Towards a potential model to enhance language learner autonomy in the Vietnamese higher education context

This constructivist theory-led case study explored how the term language learner autonomy (LLA) is interpreted and the appropriate pedagogy to foster LLA in the Vietnamese higher education context. Evidence through the exploration of the government policies and the cases of three EFL classes confirms the interpretation that learner autonomy and language acquisition are mutually supported. The study has proposed project work as a potential model while demonstrating the role of the teacher and the use of target language as mediators to enhance LLA in the local context. Findings of the study contribute a theoretical and pedagogical justification for encouraging LLA in Vietnam and other similar contexts.

Enhanced student learning in accounting utilising web-based technology, peer-review feedback and reflective practices: A learning community approach to assessment

Higher education is becoming a major driver of economic competitiveness in an increasingly knowledge-driven global economy. Maintaining the competitive edge has seen an increase in public accountability of higher education institutions through the mechanism of ranking universities based on the quality of their teaching and learning outcomes. As a result, assessment processes are under scrutiny, creating tensions between standardisation and measurability and the development of creative and reflective learners. These tensions are further highlighted in the context of large undergraduate subjects, learner diversity and time-poor academics and students. Research suggests that high level and complex learning is best developed when assessment, combined with effective feedback practices, involves students as partners in these processes. This article reports on a four-phase, cross-institution and cross-discipline project designed to embed peer-review processes as part of the assessment in two large, undergraduate accounting classes. Using a social constructivist view of learning, which emphasises the role of both teacher and learner in the development of complex cognitive understandings, we undertook an iterative process of peer review. Successive phases built upon students’ feedback and achievements and input from language/learning and curriculum experts to improve the teaching and learning outcomes.

Learning English pragmatics in China: An investigation into Chinese EFL learners’ perceptions of pragmatics

This paper reports the findings of a study investigating Chinese English language learners’ perceptions of pragmatics in the EFL learning context in China. A total of 237 Chinese EFL first-year university students participated in the study. A questionnaire and focus group interviews were used to collect data about learners’ pragmatics insights during their English language acquisition process. The findings of the study have provided empirical evidence for English educators and practitioners in China, indicating that there have been substantive changes in Chinese university students’ perceptions of English pragmatics. Except for organizational knowledge, they have a strong desire to acquire English pragmatic knowledge in their English language learning process, and would like to be pragmatically competent language users. This inquiry emphasizes the necessity to introduce pragmatics use and practice, which can effectively facilitate Chinese English learners to achieve pragmatic competence in communication.

Habitus realisation: Negotiating identities through Chinese looks and Chinese language

The increasing linguistic and cultural diversity of our contemporary world points to the salience of maintaining and developing Heritage Language of ethnic minority groups. The mutually constitutive effect between Heritage Language learning and ethnic identity construction has been well documented in the literature. Classical social psychological work often quantitatively structures this phenomenon in a predictable linear relationship. In contrast, poststructural scholarship draws on qualitative approaches to claim the malleable and multiple dynamics behind the phenomenon. The two schools oppose but complement each other. Nevertheless, both schools struggle to capture the detailed and nuanced construction of ethnic identity through Heritage Language learning. Different from the extant research, we make an attempt to ethno-methodologically unearth the nuisances and predicaments embedded in the reflexive, subtle, and multi-layered identity constructions through nuanced, inter-nested language practices. Drawing on data from the qualitative phase of a large project, we highlight some small but powerful moments abstracted from the interview accounts of five Chinese Australian young people. Firstly, we zoom in on the life politics behind the ‘seen but unnoticed’ stereotype that looking Chinese means being able to speak Chinese. Secondly, we speculate the power relations between the speaker and the listener through the momentary and inadvertent breaches of the taken-for-granted stereotype. Next, we unveil how learning Chinese has become an accountably rational priority for these young Chinese Australians. Finally, we argue that the normalised stereotype becomes visible and hence stable when it is breached – a practical accomplishment that we term ‘habitus realisation’.

Second language social networks and communication-related acculturative stress: The role of interconnectedness

Although a substantial amount of cross-cultural psychology research has investigated acculturative stress in general, little attention has been devoted specifically to communication-related acculturative stress (CRAS). In line with the view that cross-cultural adaptation and second language (L2) learning are social and interpersonal phenomena, the present study examines the hypothesis that migrants’ L2 social network size and interconnectedness predict CRAS. The main idea underlying this hypothesis is that L2 social networks play an important role in fostering social and cultural aspects of communicative competence. Specifically, higher interconnectedness may reflect greater access to unmodified natural cultural representations and L2 communication practices, thus fostering communicative competence through observational learning. As such, structural aspects of migrants’ L2 social networks may be protective against acculturative stress arising from chronic communication difficulties. Results from a study of first generation migrant students (N = 100) support this idea by showing that both inclusiveness and density of the participants’ L2 network account for unique variance in CRAS but not in general acculturative stress. These results support the idea that research on cross-cultural adaptation would benefit from disentangling the various facets of acculturative stress and that the structure of migrants’ L2 network matters for language related outcomes. Finally, this study contributes to an emerging body of work that attempts to integrate cultural/cross-cultural research on acculturation and research on intercultural communication and second language learning.

A comparison of motivation to learn English between English major and non-English major students in a Vietnamese university

Despite the plethora of literature examining higher education students’ motivation to learn a second language, it is not known if students who choose to study English as their major differ from those who are required to study English as the minor component of their wider degree. Drawing on self-determination theory, this paper reports on the findings of a quantitative study designed to investigate the types of motivation demonstrated by English major (n=180) and non-English major students (n=242), and their levels of effort expended in learning English in a Vietnamese university. The findings revealed that both groups demonstrated high levels of motivation to learn English to prepare for their future profession. English major students felt more intrinsically motivated and less obligated to learn English. In addition, for both groups, intrinsically motivated students invested the highest levels of effort in learning English. This paper argues that it is imperative for lecturers to foster students’ intrinsic aspirations to learn English to improve the quality of the teaching and learning of English in Vietnamese higher education.

What counts as English in the internationalised Australian university: Implications for teaching and learning

English is currently ascendant as the language of globalisation, evident in its mediation of interactions and transactions worldwide. For many international students, completion of a degree in English means significant credentialing and increased job prospects. Australian universities are the third largest English-speaking destination for overseas students behind the United States and the United Kingdom. International students comprise one-fifth of the total Australian university population, with 80% coming from Asian countries (ABS, 2010). In this competitive higher education market, English has been identified as a valued ‘good’. Indeed, universities have been critiqued for relentlessly reproducing the “hegemony and homogeneity of English” (Marginson, 2006, p. 37) in order to sustain their advantage in the education market. For international students, English is the gatekeeper to enrolment, the medium of instruction and the mediator of academic success. For these reasons, English is not benign, yet it remains largely taken-for-granted in the mainstream university context. This paper problematises the naturalness of English and reports on a study of an Australian Master of Education course in which English was a focus. The study investigated representations of English as they were articulated across a chain of texts including the university strategic plan, course assessment criteria, student assignments, lecturer feedback, and interviews. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Foucault’s work on discourse enabled understandings of how a particular English is formed through an apparatus of specifications, exclusionary thresholds, strategies for maintenance (and disruption), and privileged concepts and speaking positions. The findings indicate that English has hegemonic status within the Australian university, with material consequences for students whose proficiency falls outside the thresholds of accepted English practice. Central to the constitution of what counts as English is the relationship of equivalence between standard written English and successful academic writing. International students’ representations of English indicate a discourse that impacts on identities and practices and preoccupies them considerably as they negotiate language and task demands. For the lecturer, there is strategic manoeuvring within the institutional regulative regime to support students’ English language needs using adapted assessment practices, explicit teaching of academic genres and scaffolded classroom interaction. The paper concludes with the implications for university teaching and learning.

"Mut ei tää oo hei midsommarista!" - ruotsin kielen viestinnällinen suullinen harjoittelu yhteistoiminnallisten skeema- ja elaborointitehtävien avulla

Communicative oral practice in Swedish through collaborative schema-based and elaboration tasks The general aim of this study was to learn how to better understand foreign language communicative oral practice and to develop it as part of communicative language teaching. The language-specific aim was to study how Swedish was being practised communicatively and orally in a classroom context as part of the didactic teaching-studying-learning process, and how the students' communicative oral practice in Swedish was carried out through collaborative schema-based and elaboration tasks. The scientific problem of this study focused on the essence of foreign language communicative oral proficiency. The research questions were concerned with 1) the students' involvement in carrying out the given oral tasks; 2) the features of communication and interaction strategies; 3) thematic vocabulary, and 4) the students' experiences and conceptions of the communicative oral tasks used. The study consisted of two groups of students from a Helsinki-area school (a group of upper secondary school students, Swedish Level A, Courses 2 and 3, n=9; and a group of basic education students, Swedish Level B, Course 2, n=13). The study was carried out as a pedagogically oriented case study which included certain features of ethnographic research and where the students' teacher acted as a researcher of her own work. The communicative oral practice contained five different tasks. The research data were gathered through systematic observation, audio recordings and by a questionnaire. The data were analysed through ethnographic content analysis methods. The main research finding was that a good deal of social interaction, collaboration and communication took place between the students when involved in communicative oral practice in Swedish. The students took almost optimal advantage of the allocated training time. They mostly used Swedish when participating in interactional communication. Finnish was mostly used by the students when they were deciding how to carry out a given task, aiming at intersubjectivity or negotiating meaning. The students were relaxed when practising Swedish. They also asked for and gave linguistic help in the spirit of collaborative learning principles. This resulted in interaction between students that highlighted certain features of negotiation of meaning, scaffolding and collaborative dialogue. Asking for and giving help in language issues concentrated mainly on vocabulary, and only in a few cases on grammar or pronunciation. The students also needed the teacher as a mentor. As well, the students had an enjoyable time when practising, which was most often related to carrying out the oral tasks. The thematic vocabulary used by the students corresponded well to the thematic lexis that served as a basis for the practice. At its most efficient, this lexis was most evident when the basic education students were carrying out schema-based tasks. The students' questionnaire answers agreed with the research findings gained through systematic observation and the analysis of audio recordings. The communicative tasks planned by the teacher and implemented by the students were very much in line. The language-didactic theory as presented in this study and the research findings can be widely utilised in pre-service and in-service teacher education, as well as, more generally, when developing communicative language teaching. Key words: communicative oral practice; the Swedish language; foreign language; didactic teaching-studying-learning process; communicative language teaching; collaborative task; schema-based task; elaboration task.

Inculcating character education through EFL teaching in Indonesian state schools

This paper describes how English as foreign language (EFL) teachers in Indonesia have implemented the recent character education policy within an era of school-based curriculum reform. The character education policy required all teachers, EFL teachers included, to instill certain values in every lesson whilst the school-based curriculum reform permitted teachers to develop locally responsive curriculum content. The design behind the reform seeks to sharpen education’s role as a site of moral inculcation in the face of growing social diversity that threatens social cohesion and the prolonged social problem of massive corruption. Drawing on Durkheim’s (1925) distinction between secular and religious morality, this paper considers how the Indonesian curriculum promoted rational or secular moral education and how the EFL teachers enacted religious moral education given religiosity is salient in both the community and schools of Indonesia. Bernstein’s concepts of pedagogic discourse, instructional and regulative discourses were adopted to analyse how EFL teachers have re-contextualized both curricular reforms in their micro pedagogic settings. The conclusion suggests that teachers’ implementation of moral education in their classes was dominated by their school communities’ and the teachers’ own preferred value of religiosity. Such values played out in their classes through both the regulative discourse and the instructional discourse.

Language identification using parallel sub-word recognition

Parallel sub-word recognition (PSWR) is a new model that has been proposed for language identification (LID) which does not need elaborate phonetic labeling of the speech data in a foreign language. The new approach performs a front-end tokenization in terms of sub-word units which are designed by automatic segmentation, segment clustering and segment HMM modeling. We develop PSWR based LID in a framework similar to the parallel phone recognition (PPR) approach in the literature. This includes a front-end tokenizer and a back-end language model, for each language to be identified. Considering various combinations of the statistical evaluation scores, it is found that PSWR can perform as well as PPR, even with broad acoustic sub-word tokenization, thus making it an efficient alternative to the PPR system.

Internationalisation, multilingualism and English-medium instruction: the teacher's perspective

[EN]In the newEuropean higher education space, Universities in Europe are exhorted to cultivate and develop multilingualism. The European Commission’s 2004–2006 action plan for promoting language learning and diversity speaks of the need to build an environment which is favourable to languages. Yet reality indicates that it is English which reigns supreme and has become the main foreign language used as means of instruction at European universities. Internationalisation has played a key role in this process, becoming one of the main drivers of the linguistic hegemony exerted by English. In this paper we examine the opinions of teaching staff involved in English-medium instruction, from pedagogical ecologyof-language and personal viewpoints. Data were gathered using group discussion. The study was conducted at a multilingual Spanish university where majority (Spanish), minority (Basque) and foreign (English) languages coexist, resulting in some unavoidable linguistic strains. The implications for English-medium instruction are discussed at the end of this paper.

Pragmatemas e a música no ensino-aprendizagem de inglês como língua adicional em um colégio estadual do RJ: papel na retenção lexical

O presente estudo analisa as contribuições do uso da música e de pragmatemas na retenção lexical por parte de três turmas de inglês como língua adicional em uma escola estadual na cidade de São João de Meriti (RJ). Para tal, constituiu três condições de pesquisa das quais fizeram parte doze alunos na turma 1 (T1); doze alunos na turma 2 (T2); e nove alunos na turma 3 (T3). A turma 1 (T1) participou de práticas pedagógicas com foco na música e sem foco explícito nos pragmatemas presentes na letra; a turma 2 (T2) de práticas pedagógicas com foco na música e nos pragmatemas da letra; e a turma 3 (T3) de práticas pedagógicas voltadas somente para o ensino-aprendizagem dos pragmatemas presentes na letra, sem o suporte da música. Anteriormente à intervenção, foi aplicado um questionário sobre os hábitos sócio-culturais dos participantes visando conhecer suas preferências musicais e perfil de letramento. Para analisar a relação entre o uso da música e de pragmatemas na retenção lexical, foram aplicados um pré-teste antes da intervenção e dois pós-testes com intervalo de 1 mês entre eles. Além disso, o estudo contou com uma entrevista semi-estruturada com os participantes, visando entender a percepção dos mesmos sobre as práticas utilizadas na intervenção. Os achados apontam que houve uma retenção ligeiramente superior nas condições T2 (música e foco nos pragmatemas) e T3 (foco exclusivo nos pragmatemas), com ligeira superioridade para a condição 3. O pragmatema recuperado com maior frequência foi "What's up", fato que pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo fato de ser pronunciado como uma palavra só e pelo número de letras que o representa ortograficamente. Estudos futuros poderão esclarecer se há significância estatística entre as diferenças encontradas assim como melhor explorar como o ensino explícito de unidades lexicais complexas pode contribuir para a retenção desses itens lexicais e consequentemente para o ensino-aprendizagem de línguas adicionais. A intervenção permitiu que os aprendizes passassem a entender que as palavras não ocorrem de modo isolado, mas que sempre caminham junto a outras. Permitiu também que a rotina pedagógica contemplasse a coconstrução do conhecimento, levando os aprendizes a reagir positivamente às práticas utilizadas no ensino de inglês, conforme relatos durante as entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Isso per se já justifica a utilização de práticas semelhantes e ilustra a contribuição do presente estudo

Hizkuntza komunikaziorako gaitasuna lantzeko ikuspegi berriak: teoriatik praktikara

[EUS] Gure gaur egungo gizarte globalizatuak, internazionalki komunikatzeko beharra areagotu du, eta horregatik atzerriko hizkuntzak ikastea ezinbestekoa bihurtu da. Eskola errealitatearen isla denez, behar horri aurre egiteko, gero eta gehiago dira irakaskuntza eleaniztuna garatzeko ikuspegi metodologikoak. Ikuspegi metodologiko hauen artean, CLIL/HEBI eta HTB dira garrantzitsuenetarikoak. HEBIk hizkuntzak eta edukiak batera ikasteari egiten dio erreferentzia, eta HTBk curriculumeko hizkuntzen programazio adostuari. Lan honetan metodologia hauen nondik norakoak aztertzen dira, baita hauek ikastetxe batean nolako ibilbidea izan duten eta nola lantzen diren ere. Azken honetan ikastetxearen eta ikasleen aldetik HEBIrekiko dagoen jarrera aztertzen da, galdetegi batzuen bitartez.

Lehen Hezkuntzako ingeleseko testuliburuak. Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan erabiltzen diren materialen analisia

[eus] Ikerketa honen bidez, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan erabiltzen diren Lehen Hezkuntzako lehenengo zikloko ingeleseko testuliburuak hizkuntzen ikaskuntzaren teoriei, Europako Erreferentzia Marko Bateratuari eta Curriculum dokumentuei egokitzen zaizkien baieztatu nahi izan da. Horretarako, aipatutako teorietan eta dokumentuetan oinarrituta, sei aldagai diseinatu eta, horiek erabiliz, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan erabiltzen diren sei testuliburu aztertu dira. Ikerketatik ondorioztatzen da aztertutako testuliburuak ez datozela bat legediaren ikuspegi komunikatiboarekin ezta atazetan oinarritutako ikaskuntzarekin ere. Hala ere, hizkuntzaren inputa testuinguruan ematen dute eta, Curriculumean eskatzen den bezala, aspektu kulturalak lantzen dituzte.

Inglês para terceira idade: investigando o contexto UnATI/UERJ visando à elaboração de materiais didáticos

Apesar de ter produzido incansavelmente na área de ensino e aprendizagem de língua adicional com crianças, adolescentes e jovens adultos, a Linguística Aplicada (LA) ainda não desenvolveu um acervo que ilumine os diferentes aspectos do processo de ensino e aprendizagem de segunda língua para adultos da terceira idade. Entre os poucos estudos desenvolvidos na área, destacam-se as pesquisas de Pizzolatto (1995), sobre as características do processo de ensino e aprendizagem de segunda língua com adultos da terceira idade; de Conceição (1999), sobre as estratégias de aprendizagem utilizadas por idosos; de Scopinho (2009), acerca dos subsídios para elaboração e utilização de materiais didáticos desenhados para a terceira idade; e de Oliveira (2010), sobre as crenças e experiências de idosas aprendendo inglês em uma escola pública. Como forma de contribuir para o preenchimento dessa lacuna e concretizar um desejo pessoal, surgido a partir dos desafios experienciados enquanto estagiário de iniciação à docência de inglês nos anos de 2008 e 2009, esta pesquisa almeja entender o processo de ensino e aprendizagem de inglês com adultos da terceira idade a partir de três perspectivas: a das professoras, a dos alunos e a minha, enquanto pesquisador. Para tanto, três perguntas de pesquisa foram estabelecidas: (1) como os participantes do contexto (professoras, alunos e pesquisador) entendem o papel do curso e o processo de ensino e aprendizagem de inglês? (2) Que práticas pedagógicas são apreciadas pelos alunos? e (3) De que forma os materiais existentes se relacionam com as preferências dos alunos? Compartilhando com Richardson (1994) o conceito de cristalização, intenciono compreender diferentes aspectos do contexto investigado, a saber, as aulas de inglês do projeto Línguas Estrangeiras para Terceira Idade (LETI) da Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade da UERJ (UnATI/UERJ), encarando-o como um cristal multifacetado. Para gerar dados, utilizei quatro instrumentos de pesquisa: um questionário socioeconômico e cultural, duas entrevistas inspiradas no conceito de grupos focais (GASKELL, 2002), uma realizada com as professoras e outra com cinco alunos, e observações de aulas com notas de campo. Este estudo se vale do aporte teórico das áreas de Aquisição de Segunda Língua, condição Pós-método, ensino e aprendizagem de línguas sob a ótica da teoria da complexidade, teoria dos posicionamentos e ensino e aprendizagem de inglês com adultos da terceira idade. Os fios temáticos emergentes das práticas discursivas dos participantes são (1) memória, (2) afeto e emoções, (3) socialização, (4) conversação, música e tradução, (5) dedicação ao estudo, (6) heterogeneidade dos grupos, (7) uso de novas tecnologias e (8) material didático. As categorias de análise são memória e afetividade na aprendizagem de língua estrangeira, teoria dos posicionamentos e macroestratégias da condição Pós-método. Entre os achados estão a importância da memória e da afetividade na aprendizagem de inglês, o desejo dos alunos por atividades de conversação, o apreço que eles têm pela música e a inexistência de materiais desenhados para o público da terceira idade. As práticas discursivas são analisadas e discutidas com vistas à elaboração de materiais didáticos para o público da terceira idade