Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor induced angio-oedema: a review of the pathophysiology and risk factors.

Angio-oedema (AE) is a known adverse effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) therapy. Over the past several decades, evidence of failure to diagnose this important and potentially fatal reaction is commonly found in the literature. Because this reaction is often seen first in the primary care setting, a review was undertaken to analyse and document the keys to both diagnostic criteria as well as to investigate potential risk factors for ACE-I AE occurrence. A general review of published literature was conducted through Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database, targeting ACE-I-related AE pathomechanism, diagnosis, epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical decision making and treatment. The incidence and severity of AE appears to be on the rise and there is evidence of considerable delay in diagnosis contributing to significant morbidity and mortality for patients. The mechanism of AE due to ACE-I drugs is not fully understood, but some genomic and metabolomic information has been correlated. Additional epidemiologic data and clinical treatment outcome predictors have been evaluated, creating a basis for future work on the development of clinical prediction tools to aid in risk identification and diagnostic differentiation. Accurate recognition of AE by the primary care provider is essential to limit the rising morbidity associated with ACE-I treatment-related AE. Research findings on the phenotypic indicators relevant to this group of patients as well as basic research into the pathomechanism of AE are available, and should be used in the construction of better risk analysis and clinical diagnostic tools for ACE-I AE.

Five-year monitoring of a gay-friendly voluntary counselling and testing facility in Switzerland: who got tested and why?

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: An increase in new HIV cases among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been reported in Switzerland since 2001. A rapid result HIV testing for MSM through voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) facility ("Checkpoint") was opened in Geneva in 2005. This gay-friendly facility, the first to open in Switzerland, provides testing for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and rapid result HIV testing and counselling. Our objective was to analyze Checkpoint's activity over its first five years of activity and its ability to attract at-risk MSM. METHODS: We used routine data collected anonymously about the facility activity (number of clients, number of tests, and test results) and about the characteristics of the clientele (sociodemographic data, sexual risk behaviour, and reasons for testing) from 2005 to 2009. RESULTS: The yearly number of HIV tests performed increased from 249 in 2005 to 561 in 2009. The annual proportion of positive tests among tests performed varied between 2% and 3%. Among MSM clients, the median annual number of anal intercourse (AI) partners was three. Roughly 30% of all MSM clients had at least one unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) experience in the previous 12 months with a partner of different/unknown HIV status.The main reason for testing in 2007, 2008, and 2009 was "sexual risk exposure" (~40%), followed by "routine" testing (~30%) and "condom stopping in the beginning of a new steady relationship" (~10%). Clients who came to the facility after a sexual risk exposure, compared to clients who came for "routine testing" or "condom stopping" reasons, had the highest number of AI partners in the previous 12 months, were more likely to have had UAI with a partner of different/unknown HIV status in the previous 12 months (respectively 57.3%, 12.5%, 23.5%), more likely to have had an STI diagnosed in the past (41.6%, 32.2%, 22.9%), and more likely to report recent feelings of sadness or depression (42.6%; 32.8%, 18.5%). CONCLUSION: Many of Checkpoint's clients reported elevated sexual risk exposure and risk factors, and the annual proportion of new HIV cases in the facility is stable. This VCT facility attracts the intended population and appears to be a useful tool contributing to the fight against the HIV epidemic among MSM in Switzerland.

Business competence and training needs in Finnish companies operating in the Leningrad Region

Tässä pro gradu -työssä tutkitaan Leningradin alueella, Venäjällä, toimivien suomalaisyritysten liiketoimintaosaamisen koulutustarpeita. Tavoitteena on ollut tutkia, millaisia yritysten koulutustarpeet ovat, sekä lisäksi selvittää yleisemmällä tasolla, miten liiketoimintaosaaminen määritellään. Useat tutkimusta varten haastatellut johtajat pitävät liiketoimintaosaamista erityisesti markkinoilla toimimiseen liittyvänä osaamisena. Myös johtaminen, sekä tuotteet ja teknologia nähdään liiketoimintaosaamisen tärkeinä osina. Yrityksillä on koulutustarpeita seuraavilla alueilla: johtaminen; myynti, markkinat ja asiakkaat; yrityksen sisäinen yhteistyö; kielet, sekä juridiikka ja laskentatoimi. Haastateltavien mukaan markkinoiden nopea kehitys sekä yrityksen kasvu luovat yrityksille koulutustarpeita. Yllättäen myös Venäjän koulutusjärjestelmää itsessään pidetään koulutustarpeiden syynä. Tutkimuksessa mukana olleiden yritysten koulutuskäytännöt ovat keskenään melko erilaisia: koulutusbudjetti, koulutuspäivien määrä ja koulutusorganisaation valintakriteerit vaihtelevatyrityksestä riippuen. Joka tapauksessa yleisin koulutusmuoto näyttää olevan yrityksen sisäinen koulutus. Monet haastateltavat painottavat suuresti uusien työntekijöiden kouluttamista. Selvästikin rekrytointi ja uusien työntekijöiden koulutus vievät suuren osan tutkimusta varten haastateltujen johtajien ajasta. Tärkeä huomio koulutusmarkkinoihin liittyen on se, että lyhyiden, kaikille avoimien koulutusten kohdalla markkinat ovat Pietarissa täynnä. Suurimpana uhkana nähdään alalla vallitseva kouluttajapula.

Beyond the silence : institutional racism, social welfare and swiss citizenship

Cette thèse doctorale étudie le rôle de la citoyenneté Suisse et le modèle libérale de l'Etat social dans la production du racisme institutionnel au sein des services sociaux en Suisse. Cette thèse pose la question comment le régime de la citoyenneté Suisse rend possible et contraint les travailleurs sociaux à racialiser et discriminer leur clients avec des différences culturelles alors que les normes de l'aide sociale (normes de CSIAS) ne prévoient pas des traitements différentialistes selon la culture ou l'origine. Le modèle théorique du racisme institutionnel développé se passe sur une approche néo- institutionaliste et des ethnie and racial studies, prenant en compte le niveau individuel, collectif et institutionnel. En incluant ces deux approches, on dépasse le déterminisme des structuralistes dans les études sur le racisme institutionnel. Cette recherche qualitative montre que les travailleurs sociaux utilisent les ressources de la citoyenneté Suisse, de l'Etat social Suisse et leur expériences personnelles quand ils interagissent avec des clients. En plus, cette thèse démontre que le workfare logique en combinaison avec l'idée de l'assimilation culturelle rend possible la production d'un discours sur la nécessité de mériter d'être un membre de la communauté nationale et d'accéder à l'aide sociale. Cette compréhension néo-libérale de la citoyenneté renforce et légitime les travailleurs sociaux de racialiser et pratiquer la discrimination à l'égard de leurs clients et les rend incapable de développer une réflexivité critique. Toutefois, cette thèse montre également que les travailleurs sociaux produisent du travail social interculturel s'ils ont pu développer une telle réflexivité critique dans les institutions de l'aide sociale qui mettent en avant une conception "individuelle" de l'aide sociale.-Cette thèse vise à aller au-delà du silence qui constitue les débats publiques et la recherche sur le racisme au sein des institutions publiques en Suisse. - This thesis questions the role of the Swiss citizenship regime and the Swiss liberal social welfare model in the production of institutional racism in social services in Switzerland. Considering the absence of intercultural formal guidelines in the norms of social welfare (SKOS norms), this research investigates how the Swiss citizenship regime constrains and enables social workers to racialise and discriminate against their clients with cultural differences. This thesis develops a model of institutional racism, taking into account ethnic and racial studies and a neo-institutionalist approach on institutions, addressing the individual, collective and institutional level. In this framework, this thesis allows to overcome the structuralist determinism in the studies on institutional racism. Based on a qualitative inquiry, this research shows that social workers use the resources from the Swiss citizenship regime, social welfare model and their personal experiences when they interact with their clients. This study also shows that the workfare logic in combination with the idea of cultural assimilation enables to produce a discourse on deserving social welfare and earning membership to the national community. This neo-liberal citizenship understanding reinforces and legitimises social workers to racialise and discriminate against their clients and hinders them to develop critical reflexivity. However, this thesis also shows that social workers are able to produce intercultural social work when they could develop such a reflexivity in social services with an "individual" social welfare conceptions. This thesis aims to go beyond a persisting silence regarding public debates and research on racism in public institutions in Switzerland.

On the innovation capacity of technologyrelated knowledge-intensive business services. A case study of the technology and engineering consulting (TEC) sector in Singapore

Even though the research on innovation in services has expanded remarkably especially during the past two decades, there is still a need to increase understanding on the special characteristics of service innovation. In addition to studying innovation in service companies and industries, research has also recently focused more on services in innovation, as especially the significance of so-called knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) for the competitive edge of their clients, othercompanies, regions and even nations has been proved in several previous studies. This study focuses on studying technology-based KIBS firms, and technology andengineering consulting (TEC) sector in particular. These firms have multiple roles in innovation systems, and thus, there is also a need for in-depth studies that increase knowledge about the types and dimensions of service innovations as well as underlying mechanisms and procedures which make the innovations successful. The main aim of this study is to generate new knowledge in the fragmented research field of service innovation management by recognizing the different typesof innovations in TEC services and some of the enablers of and barriers to innovation capacity in the field, especially from the knowledge management perspective. The study also aims to shed light on some of the existing routines and new constructions needed for enhancing service innovation and knowledge processing activities in KIBS companies of the TEC sector. The main samples of data in this research include literature reviews and public data sources, and a qualitative research approach with exploratory case studies conducted with the help of the interviews at technology consulting companies in Singapore in 2006. These complement the qualitative interview data gathered previously in Finland during a larger research project in the years 2004-2005. The data is also supplemented by a survey conducted in Singapore. The respondents for the survey by Tan (2007) were technology consulting companies who operate in the Singapore region. The purpose ofthe quantitative part of the study was to validate and further examine specificaspects such as the influence of knowledge management activities on innovativeness and different types of service innovations, in which the technology consultancies are involved. Singapore is known as a South-east Asian knowledge hub and is thus a significant research area where several multinational knowledge-intensive service firms operate. Typically, the service innovations identified in the studied TEC firms were formed by several dimensions of innovations. In addition to technological aspects, innovations were, for instance, related to new client interfaces and service delivery processes. The main enablers of and barriers to innovation seem to be partly similar in Singaporean firms as compared to the earlier study of Finnish TEC firms. Empirical studies also brought forth the significance of various sources of knowledge and knowledge processing activities as themain driving forces of service innovation in technology-related KIBS firms. A framework was also developed to study the effect of knowledge processing capabilities as well as some moderators on the innovativeness of TEC firms. Especially efficient knowledge acquisition and environmental dynamism seem to influence the innovativeness of TEC firms positively. The results of the study also contributeto the present service innovation literature by focusing more on 'innovation within KIBs' rather than 'innovation through KIBS', which has been the typical viewpoint stressed in the previous literature. Additionally, the study provides several possibilities for further research.

Career decision making, stability and actualization of career intentions : the case of entrepreneurial intentions

Career counselors are often concerned with stability and likelihood of implementation of clients' career intentions. It is often assumed that the status in career decision making (CDM) is one likely indicator; yet, empirical support for this assumption is sparse. The present study focused on entrepreneurial career intentions (EI) and showed that German university students (N = 1,221), with high EI can be found in very different empirically derived CDM statuses that range from preconcern to mature decidedness. Longitudinal analyses (n = 561) showed that career choice foreclosure (high decidedness/low exploration) related to more EI stability and that mature decidedness (high decidedness/high exploration) amplified effects of EI on opportunity identification, a form of EI actualization. The results imply that CDM statuses are useful to estimate stability and actualization of career intentions.

Ethnic sensitive substance abuse work : services for non-Finnish speaking clients in substance abuse treatment units in Finland today

The purpose of this study was to examine the current situation in substance abuse treatment units in Finland in taking non-Finnish speaking clients into consideration. The initiative for this research came from the Development of Alcohol and Drugs Intervention group at Stakes (National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health). Their aim was to gather information about the functioning and relevance of the quality assessment forms based on the quality recommendations for substance abuse work, filled in by substance abuse treatment units. The ethnic issue was chosen as the main approach in the study. The aim of this research was to answer the following questions: what is the readiness and competence in substance abuse treatment units in Finland to receive and encounter non-Finnish speaking clients, how is the quality of these services assessed and/or developed in the units, and what has been the role and functioning of the quality recommendations and quality assessment forms in working with non-Finnish speaking clients. The research methods used in the study were both quantitative and qualitative. The information concerning language services provided in the units was gathered from the quality assessment forms and basic information forms found in the database maintained by Stakes. The total amount of units found in the database was 267. In addition to that, semi-structured theme-interviews were carried out in four substance abuse treatment units in order to get a more deep understanding of how the services function in practice. The few number of non-Finnish speaking clients in the units may explain to a certain degree the results of the research. The results however showed that there is still space for improving the services. In the light of quality recommendations, the degree of language options provided in substance abuse treatment units in Finland today is low. Also the quantity of interpreter services provided in the units is scarce. There could also be unified guidelines specially tailored for substance abuse treatment units on how to work with ethnic minorities, as the knowledge is currently adopted from several different instances. The quality recommendations as well as quality assessment forms were valued and applied in the units appropriately and were also perceived to have an effect on the functioning, and quality, in the units.

Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine use in the Swiss IBD cohort : adverse effects, causes of discontinuation and risk of "flares" according to 6-TG levels

Background: To characterize and analyze in the Swiss IBD Cohort: a) reported Azathioprine (AZA) and 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) adverse effects (AE), b) causes of discontinuation and c) response to therapy according to gastroenterologists' clinical judgment, d) whether level of 6-TGN < 235pmol/8 x108 red blood cells (RBC) is associated with a higher risk of "flare" occurrence. Methods: Retrospective statistical description, Cox model and Kaplan-Meier survival estimation. Results: 1499 patients with Crohn's Disease (CD) and 1066 with Ulcerative colitis (UC).

Hsp90 inhibition induces both protein-specific and global changes in the ubiquitinome.

Inhibition of the essential chaperone Hsp90 with drugs causes a global perturbation of protein folding and the depletion of direct substrates of Hsp90, also called clients. Ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation play a key role in cellular stress responses, but the impact of Hsp90 inhibition on the ubiquitinome has not been characterized on a global scale. We used stable isotope labeling and antibody-based peptide enrichment to quantify more than 1500 protein sites modified with a Gly-Gly motif, the remnant of ubiquitination, in human T-cells treated with an Hsp90 inhibitor. We observed rapid changes in GlyGly-modification sites, with strong increases for some Hsp90 clients but also decreases for a majority of cellular proteins. A comparison with changes in total protein levels and protein synthesis and decay rates from a previous study revealed a complex picture with different regulatory patterns observed for different protein families. Overall the data support the notion that for Hsp90 clients GlyGly-modification correlates with targeting by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and decay, while for other proteins levels of GlyGly-modification appear to be mainly influenced by their synthesis rates. Therefore a correct interpretation of changes in ubiquitination requires knowledge of multiple parameters. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001549. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Proteostasis, i.e. the capacity of the cell to maintain proper synthesis and maturation of proteins, is a fundamental biological process and its perturbations have far-reaching medical implications e.g. in cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Hsp90 is an essential chaperone responsible for the correct maturation and stability of a number of key proteins. Inhibition of Hsp90 triggers a global stress response caused by accumulation of misfolded chains, which have to be either refolded or eliminated by protein degradation pathways such as the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS). We present the first global assessment of the changes in the ubiquitinome, the subset of ubiquitin-modified proteins, following Hsp90 inhibition in human T-cells. The results provide clues on how cells respond to a specific proteostasis challenge. Furthermore, our data also suggest that basal ubiquitination levels for most proteins are influenced by synthesis rates. This has broad significance as it implies that a proper interpretation of data on ubiquitination levels necessitates simultaneous knowledge of other parameters.

Selecting, testing and modifying a model for identifying potential key customers

Tämä työ tehtiin globaaliin elektroniikka-alan yritykseen. Diplomityö liittyy haasteeseen, jonka lisääntynyt globalisaatio ja kiristyvä kilpailu ovat luoneet: case yrityksen on selvitettävä kuinka se voi saavuttaa kasvutavoitteet myös tulevaisuudessa hankkimalla uusia asiakkaita ja olemalla yhä enenevissä määrin maailmanlaajuisesti läsnä. Tutkimuksen tavoite oli löytää sopiva malli potentiaalisten avainasiakkaiden identifiointiin ja valintaan, sekä testata ja modifioida valittua mallia case yrityksen tarpeiden mukaisesti. Erityisesti raakadatan kerääminen, asiakkaiden houkuttelevuuskriteerit ja kohdemarkkinarako olivat asioita, jotka tarvitsivat tutkimuksessa huomiota. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa keskityttiin yritysmarkkinoihin, eri asiakassuhteenhallinnan lähestymistapoihin ja avainasiakkaiden määrittämiseen. CRM:n, KAM:n ja Customer Insight-ajattelun perusteet esiteltiin yhdessä eri avainasiakkaiden identifiointimallien kanssa. Valittua Chevertonin mallia testattiin ja muokattiin työn empiirisessä osassa. Tutkimuksen empiirinen kontribuutio on modifioitu malli potentiaalisten avainasiakkaiden identifiointiin. Se auttaa päätöksentekijöitä etenemään systemaattisesti ja organisoidusti askel askeleelta kohti potentiaalisten asiakkaiden listaa tietyltä markkina-alueelta. Työ tarjoaa työkalun tähän prosessiin sekä luo pohjaa tulevaisuuden tutkimukselle ja toimenpiteille.

How Party Linkages Shape Austerity Politics: Clientelism and Fiscal Adjustment in Greece and Portugal during the Eurozone Crisis

Drawing on an analysis of austerity reforms in Greece and Portugal during the sovereign debt crisis from 2009 onwards, we show how the nature of the linkages between parties and citizens shapes party strategies of fiscal retrenchment. We argue that parties which rely to a greater extent on the selective distribution of state resources to mobilize electoral support (clientelistic linkages) are more reluctant to agree to fiscal retrenchment because their own electoral survival depends on their ability to control state budgets to reward clients. In Greece, where parties relied extensively on these clientelistic linkages, austerity reforms have been characterized by recurring conflicts and disagreements between the main parties, as well as a fundamental transformation of the party system. By contrast, in Portugal, where parties relied less on clientelistic strategies, austerity reforms have been more consensual because fiscal retrenchment challenged to a lesser extent the electoral base of the mainstream parties.

Means and challenges in international operations for a Finnish mobile application provider

Master’s Thesis concentrates to means and challenges in international operations for a Finnish mobile application provider Small Planet Oy during its various company stages from founding till maturing and during macro economical phases between year 1998 and 2008. Small Planet has just celebrated its 10 year anniversary and is therefore quite an extraordinary company which has survived all the highs and lows during past ten years and which has operated in the market as long as the whole mobile application industry has existed. Master’s Thesis describes possibilities for a company’s internationalization with different entry modes like exporting, licensing, investment entry and co-operative operations which are suitable for a mobile application provider. Unsuitable entry modes like franchising or contract manufacturing are not explained. The goal has been to analyze Small Planet’s international operations and to make conclusions from the practical experiences. Analysis and conclusions shall help Small Planet in its international operations in the future and should give insight to other mobile application companies and their managers who are in the situation of planning their own international operations. Results show that the best ways for Small Planet to internationalize its operations has been the co-operation with a big domestic client and the co-operation with Finnish operator infrastructure providers which have complementary products with Small Planet. Through these co-operations Small Planet has got lot of new international clients. Same time financial risks and investment need for international operations have been low. Co-operative international sales can be the most efficient international entry mode for a mobile application provider.

Stability of nanoparticle agglomerates under mechanical stress and its effects on their release into the air

L'exposition professionnelle aux nanomatériaux manufacturés dans l'air présente des risques potentiels pour la santé des travailleurs dans les secteurs de la nanotechnologie. Il est important de comprendre les scénarios de libération des aérosols de nanoparticules dans les processus et les activités associées à l'exposition humaine. Les mécanismes de libération, y compris les taux de libération et les propriétés physico-chimiques des nanoparticules, déterminent leurs comportements de transport ainsi que les effets biologiques néfastes. La distribution de taille des particules d'aérosols est l'un des paramètres les plus importants dans ces processus. La stabilité mécanique d'agglomérats de nanoparticules affecte leurs distributions de tailles. Les potentiels de désagglomération de ces agglomérats déterminent les possibilités de leur déformation sous énergies externes. Cela rend les changements possibles dans leur distribution de taille et de la concentration en nombre qui vont finalement modifier leurs risques d'exposition. Les conditions environnementales, telles que l'humidité relative, peuvent influencer les processus de désagglomération par l'adhérence de condensation capillaire de l'humidité. L'objectif général de cette thèse était d'évaluer les scénarios de libération des nanomatériaux manufacturés des processus et activités sur le lieu de travail. Les sous-objectifs étaient les suivants: 1. Etudier les potentiels de désagglomération des nanoparticules dans des conditions environnementales variées. 2. Etudier la libération des nano-objets à partir de nanocomposites polymères; 3. Evaluer la libération de nanoparticules sur le lieu de travail dans des situations concrètes. Nous avons comparé différents systèmes de laboratoire qui présentaient différents niveau d'énergie dans l'aérosolisation des poudres. Des nanopoudres de TiO2 avec des hydrophilicités de surface distinctes ont été testées. Un spectromètre à mobilité électrique (SMPS), un spectromètre à mobilité aérodynamique (APS) et un spectromètre optique (OPC) ont été utilisés pour mesurer la concentration de particules et la distribution de taille des particules. La microscopie électronique à transmission (TEM) a été utilisée pour l'analyse morphologique d'échantillons de particules dans l'air. Les propriétés des aérosols (distribution de taille et concentration en nombre) étaient différentes suivant la méthode employée. Les vitesses des flux d'air d'aérosolisation ont été utilisées pour estimer le niveau d'énergie dans ces systèmes, et il a été montré que les tailles modales des particules étaient inversement proportionnelles à la vitesse appliquée. En général, les particules hydrophiles ont des diamètres plus grands et des nombres inférieurs à ceux des particules hydrophobes. Toutefois, cela dépend aussi des méthodes utilisées. La vitesse de l'air peut donc être un paramètre efficace pour le classement de l'énergie des procédés pour des systèmes d'aérosolisation similaires. Nous avons développé un système laboratoire pour tester les potentiels de désagglomération des nanoparticules dans l'air en utilisant des orifices critiques et un humidificateur. Sa performance a été comparée à un système similaire dans un institut partenaire. Une variété de nanopoudres différentes a été testée. Le niveau d'énergie appliquée et l'humidité ont été modifiés. Le SMPS et l'OPC ont été utilisés pour mesurer la concentration de particules et la distribution de la taille. Un TEM a été utilisé pour l'analyse morphologique d'échantillons de particules dans l'air. Le diamètre moyen des particules a diminué et la concentration en nombre s'est accrue lorsque des énergies externes ont été appliquées. Le nombre de particules inférieures à 100 nm a été augmenté, et celui au-dessus de 350 nm réduits. Les conditions humides ont faits exactement le contraire, en particulier pour les petites particules. En outre, ils ont réduits les effets de la différence de pression due à l'orifice. Les résultats suggèrent que la désagglomération d'agglomérats de nanoparticules dans l'air est possible dans la gamme d'énergie appliquée. Cependant, l'atmosphère humide peut favoriser leur agglomération et améliorer leurs stabilités en réduisant la libération de nanoparticules dans l'environnement. Nous proposons d'utiliser notre système pour le test de routine des potentiels de désagglomération des nanomatériaux manufacturés et de les classer. Un tel classement faciliterait la priorisation de l'exposition et du risque encouru en fonction du niveau d'ENM. Un système de perçage automatique et un système de sciage manuel ont été développés pour étudier la libération de nanoparticules à partir de différents types de nanocomposites. La vitesse de perçage et taille de la mèche ont été modifiées dans les expériences. La distribution de taille des particules et leur concentration en nombre ont été mesurées par un SMPS et un miniature diffusion size classifier (DISCmini). Les distributions de nanoparticules dans les composites et les particules libérées ont été analysés par un TEM et un microscope électronique à balayage (SEM). Les tests de perçage ont libérés un plus grand nombre de particules que le sciage. Des vitesses de perçage plus rapide et les mèches plus grandes ont augmentés la génération de particules. Les charges de nanoparticules manufacturées dans les composites ne modifient pas leurs comportements de libération dans les expériences de perçage. Toutefois, le sciage différencie les niveaux de libération entre les composites et les échantillons blancs. De plus, les vapeurs de polymères ont été générées par la chaleur de sciage. La plupart des particules libérées sont des polymères contenant des nanoparticules ou sur leurs surface. Les résultats ont souligné l'importance du type de processus et paramètres pour déterminer la libération de nanoparticules de composites. Les émissions secondaires telles que les fumées polymères appellent à la nécessité d'évaluations de l'exposition et de risque pour de tels scénarios. Une revue systématique de la littérature sur le sujet de libérations de nanoparticules dans l'air dans les secteurs industriels et laboratoires de recherche a été effectuée. Des stratégies de recherche des informations pertinentes et de stockage ont été développées. Les mécanismes de libération, tels que la taille de particules d'aérosol et de leur concentration en nombre, ont été comparés pour différentes activités. La disponibilité de l'information contextuelle qui est pertinente pour l'estimation de l'exposition humaine a été évaluée. Il a été constaté que les données relatives à l'exposition ne sont pas toujours disponibles dans la littérature actuelle. Les propriétés des aérosols libérés semblent dépendre de la nature des activités. Des procédés à haute énergie ont tendance à générer des plus hauts niveaux de concentrations de particules dans les gammes de plus petite taille. Les résultats peuvent être utiles pour déterminer la priorité des procédés industriels pour l'évaluation les risques associés dans une approche à plusieurs niveaux. Pour l'évaluation de l'exposition, la disponibilité de l'information peut être améliorée par le développement d'une meilleure méthode de communication des données.

Athlete endorsement as a marketing strategy: a case study of Nike and Michael Jordan

Les empreses intenten obrir mercats nous constantment, aconseguint atraure nous clients objectiu i augmentar el reconeixement de la marca. Aquest treball investiga el cóm i per què el patrocini d'atletes, per a que aquests representin els productes d'una empresa, ja que és una eina cada vegada més àmplia i popular en el màrqueting mix de les empreses. Michael Jordan, un estel retirada de bàsquet, ha rebut molta atenció dels mitjans publicitaris i ha representat sota patrocini a diversos productes. Especialment el seu contracte de patrocini amb Nike, Inc. s'ha convertit en un excel·lent cas d'estudi per analitzar la tendència actual que suposa patrocinar atletes en el mercat internacional. Els resultats d'aquest cas d'estudi ajuden a entendre els factors que poden influir en èxit de les empreses quan decideixen patrocinar a un atleta com a part de la seva estratègia de màrqueting.