Medicina escolar en la provincia de Vizcaya : estudio de 2465 escolares de población femenina.

Realizar un estudio en el que se descubran los defectos y las desviaciones de la normalidad en la salud del niño y la Educación Sanitaria. 1205 alumnos, que representan el 48.88 por ciento de la población escolar que corresponden a 6 centros de Vizcaya (1 estatal y 5 no estatales). La edad oscila entre 2 y 15 años. Investigación empírica realizada en una población escolar de chicas, elegida por medio de una muestra sesgada, cuyo objetivo es estudiar su estado de salud físico mediante análisis descriptivos de las siguientes variables: a) variable dependiente: salud escolar; b) variables independientes: estatura y peso, estado de nutrición, complexión física, exploración cutánea, exploración auditiva, exploración buco-faringea, aparato cardio-circulatorio, exploración del aparato respiratorio, exploración del aparato genito-urinario, aparato locomotor, estudio del sistema nervioso, prueba de la tuberculina percutánea (pertubina). Cuestionario rellenado por los padres sobre datos del niño como: datos personales, antecedentes del niño y familiares, vacunaciones, anamnesis por órganos y aparatos. Exploración clínica de la niña en el centro escolar. Frecuencias. Porcentajes. Hay un 5,31 por ciento con talla corta. La caries dental es la patología de mayor incidencia con un 45,89 por ciento. Un 17,01 por ciento padecen disminución de la agudeza visual. Hay un 1,57 por ciento de hipoacusias. En el sistema cardio-pulmonar, la alteración más frecuente son los soplos con un 3,65 por ciento. La hipertensión arterial afecta al 1,74 por ciento. Los pies planos, con un 5,47 por ciento es la alteración más frecuente del aparato locomotor. Hay tres grupos de edad con mayor incidencia de patología: 6 años; 9-10-11 años y 13-14 años. Los programas de salud escolar deben abarcar tanto la detección de patologías como la educación sanitaria de los escolares, en este sentido, es fundamental la colaboración del maestro, debido a su estrecho contacto con el alumno. El reconocimiento médico debe efectuarse a todos los estamentos implicados en el Centro. Es necesario potenciar las medidas preventivas para así promocionar y defender la salud de los escolares.

Los Dientes.

Se explica qué son la boca y los dientes y la función de los mismos. Promueve la higiene personal como medio para sentirse bien y para la adquisición de hábitos higiénico-dietéticos saludables (correcto cepillado de dientes, disminución del consumo de azúcares). Identifica aquellos productos que contienen azúcares contribuye a disminuir las caries.

Salud bucodental : cuadernillo ilustrado para niños de ciclo inicial y medio.

Se presenta un cuadernillo gráfico e ilustrado con el objeto de ayudar a los niños de los ciclos inicial y medio a cuidar su boca y dentadura. Se ilustran los dientes, los cepillos y las pastas dentífricas para que los niños entiendan perfectamente lo importante que es preservar su dentadura de las caries. Además se presenta el juego de 'las tres sin caries' imitando a 'las tres en raya' para que los alumnos aprendan mientras juegan.

Encuesta de salud bucodental en escolares de la región de Murcia.

1. Estimar la prevalencia de caries, enfermedad periodontal y maloclusión; 2. Aportar datos básicos para una posterior evaluación de programas de salud oral; 3. Aportar datos que ayuden a determinar prioridades respecto al tipo de intervención. De un universo de niños de 6, 12 y 14 años de 17742, 19172 y 18779 respectivamente, se obtuvieron muestras de 1500, 1300 y 1200 alumnos para cada grupo de edad (error muestral del 2,37; 2,27 y 2,19 por ciento). Creación de un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinar (pediatras, estomatólogos, epidemiólogos, etc.). Realización de una encuesta sobre prevalencia de enfermedades bucodentales, paralelamente se llevaron a cabo actuaciones en materia de educación para la salud. Análisis de los resultados. El modelo de encuesta utilizado fue el de la OMS (Who Oral Health Assesment Form, 1986) que estima el estado de salud oral y necesidades de tratamiento, con algunas modificaciones dirigidas a la población escolar objeto del estudio. Paquete estadístico BMDP. Errores Standard, Chi cuadrado, análisis de resíduos, test de Fisher, T de Student, test de Beherens-Fisher, análisis de varianza, comparaciones múltiples con el test de Tukey. 1. Mayor afectación por caries dental en el sexo femenino, en el área de salud de Cartagena, en colegios públicos y menor en zonas urbanas; 2. El primer molar es la pieza más atacada; 3. Bajo índice de restauraciones en dentición temporal y permanente; 4. Alta necesidad de tratamiento e importante la de mantenedores de espacio; 5. Menor enfermedad periodontal en niñas, en alumnos de escuelas privadas y mayor en el área de salud de Lorca; 6. Baja prevalencia de maloclusiones moderadas y severas. Los resultados obtenidos no fueron excesivamente pesimistas en cuanto al nivel de escolares afectos de caries, si se tienen en cuenta los objetivos de la OMS para el año 2000. La situación de la Región es, además, comparable (mejorada) a la de países de nuestro entorno (Francia, Italia, Holanda, Suecia, etc.).

Dientes brillantes como el sol radiante

Ilustraciones: Paz Rodero y Jos?? R. Ballesteros

A preliminary comparative analysis of the H. sapiens saliva proteome between cysteine fractionation,performic acid oxidation LC/MALDI/MS/MS and LC/ESI/MS/MS

We present a comparative study between LC/MALDI/MS/MS and LC/ESI/MS/MS. Diagnostic biomarkers in saliva have been identified for monitoring caries, periodontitis, oral cancer, salivary gland diseases, and systemic disorders e.g. hepatitis and HIV[1]. Saliva is similar to serum in that there are a small number of highly abundant proteins and many low abundance proteins. There are 35 previously identified salivary proteins [1-4]. We prepared a representative sample of cysteine containing peptides and oxidised them to improve their fragmentation under MALDI conditions. In total 20 proteins were identified with 6 been identified by both methods. Surprisingly there was little overlap in the peptides used to identify the proteins between the two methods

Design and development of a haptic dental training system - hapTEL

This paper presents a novel design of a virtual dental training system (hapTEL) using haptic technology. The system allows dental students to learn and practice procedures such as dental drilling, caries removal and cavity preparation for tooth restoration. This paper focuses on the hardware design, development and evaluation aspects in relation to the dental training and educational requirements. Detailed discussions on how the system offers dental students a natural operational position are documented. An innovative design of measuring and connecting the dental tools to the haptic device is also shown. Evaluation of the impact on teaching and learning is discussed.

Children of the golden minster: St. Oswald's Priory and the impact of industrialisation on child health.

This study explores the disease experience of children buried within the cemetery of St. Oswald’s Priory, Gloucester from AD1153 to 1857. Evidence for ages-at-death, infant mortality, and the prevalence of stress indicators, trauma, and pathology were compared between the early and postmedieval periods. The skeletal remains of these children provide evidence for child health spanning the economic expansion of Gloucester at St. Oswald’s, from a mostly rural parish to a graveyard catering for families from the poorer northern part of the town and the workhouse. Results showed that the children from the postmedieval period in Gloucester suffered higher rates of dental caries (38%) and congenital conditions (17.3%) than their counterparts from the early and later medieval period. This paper serves to highlight the value of nonadult skeletal material in the interpretation of past human health in transitional societies and illustrates the wide variety of pathological conditions that can be observed in nonadult skeletons.

Dying young: a palaeopathological analysis of child health in Roman Britain

Children represent the most vulnerable members of society, and as such provide valuable insight into past lifeways. Adverse environmental conditions translate more readily into the osteological record of children, making them primary evidence for the investigation of ill-health in the past. To date, most information on growing up in Roman Britain has been based on the Classical literature, or discussed in palaeopathological studies with a regional focus, e.g. Dorset or Durnovaria. Thus, the lifestyles and everyday realities of children throughout Britannia remained largely unknown. This study sets out to fill this gap by providing the first large scale analysis of Romano-British children from town and country. The palaeopathological analysis of 1643 non-adult (0-17 years) skeletons, compiled from the literature (N=690) and primary osteological analysis (N=953), from 27 urban and rural settlements has highlighted diverse patterns in non-adult mortality and morbidity. The distribution of ages-at-death suggest that older children and adolescents migrated from country to town, possibly for commencing their working lives. True prevalence rates suggest that caries (1.8%) and enamel hypoplasia (11.4%) were more common in children from major urban towns, whereas children in the countryside displayed higher frequencies of scurvy (6.9%), cribra orbitalia (27.7%), porotic hyperostosis (6.2%) and endocranial lesions (10.9%). Social inequality in late Roman Britain may have been the driving force behind these urban-rural dichotomies. The results may point to exploitation of the peasantry on the one hand, and higher status of the urban population as a more ‘Romanised’ group on the other. Comparison with Iron Age and post-medieval non-adults also demonstrated a decline in health in the Roman period, with some levels of ill-health, particularly in the rural children, similar to those from post-medieval London. This research provides the most comprehensive study of non-adult morbidity and mortality in Roman Britain to date. It has provided new insights into Romano-British lifeways and presents suggestions for further work.

Use of the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridisation technique for in vivo detection of cariogenic microorganisms on metallic brackets, with or without use of an antimicrobial agent

Objective: Using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridisation (CDDH) assay, this randomised clinical study evaluated the contamination of metallic brackets by four cariogenic bacterial strains (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and the efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) mouthwashes in reducing bacterial contamination. Methods: Thirty-nine 11-33-year-old patients under treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances were enrolled in the study and had 2 new metallic brackets bonded to premolars. Nineteen patients used a 0.12% CHX mouthwash (Periogard (R)) and 20 patients used a placebo mouthwash (control) twice a week. After 30 days, the brackets were removed and samples were obtained for analysis by CDDH. Data were analysed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test (alpha = 0.05) using the SAS software. Results: S. mutans, S. sobrinus, L. casei and L. acidophilus were detected in 100% of the samples from both groups. However, brackets of the control group were more heavily contaminated by S. mutans and S. sobrinus (P < 0.01). In the experimental group, although all counts decreased after rinsing with the chlorhexidine solution, there was significant difference only for S. mutans (P = 0.03). Conclusions: The use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes can be useful in clinical practice to reduce the levels of cariogenic microorganisms in patients under treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

TNF-alpha Promotes an Odontoblastic Phenotype in Dental Pulp Cells

Dental pulp cells can differentiate toward an odontoblastic phenotype to produce reparative dentin beneath caries lesions. However, the mechanisms involved in pulp cell differentiation under pro-inflammatory stimuli have not been well-explored. Thus, we hypothesized that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) could be a mediator involved in dental pulp cell differentiation toward an odontoblastic phenotype. We observed that TNF-alpha-challenged pulp cells exhibited increased mineralization and early and increased expression of dentin phosphoprotein (DPP), dentin sialoprotein (DSP), dentin matrix protein-1, and osteocalcin during a phase of reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. We investigated whether these events were related and found that p38, a mitogen-activated protein kinase, differentially regulated MMP-1 and DSP/DPP expression and mediated mineralization upon TNF-alpha treatment. These findings indicate that TNF-alpha stimulates differentiation of dental pulp cells toward an odontoblastic phenotype via p38, while negatively regulating MMP-1 expression.

SEM analysis of enamel surface treated by Er : YAG laser: Influence of irradiation distance

Background: Depending on the distance of laser tip to dental surface a specific morphological pattern should be expected. However, there have been limited reports that correlate the Er:YAG irradiation distance with dental morphology. Purpose: To assess the influence of Er:YAG laser irradiation distance on enamel morphology, by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods: Sixty human third molars were employed to obtain discs (congruent to 1 mm thick) that were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10). Five groups received Er:YAG laser irradiation (80 mJ/2 Hz) for 20 s, according to the irradiation distance: 11, 12, 14, 16, or 17 mm. and the control group was treated with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s. The laser-irradiated discs were bisected. One hemi-disc was separated for superficial analysis without subsequent acid etching, and the other one, received the phosphoric acid for 15 s. Samples were prepared for SEM. Results: Laser irradiation at 11 and 12 min provided an evident ablation of enamel, with evident fissures and some fused areas. At 14, 16 and 17 mm the superficial topography was flatter than in the other distances. The subsequent acid etching on the lased-surface partially removed the disorganized tissue. Conclusions: Er:YAG laser in defocused mode promoted slight morphological alterations and seems more suitable for enamel conditioning than focused irradiation. The application of phosphoric acid on lased-enamel surface, regardless of the irradiation distance, decreased the superficial irregularities.

Effect of blood contamination on the shear bond strength at resin/dentin interface in primary teeth

Purpose: To assess in vitro the shear bond strength at the resin/dentin interface in primary teeth after contamination with fresh human blood. Methods: 75 crowns of primary molars were embedded in acrylic resin and mechanically ground to expose a flat dentin surface. The specimens were randomly assigned to five groups (n=15), according to the surface treatment. Group I (control) had no blood contamination. The other groups were blood-contaminated and subjected to different post-contamination protocols: in Group 2, the surfaces were rinsed with water; in Group 3, the surfaces were air-dried; in Group 4, the surfaces were rinsed and air-dried; and in Group 5, no post-contamination treatment was done. In all groups, a 3-mm dentin bonding site was demarcated, Single Bond adhesive system was applied and resin composite cylinders were bonded. After 24 hours in distilled water, shear bond strength was tested at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Results: Means (in MPa) were: Group 1: 7.1 (+/- 4.2); Group 2: 4.0 (+/- 1.8); Group 3: 0.9 (+/- 0.7); Group 4: 3.9 (+/- 2.2) and Group 5: 1.3 (+/- 1.5). Data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. Groups 2 and 4 were similar to each other (P > 0.05) and both ware similar to Group 1 (P > 0.05). These groups (2, 3 and 4) had statistically significantly higher bond strengths than Groups 3 and 5 (P < 0.05). Blood contamination negatively affected the shear bond strength to primary tooth dentin. Among the blood-contaminated groups, water-rinsed specimens had higher bond strengths than those that were exclusively air-dried or not submitted to any post-contamination protocol before adhesive application.

Morphological differentiation between S. mutans and S. sobrinus on modified SB-20 culture medium

Due to the major role of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in the etiology of dental caries, it is important to use culture media that allow for differentiating these bacterial species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a modified SB-20 culture medium (SB-20M) for the isolation and morphological differentiation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus, compared to biochemical identification (biotyping). Saliva samples were collected using the spatula method from 145 children, seeded on plates containing the SB-20M, in which sucrose was replaced by coarse granular cane sugar, and incubated in microaerophilia at 37 degrees C during 72 h. Identification of the microorganisms was performed under stereomicroscopy based on colony morphology of 4904 colonies. The morphological identification was examined by biochemical tests of 94 randomly selected colonies with the macroscopic characteristic of S. mutans and S. sobrinus using sugar fermentation, resistance to bacitracin and production of hydrogen peroxide. There was no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) between morphological identification in the SB-20M medium and biochemical identification (biotyping). Biotyping confirmed that S. mutans and S. sobrinus colonies were correctly characterized in the SB-20M in 95.8% and 95.5% of the cases, respectively. Of the mutans streptococci detected in the children 98% were S. mutans and 2% S. sobrinus. The SB-20M medium is reliable for detection and direct morphological identification of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Effect of Two Restorative Materials on Root Dentine Erosion

This study sought to evaluate the microhardness of root dentine adjacent to glass-ionomer and composite resin restorations after erosive challenge. A crossover study was performed in two phases of 4 consecutive days each. One hundred twelve bovine root dentine slabs were obtained, and standardized box-shaped cavities were prepared at center of each specimen. The prepared cavities were randomly restored with glass-ionomer cement or composite resin. The slabs were randomly assigned among 14 volunteers, which wore intraoral palatal device containing four restored root dentin slabs. Starting on the second day, half of the palatal acrylic devices were immersed extraorally in a lemonade-like carbonated soft drink for 90 s, four times daily for 3 days. Alter 3-day wash-out, dentine slabs restored with the alternative material were placed into palatal appliance and the volunteers started the second phase of this study. After erosive challenges. microhardness measurements were performed. Regardless of the restorative material employed, eroded specimens demonstrated lower microhardness value (p < 0.0001). At eroded condition examined in this study, dentine restored with glass-ionomer cement showed higher microhardness values (p < 0.0001). It may be concluded that the glass-ionomer cement decreases the progression of root dentine erosion at restoration margin. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater 93B 304-305, 2010