Synthesis and evaluation of nanoparticle-polymer composites

This thesis describes the synthesis of functionalised polymeric material by variety of free-radical mediated polymerisation techniques including dispersion emulsion, seeded emulsion, suspension and bulk polymerisation reactions. Organic fluorophores and nanoparticles such as quantum dots were incorporated within polymeric materials, in particular, thiol-functionalised polymer microspheres, which were fluorescently labelled either during synthesis or by covalent attachment post synthesis. The resultant fluorescent polymeric conjugates were then assessed for their utility in biological systems as an analytical tool for cells or biological structures. Quantum dot labelled, thiol-functionalised microspheres were assessed for their utility in the visualisation and tracking of red blood cells. Determination of the possible internalisation of fluorescent microspheres into red blood cells was required before successful tracking of red blood cells could take place. Initial work appeared to indicate the presence of fluorescent microspheres inside red blood cells by the process of beadfection. A range of parameters were also investigated in order to optimise beadfection. Thiol-functionalised microspheres labelled successfully with organic fluorophores were used to image the tear film of the eye. A description of problems encountered with the covalent attachment of hydrophilic, thiol-reactive fluorescent dyes to a variety of modified polymer microspheres is also included in this section. Results indicated large microspheres were particularly useful when tracking the movement of fluid along the tear meniscus. Functional bulk polymers were synthesised for assessment of their interaction with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Thiol-functionalised polymethyl methacrylate and spincoated thiouronium-functionalised polystyrene appeared to facilitate the attachment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Interaction assays included the use of XPS analysis and processes such as centrifugation. Attempts to synthesise 4-vinyl catechol, a compound containing hydroxyl moieties with potential for coordination with titanium dioxide nanoparticles, were also carried out using 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde as the starting material.

Positive relationship between genetic- and species diversity on limestone outcrops in the Carpathian Mountains

We asked if the genetic diversity of Saponaria bellidifolia (a habitat specialist plant) and the species diversity of its habitat are driven by parallel landscape level processes in an island-like system of limestone outcrops in the Carpathian Mountains. We tested the relationship of these two diversity levels at local and regional geographic scales. Local genetic and species diversity showed parallel patterns influenced by the number of plant communities. Likewise, at regional level there was strong evidence for parallel equilibrial dynamics of genotypes and species. However, a superimposed matrix effect enhanced the regional species diversity only. Genetic diversity of habitat specialist organisms and species diversity of these limestone outcrop islands on mainland are modulated by parallel landscape-level processes at different geographic scales, and mechanisms may be identified at very high spatial resolutions.

Desenvolvimento de métodos para quantificação de benzilpenicilina em medicamentos veterinários e seus resíduos em leite bovino e caprino por UFLC-DAD

The Benzylpenicillin (PENG) have been as the active ingredient in veterinary medicinal products, to increase productivity, due to its therapeutic properties. However, one of unfortunate quality and used indiscriminately, resulting in residues in foods exposed to human consumption, especially in milk that is essential to the diet of children and the ageing. Thus, it is indispensable to develop new methods able to detect this waste food, at levels that are toxic to human health, in order to contribute to the food security of consumers and collaborate with regulatory agencies in an efficient inspection. In this work, were developed methods for the quality control of veterinary drugs based on Benzylpenicillin (PENG) that are used in livestock production. Additionally, were validated methodologies for identifying and quantifying the antibiotic residues in milk bovine and caprine. For this, the analytical control was performed two steps. At first, the groups of samples of medicinal products I, II, III, IV and V, individually, were characterized by medium infrared spectroscopy (4000 – 600 cm-1). Besides, 37 samples, distributed in these groups, were analyzed by spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and near infrared region (UV VIS NIR) and Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatograph coupled to linear arrangement photodiodes (UFLC-DAD). The results of the characterization indicated similarities, between PENG and reference standard samples, primarily in regions of 1818 to 1724 cm-1 of ν C=O that shows primary amides features of PENG. The method by UFLC-DAD presented R on 0.9991. LOD of 7.384 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ of 2.049 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The analysis shows that 62.16% the samples presented purity ≥ 81.21%. The method by spectroscopy in the UV VIS NIR presented medium error ≤ 8 – 12% between the reference and experimental criteria, indicating is a secure choice for rapid determination of PENG. In the second stage, was acquiring a method for the extraction and isolation of PENG by the addition of buffer McIlvaine, used for precipitation of proteins total, at pH 4.0. The results showed excellent recovery values PENG, being close to 92.05% of samples of bovine milk (method 1). While samples of milk goats (method 2) the recovery of PENG were 95.83%. The methods for UFLC-DAD have been validated in accordance with the maximum residue limit (LMR) of 4 μg Kg-1 standardized by CAC/GL16. Validation of the method 1 indicated R by 0.9975. LOD of 7.246 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ de 2.196 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The application of the method 1 showed that 12% the samples presented concentration of residues of PENG > LMR. The method 2 indicated R by 0.9995. LOD 8.251 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ de 2.5270 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The application of the method showed that 15% of the samples were above the tolerable. The comparative analysis between the methods pointed better validation for LCP samples, because the reduction of the matrix effect, on this account the tcalculs < ttable, caused by the increase of recovery of the PENG. In this mode, all the operations developed to deliver simplicity, speed, selectivity, reduced analysis time and reagent use and toxic solvents, particularly if compared to the established methodologies.

Desenvolvimento de métodos para quantificação de benzilpenicilina em medicamentos veterinários e seus resíduos em leite bovino e caprino por UFLC-DAD

The Benzylpenicillin (PENG) have been as the active ingredient in veterinary medicinal products, to increase productivity, due to its therapeutic properties. However, one of unfortunate quality and used indiscriminately, resulting in residues in foods exposed to human consumption, especially in milk that is essential to the diet of children and the ageing. Thus, it is indispensable to develop new methods able to detect this waste food, at levels that are toxic to human health, in order to contribute to the food security of consumers and collaborate with regulatory agencies in an efficient inspection. In this work, were developed methods for the quality control of veterinary drugs based on Benzylpenicillin (PENG) that are used in livestock production. Additionally, were validated methodologies for identifying and quantifying the antibiotic residues in milk bovine and caprine. For this, the analytical control was performed two steps. At first, the groups of samples of medicinal products I, II, III, IV and V, individually, were characterized by medium infrared spectroscopy (4000 – 600 cm-1). Besides, 37 samples, distributed in these groups, were analyzed by spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and near infrared region (UV VIS NIR) and Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatograph coupled to linear arrangement photodiodes (UFLC-DAD). The results of the characterization indicated similarities, between PENG and reference standard samples, primarily in regions of 1818 to 1724 cm-1 of ν C=O that shows primary amides features of PENG. The method by UFLC-DAD presented R on 0.9991. LOD of 7.384 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ of 2.049 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The analysis shows that 62.16% the samples presented purity ≥ 81.21%. The method by spectroscopy in the UV VIS NIR presented medium error ≤ 8 – 12% between the reference and experimental criteria, indicating is a secure choice for rapid determination of PENG. In the second stage, was acquiring a method for the extraction and isolation of PENG by the addition of buffer McIlvaine, used for precipitation of proteins total, at pH 4.0. The results showed excellent recovery values PENG, being close to 92.05% of samples of bovine milk (method 1). While samples of milk goats (method 2) the recovery of PENG were 95.83%. The methods for UFLC-DAD have been validated in accordance with the maximum residue limit (LMR) of 4 μg Kg-1 standardized by CAC/GL16. Validation of the method 1 indicated R by 0.9975. LOD of 7.246 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ de 2.196 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The application of the method 1 showed that 12% the samples presented concentration of residues of PENG > LMR. The method 2 indicated R by 0.9995. LOD 8.251 × 10-4 μg mL-1. LOQ de 2.5270 × 10-3 μg mL-1. The application of the method showed that 15% of the samples were above the tolerable. The comparative analysis between the methods pointed better validation for LCP samples, because the reduction of the matrix effect, on this account the tcalculs < ttable, caused by the increase of recovery of the PENG. In this mode, all the operations developed to deliver simplicity, speed, selectivity, reduced analysis time and reagent use and toxic solvents, particularly if compared to the established methodologies.

Toxicity evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticles embedded in consumer products

Lo studio è orientato alla determinazione dei rischi tossici posti dalle nanoparticelle di diossido di titanio rilasciate in ambiente marino. L’organismo modello utilizzato per questo studio è la diatomea Thalassiosira pseudonana, la quale è stata scelta per la sua semplicità biologica unita alla fondamentale rilevanza nella catena alimentare e nell’ecosistema marino. Oltre alle nanoparticelle prodotte industrialmente, questo studio ha lo scopo di determinare e confrontare la tossicità delle nanoparticelle utilizzate in alcuni prodotti di cura personale (in particolare crema solare e dentifricio), estraendole direttamente da essi. I nostri risultati mostrano una notevole ridondanza nel legame tra la natura (il tipo) delle nanoparticelle e l’inibizione della normale crescita delle diatomee, che supera la correlazione con tutti gli altri parametri monitorati (concentrazione di nanoparticelle, tempo di esposizione, pH, carica superficiale e dimensione delle particelle stesse), sebbene gli altri parametri risultino direttamente legati agli effetti inibitori. Tali risultati suggeriscono un’intensificazione della ricerca nell’ambito delle nanotecnologie, orientata allo sviluppo di nanomateriali “sostenibili”, ovvero dei quali sono note le potenzialità di impiego, ma anche gli aspetti negativi, che possono di conseguenza essere monitorati con maggiore consapevolezza.

Caracterização e avaliação da atividade fotocatalítica de catalisadores baseados no TiO2, sintetizados mediante hidrólise em uma mistura de solventes

This study involved the synthesis of photocatalysts based on titanium dioxide (TiO2). The photocatalysts were synthesized by the sol-gel method using three different proportions of acetone (25%, 50% and 75% v/v) in water/acetone mixtures, in order to control the hydrolysis of the precursor of titanium (titanium tetraisopropoxide). Aiming to investigate the structural, morphological and electronic changes provoked by the use of the solvent mixtures, different methodologies were used to characterize the oxides, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), RAMAN spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and measurements of specific surface area (BET). XRD combined to RAMAN analyses revealed that the products are two-phase highly crystalline oxides involving anatase as main phase and brookite. Besides, the refined XRD using the method of Rietveld demonstrated that the presence of acetone during the synthesis influenced in the composition of the crystalline phases, increasing the proportion of the brookite phase between 13 and 22%. The band gap energy of these oxides practically did not suffer changes as function of the synthesis conditions. As shown by the isotherm, these photocatalysts are mesoporous materials with mean diameter of pores of 7 nm and approximately 20% of porosity. The surface area of the oxides prepared by hydrolysis in presence of acetone was 12% higher compared to the bare oxide. After characterized, these oxides had their photocatalytic activities evaluated by photodegradation of the azo dyes Ponceau 4R (P4R), Tartrazine (TTZ) and Reactive Red 120 (RR120), and also by the ability to mediate the photocatalytic production of hydrogen. Using the most efficient photocatalyst, the mineralization achieved for the dyes P4R, RR120 and TTZ was of respectively 83%, 79% and 56% in 120 minutes of reaction, while the discoloration of P4R e RR120 reached 100% and 94% for TTZ. In addition, the same photocatalyst in the presence of 0.5% w/w of Platinum and suspended in a 5:1 v/v water/methanol mixture, produced 56 mmol of gaseous hydrogen in five hours of experiment, corresponding to a specific rate of hydrogen production of 139.5 mmol h-1 g-1.

Nanotechnology in the food industry I: applications

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science that is having a boom today, providing new products with attractive physicochemical properties for many applications. In agri/feed/food sector, nanotechnology offers great opportunities for obtaining products and innovative applications for agriculture and livestock, water treatment and the production, processing, storage and packaging of food. To this end, a wide variety of nanomaterials, ranging from metals and inorganic metal oxides to organic nanomaterials carrying bioactive ingredients are applied. This review shows an overview of current and future applications of nanotechnology in the food industry. Food additives and materials in contact with food are now the main applications, while it is expected that in the future are in the field of nano-encapsulated and nanocomposites in applications as novel foods, additives, biocides, pesticides and materials food contact.

Nanotechnology in food industry II: risk assessment and legislation

Currently, there is increasing use of nanomaterials in the food industry thanks to the many advantages offered and make the products that contain them more competitive in the market. Their physicochemical properties often differ from those of bulk materials, which require specialized risk assessment. This should cover the risks to the health of workers and consumers as well as possible environmental risks. The risk assessment methods must go updating due to more widespread use of nanomaterials, especially now that are making their way down to consumer products. Today there is no specific legislation for nanomaterials, but there are several european dispositions and regulations that include them. This review gives an overview of the risk assessment and the existing current legislation regarding the use of nanotechnology in the food industry.

Multifunctional anthraquinone-based sensors: UV, O2and time

An anthraquinone dye, Remazol brilliant blue R, RBBR, is used to create an indicator which can function as: (i) a UV dosimeter, (ii) an O2 indicator and (iii) a ‘Consume within’ indicator, CWI, for fresh, refrigerated foods. The dye is encapsulated in an ink containing a polymer, glycerol and a UV-activated semiconductor photocatalyst, titanium dioxide. When cast as a film, the dye is readily reduced by the TiO2 photocatalyst nanoparticles, thereby changing the colour of the film from blue to yellow, via a transitional green colour. The RBBR indicator is appropriately formulated, and covered with a film of Sellotape, which acts as an O2 barrier, so as to act as a sunburn warning indicator for people with skin type II. In the absence of the layer of Sellotape the RBBR indicator is used as an, albeit slow, sensor for measuring ambient levels of O2. Finally, by keeping the Sellotape layer, a UV-activated, yellow-coloured, RBBR indicator film is found to take ca. 42 h at 5 °C in ambient air to attain a green colour, and, on this basis, it is demonstrated as a possible CWI for refrigerated fresh foods.

Evaluation of Select Food Additive Exposures in Children with Crohn's Disease

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-09

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de um sabonete contendo borras de café

Desde da antiguidade que o ser humano se preocupa com a sua aparência externa, em especial com a pele. Para além do desenvolvimento de cosméticos, surgiram também produtos mais complexos, os cosmecêuticos, que diferem dos cosméticos devido a poderem influenciar a função biológica da pele, causando modificações positivas e duráveis. O conceito de sustentabilidade é usado para definir ações e atividades humanas que visam suprir as necessidades atuais dos seres humanos, sem comprometer o futuro das próximas gerações. Ou seja, a sustentabilidade está diretamente relacionada ao desenvolvimento económico e material sem agredir o meio ambiente, utilizando os recursos naturais de forma inteligente para que eles se mantenham no futuro. Seguindo estes parâmetros, a humanidade pode garantir o desenvolvimento sustentável. As borras de café são consideradas como um subproduto alimentar, sem grande reutilização, o que promove danos no impacto ambiental. Por outro lado, as borras de café podem exercer grandes benefícios para a pele, pois são consideradas excelentes exfoliantes naturais com propriedades refirmantes. Os produtos à base de cafeína são aliados no combate à celulite, na estimulação da regeneração celular e da circulação sanguínea, bem como, no rejuvenescimento e revitalização da pele. Este trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento de um sabonete, contendo borras de café, como forma de reaproveitamento de um subproduto alimentar rico em cafeína, com o intuito de obter produtos com boas propriedades cosméticas e elevada estabilidade física e química. As borras de café foram analisadas em termos da sua estabilidade física e química através de ensaios de estabilidade acelerada por centrifugação, textura, reologia e doseamento do teor de cafeína por HPLC. Os resultados obtidos através do controlo físico-químico dos sabonetes, da determinação do potencial irritante cutâneo e da análise sensorial efectuada em voluntários humanos, demonstraram que é possível preparar sabonetes de borra de café com boa estabilidade físico-química, boa tolerância cutânea e com características sensoriais adequadas, utilizando uma base de sabão constituída pelos ingredientes (INCI): Sodium Palmate, Sodium Palm Kernelate, Aqua (water), Glycerine, Fragância de café, Sodium Chloride, Butyrospermum Parkii Butter (Shea Butter), CI 778911 (Titanium Dioxide), Tetrasodium EDTA, CI 77499, Linalool e à qual foi adicionada 5% de borras de café.

Analysis of N-nitrosames in water using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and development of online and offline methods of extraction and enrichment of neutral polar analytes

Evaluation of the quality of the environment is essential for human wellness as pollutants in trace amounts can cause serious health problem. Nitrosamines are a group of compounds that are considered potential carcinogens and can be found in drinking water (as disinfection byproducts), foods, beverages and cosmetics. To monitor the level of these compounds to minimize daily intakes, fast and reliable analytical techniques are required. As these compounds are relatively highly polar, extraction and enrichment from environmental samples (aqueous) are challenging. Also, the trend of analytical techniques toward the reduction of sample size and minimization of organic solvent use demands new methods of analysis. In light of fulfilling these requirements, a new method of online preconcentration tailored to an electrokinetic chromatography is introduced. In this method, electroosmotic flow (EOF) was suppressed to increase the interaction time between analyte and micellar phase, therefore the only force to mobilize the neutral analytes is the interaction of analyte with moving micelles. In absence of EOF, polarity of applied potential was switched (negative or positive) to force (anionic or cationic) micelles to move toward the detector. To avoid the excessive band broadening due to longer analysis time caused by slow moving micelles, auxiliary pressure was introduced to boost the micelle movement toward the detector using an in house designed and built apparatus. Applying the external auxiliary pressure significantly reduced the analysis times without compromising separation efficiency. Parameters, such as type of surfactants, composition of background electrolyte (BGE), type of capillary, matrix effect, organic modifiers, etc., were evaluated in optimization of the method. The enrichment factors for targeted analytes were impressive, particularly; cationic surfactants were shown to be suitable for analysis of nitrosamines due to their ability to act as hydrogen bond donors. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) also showed remarkable results in term of peak shapes and number of theoretical plates. It was shown that the separation results were best when a high conductivity sample was paired with a BGE of lower conductivity. Using higher surfactant concentrations (up to 200 mM SDS) than usual (50 mM SDS) for micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) improved the sweeping. A new method for micro-extraction and enrichment of highly polar neutral analytes (N-Nitrosamines in particular) based on three-phase drop micro-extraction was introduced and its performance studied. In this method, a new device using some easy-to-find components was fabricated and its operation and application demonstrated. Compared to conventional extraction methods (liquid-liquid extraction), consumption of organic solvents and operation times were significantly lower.

Desenvolvimento de método para determinação de espécies de mercúrio empregando MSPD e GC-MS

Neste trabalho é proposto pela primeira vez, o desenvolvimento e validação de um método analítico baseado no emprego da dispersão da matriz em fase sólida (MSPD) modificada, para extração das espécies CH3Hg+ e Hg2+ em amostras de peixe e determinação por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). O método de extração utilizando a MSPD combina o rompimento da estrutura física da amostra, através da maceração e do uso de SiO2 como suporte sólido, com o método da extração ácida, utilizando uma solução de HCl 4,2 mol L-1 e NaCl 0,5 mol L-1. Para otimização da MSPD, foram avaliados parâmetros como massa de amostra, massa de suporte sólido, concentração de HCl, concentração de NaCl, tipo de suporte sólido e o tempo de agitação, com auxílio da metodologia de superfície de resposta. Além disso, a etapa de derivatização e a separação cromatográfica também foram otimizadas na determinação de CH3Hg+ e Hg2+ por GC-MS. O método mostrouse adequado para extração e determinação de espécies de mercúrio através da aplicação em materiais de referência certificados de fígado de peixe (DOLT-3) e músculo de peixe (DORM-2), apresentando boas concordâncias com os valores certificados e desvio padrão relativo inferior a 9,5%. Os limites de detecção foram de 0,06 e 0,12 µg g-1 para CH3Hg+ e Hg2+, respectivamente. Além disso, foi observado um significativo efeito de matriz e, por isso, a calibração foi feita com curvas preparadas com o extrato da MSPD. O método mostrou boa concordância na comparação entre a soma da concentração das espécies e a concentração de mercúrio total determinada por espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado com geração de vapor frio (CVG-ICP-MS), após digestão assistida por micro-ondas (MAD) em peixes do tipo atum (Thunnus thynnus), cação anjo (Squatina squatina) e cação viola (Rhinobatos blochii.).

Desenvolvimento e validação de método para determinação do perfil graxo do biodiesel de Tungue e Blendas com soja empregando GC-MS

No Brasil o biodiesel é utilizado em misturas com óleo diesel em proporções de 5%, sem que haja modificações nos motores. Com o intuito de diversificar a utilização de oleaginosas não comestíveis no ramo dos biocombustíveis, e ainda vincular a produção com agricultura sustentável, uma alternativa para o RS é a utilização do óleo de tungue para a produção de biodiesel. A caracterização e quantificação de ácidos graxos do biodiesel de tungue, torna-se importante devido à seu exclusivo perfil graxo. Neste trabalho, foi estudado o desenvolvimento e validação de método para a determinação do perfil graxo do biodiesel metílico de tungue e blendas com soja utilizando GC-MS. Os parâmetros de validação considerados foram: curva analítica, linearidade, seletividade, limite de detecção e quantificação, robustez, precisão e exatidão. Para determinar as melhores condições cromatográficas, foram testadas diferentes programações de temperatura no forno cromatográfico; fluxo de gás; temperatura do injetor, detector e interface; e modo de injeção. As condições do GCMS após a otimização foram: injeção de 1 µL com injeção em alta pressão (300 kPa), T do injetor: 250 ºC, injeção split 1:30, fluxo de 1 mL min-1, coluna Rtx-5MS com dimensões 30 m x 0,25 mm x 0,25 µm, T forno: isoterma de 2 min a 130 ºC, aumento de 20 ºC/min até 220 ºC, aumento de 0,5ºC/min até 223ºC, aumento de 7 ºC/min até 250 ºC e isoterma em 250 ºC por 3 min, resultando em 20 min de análise. A temperatura da fonte e interface foram de 200 ºC e 250 ºC, respectivamente, com o MS no modo full scan, ionização por impacto eletrônico a 70 eV, e intervalo de massas de 30 a 500 u.m.a. A identificação do α-eleosteárico foi baseada na fragmentação característica do composto, pela comparação com o espectro do ácido linolênico, e ainda pelo tempo de retenção do composto. Na validação, as curvas analíticas apresentaram valores de r maiores que 0,99. O LD e LQ foram adequados, permitindo a quantificação de ésteres na concentração mínima de 0,6%. Os valores de exatidão ficaram entre 86 e 117%, com RSD% menores que 8%. O efeito matriz também foi avaliado, sendo que esse efeito foi considerado médio para a maioria dos compostos, ficando entre ± 20 e 50%. Durante a aplicação do método, o mesmo se mostrou adequado para amostras de biodiesel metílico de tungue e blendas com soja, nas proporções de 15:85, 20:80 e 25:75 (T:S, v/v). A aplicabilidade do método também foi testada para o biodiesel de soja, obtendo resultados satisfatórios, mostrando-se assim, além de tudo, ser um método robusto.

Desenvolvimento de método para determinação de resíduos de sedativos e B-bloqueadores em rim por LC-MS/MS

O desenvolvimento de métodos adequados que permitam o monitoramento de resíduos e contaminantes em alimentos é de suma importância pois é a única forma de garantir a segurança dos alimentos evitando danos à saúde do consumidor. Para isso, fazse necessário que estes métodos sejam rápidos, fáceis e de baixo custo, capazes de detectar a presença de resíduos em concentrações baixas e em diferentes matrizes. Este trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento de método para determinação de 5 sedativos e 14 β-bloqueadores em amostras de rim suíno e posterior análise por Cromatografia Líquida Acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em Série (LC-MS/MS). O procedimento de extração que melhor se adequou para análise destes compostos consistiu na pesagem de 2 g de amostra e adição de 10 mL de acetonitrila seguida de homogeneização com auxílio de Ultra-Turrax e mesa agitadora. Após extração, as amostras foram submetidas a duas técnicas de clean-up, sendo elas, congelamento do extrato à baixa temperatura e extração em fase sólida dispersiva (d-SPE) utilizando como sorvente Celite® 545. Uma etapa de concentração foi realizada com auxílio de concentrador de amostras sob fluxo de N2 e temperatura controlada. As amostras secas foram retomadas com metanol e analisadas utilizando sistema LC-MS/MS com Ionização por Eletrospray (ESI), operando no modo MRM positivo, coluna Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (3,0 x 50 mm, 2,7 μm) para separação dos analitos, e gradiente de fase móvel composta por (A) solução aquosa acidificada com 0,1% de ácido fórmico (v/v) e (B) metanol 0,1% ácido fórmico (v/v). Os parâmetros de validação avaliados foram linearidade, seletividade, efeito matriz, precisão, veracidade, recuperação, limite de decisão, capacidade de detecção, incerteza da medição, robustez, limite de detecção e de quantificação. Além disso foram observados os critérios de desempenho aplicáveis à detecção por espectrometria de massas e estabilidade dos compostos. A recuperação foi avaliada em 10 μg kg-1 e a veracidade em 5, 10 e 15 μg kg-1 apresentando resultados satisfatórios entre 70 - 85% e 90 - 101%, respectivamente. O limite de quantificação determinado foi de 2,5 μg kg-1 , exceto para carazolol que foi de 1,25 μg kg- 1 . O estudo de linearidade foi realizado entre 0 e 20 μg kg-1 apresentando coeficientes de determinação superiores a 0,98. Estes procedimentos foram realizados através de análise de matriz branca fortificada. Além disso, o presente método foi utilizado para analisar carazolol, azaperone e azaperol em amostras de ensaio colaborativo de rim suíno, apresentando resultados muito próximos aos reais. Portanto, é possível concluir que o método desenvolvido é adequado para análise de sedativos e β-bloqueadores através de extração dos compostos e limpeza do extrato eficientes utilizando procedimentos rápidos, fáceis e de baixo custo, garantindo resultados seguros e confiáveis.