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar, e verificar as razões que levam a necessidade da realização de retratamentos endodônticos não cirúrgicos, aos métodos utilizados na realização de retratamentos comparando-os entre si. Tendo sido realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de modo a verificar: as causas de insucesso, limitações dos materiais, técnicas de obturação, agentes químicos e sistemas de instrumentação. Materiais e Métodos: Para a obtenção da informação necessária para a elaboração da presente dissertação, foi realizada uma pesquiza bibliográfica nas bases de dados da Pubmed, B-on, Scielo, Science Direct e no Google Académico. Através das seguintes palavras-chave: “Root canal treatment”, “Endodontic sucess”, “Endodontic retreatment”, “Endodontic Failure causes”, “Root canal retreatment materials”, “Endodontic retreatment metods”, “Chloroform”, “ProTaper, Reciproc”, “Haloten”, “Orange oil”, “Eucaliptol”, “Ultrassonic instrumentation”, “obturation material”, “root filling”. Conclusão: No trabalho realizado é possível concluir que o insucesso tem múltiplas causas, que hoje em dia existem novos métodos e técnicas que nos permitem a resolução das falhas nos tratamentos primários, sendo que estes novos métodos e técnicas se revelaram mais eficazes que os tradicionais, demonstrando uma maior probabilidade de eliminação dos fatores causais das reinfeções.