382 resultados para vidros e fosfatos
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A radioterapia interna seletiva é uma alternativa para o tratamento de alguns tipos de cânceres como o carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC), ou câncer de fígado primário. Neste tratamento, microesferas de vidro ou polimérica contendo em sua estrutura radionuclídeos emissores de partículas β- são introduzidas no fígado por meio da artéria hepática e migram, preferencialmente, para regiões hipervascularizadas, que são características da presença de tecido canceroso. Neste trabalho, foram propostos o desenvolvimento de vidros fosfato contendo hólmio para produção de microesferas e sua aplicação em radioterapia interna seletiva no Brasil. O vidro desenvolvido apresentou durabilidade química adequada, densidade de 2,7(3)g/cm3, alta estabilidade térmica e as impurezas encontradas não inviabilizam o tratamento. As microesferas foram produzidas pelos métodos da chama e da queda gravitacional e foram caracterizadas por diversas técnicas em que se observaram forma, granulometria, atividade e biocompatibilidade apropriados para o tratamento pretendido. Propõe-se que as microesferas possam ser submetidas a testes in vivo.
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Este trabalho pretende contribuir para o conhecimento da gênese da Mina de Cobre Santa Blandina (situada a 10 km a sudoeste da cidade de Itapeva, Sul do Estado de São Paulo) através do estudo da associação mineralógica presente na jazida e da geologia local, inclusive com algumas observações sobre a litologia. A mina é constituída por um vieiro com direção N-40-E, mergulhando cerca de \'50 GRAUS\' NW, encaixado em metassedimentos calcossilicatos (gorutubito) pertencentes ao Grupo Assungui - antiga série ou Grupo São Roque - pré-Cambriano Superior, associados a filitos e mármores. Um grande dique de diabásio, com 30 m de espessura, corta-o na direção N-18W, com mergulho de \'65 GRAUS\' SW; outros pequenos corpos básicos intrusivos existem na área. A sudoeste da Mina aflora um estoque de granito, ou apófise, intensamente fraturado e milonitizado, que teria sido a fonte dos fluidos magmáticos mineralizantes. Uma faixa de alguns metros acima e abaixo do vieiro foi intensamente escartinizada, antes da mineralização cuprífera, com desenvolvimento de microclínio através de fraturas e outras aberturas de encaixante. Os minerais primários seriam a calcopirita - em quantidade predominante - a pirita e possivelmente a bornita em pequenas quantidades, depositados juntamente com quartzo e epídoto, este tardiamente. A deposição primária ocorreu em fraturas da rocha, mas o metassomatismo foi o processo mais intenso, com a remoção de grande porcentagem dos constituintes da rocha principalmente os carbonatos do mármore encaixado na jazida e os calco-silicatos dos metassedimentos, e consequente ocupação dos espaços pelos sulfetos e silicatos primários. A conformação topográfica local deu oportunidade para que o diabásio funcionasse como uma barragem natural às águas subterrâneas, facilitando a intensa oxidação dos sulfetos e formação de sulfetos secundários (bornita e calcocita), carbonatos (malaquita e azurita), silicatos (crisocola e outros materiais silicatados coloidais), sulfatos (antlerita e brochantita), fosfatos (cornetita e pseudomalaquita), óxidos (goethita e outros hidratados de ferro e cuprita), bem como outros materiais de diversos minerais (argilas, óxidos hidratados e colóides). O estudo consistiu na determinação das propriedades físicas minerais (cor, brilho, traço, dureza, peso específico relativo, clivagem, fratura e hábitos), das suas propriedades ópticas sob luz transmitida (transparência, pleocroísmo, caráter axial, sinal óptico, índices de refração) e sob luz refletida - no caso dos opacos -, do seu comportamento em Análise Termo-Diferencial, bem como na determinação da composição química dos principais minerais na jazida. Todos os minerais encontrados tiveram a sua identificação confirmada por difração de raios X - diversos métodos -, sendo que em relação a alguns (granadas) foi feita a determinação do parâmetro da cela unitária. As granadas tiveram a sua composição química estudada por método recém desenvolvido nesta Universidade, sendo que alguns minerais e materiais de difícil caracterização mereceram estudo específico com aplicação do espectro de absorção de raios infravermelhos.
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O distrito magmático alcalino de Jacupiranga constitui a ocorrência brasileira clássica de rochas alcalinas e ultrabásicas. Mencionado pela primeira vez por Bauer (1877) como jazida de minério de ferro, tornou-se conhecido através da descrição de Derby (1891), que propôs o termo jacupiranguito para as rochas alcalinas piroxeníticas aí correntes. Na mesma época, Hussak (1892, 1895, 1904) publicou descrições de minerais associados ao minério de ferro. Numerosas referências a Jacupiranga são encontradas na literatura especializada e de acordo com as preferências dos diversos autores e as tendências de cada época, o distrito foi citado como exemplo das mais variadas teorias petrogenéticas, principalmente da hipótese de Daly e Shand. Entretanto, a região nunca foi objeto de investigação realmente minuciosa. Por várias razões justifica-se um enxame e a descrição detalhada do carbonatito de Jacupiranga. Sob ponto de vista petrológico, as concepções sobre a gênese de rochas carbonáticas associadas a alcalinas evoluíram consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Numerosos estudos tendem a demonstrar o caráter magmático desses carbonatos, porém muitas de suas feições ainda permanecem sem explicação satisfatória. A descrição da localidade em questão visa contribuir para o acúmulo de observações necessárias à elaboração de hipóteses petrogenéticas, embora o estudo atual de nossos conhecimentos sobre a evolução dos magmas alcalinos ainda não permite a formulação de interpretações definitivas. Sob o ponto de vista industrial e econômico, um levantamento exato do carbonatito e dos minerais a ele associados é essencial. A interpretação correta da origem dos fosfatos residuais permite sua pesquisa e lavra racionais. Além disso, ocorre vultuosa reserva de carbonato de cálcio, fosfatos, óxidos de ferro e de titânio. O aproveitamento dessas matérias primas depende de sua caracterização geológica e mineralógica, tanto para a comprovação ) de toneladas exploráveis, como para o desenvolvimento de processos tecnológicos de concentração. No presente trabalho são apresentadas, as observações que pareceram de maior interesse geológico e econômico. Durante vários anos o autor teve oportunidade de realizar numerosas visitas à jazida de Jacupiranga e acompanhar o seu desenvolvimento. Recentemente, a lavra do minério residual e eluvial permitiu observações mais detalhadas do calcário não meteorizado, revelando sua extensão e riqueza em apatita. Pareceu então justificado sugerir à SERRANA SOCIEDADE ANÔNIMA DE MINERAÇÃO, concessionária do depósito, uma pesquisa preliminar da massa de carbonatito. Esse trabalho vem sendo executado de acordo com as recomendações do autor e consta de um levantamento a prancheta em escala 1:500 com intervalo de 1 metro entre curvas de níquel, coleta de aproximadamente 400 amostras na superfície do carbonatito, abertura de galerias de pesquisa e sondagens. Muitas centenas de análises químicas permitem a determinação exata dos teores dos principais elementos constituintes. Para os estudos mineralógicos foi examinada uma centena de lâminas delgadas e o resíduo insolúvel de 200 amostras de calcário. A granulação e a textura da rocha foi observada em algumas dezenas de amostras coloridas diferencialmente. Numerosos ensaios de cominuição, determinação dos teores nas frações granulométricas, de separação magnética e por líquidos pesados foram ainda realizados para a obtenção de elementos necessários aos estudos sobre processos de concentração industrial de apatita. Embora a pesquisa ainda não esteja concluída, seus resultados parciais são promissores. Verificou-se a existência de concentrações de apatita com dimensões de muitas dezenas de metros e teores acima de 15% de fosfato. Comprovou-se ainda grande tonelagem de calcário praticamente isento de sílica, com teor de magnésia inferior a 1.5%. Simultaneamente, as informações obtidas através dessa pesquisa permitem a caracterização da constituição química e litológica do carbonatito com precisão provavelmente superior à de qualquer ocorrência congênere.
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Proceso de tres etapas para la obtención y purificación de ficocianina procedente de microalgas del género Anabaena, caracterizado por ser escalable y tener un alto rendimiento. La primera etapa consiste en una ruptura celular mediante choque osmótico que libera el material citoplasmático, usando tampón de fosfatos. La segunda etapa utiliza una columna cromatográfica de adsorción en lecho expandido constituida por un intercambiador iónico como fase adsorbente. La tercera etapa es un proceso adicional cromatográfico en columna de intercambio iónico que utiliza como fase estacionaria un cambiador aniónico, funcionando en formato empaquetado. En condiciones óptimas, tras la segunda etapa se obtiene un rendimiento en torno al 87% de recuperación de ficocianina, mientras que tras la tercera etapa se obtiene un rendimiento global del proceso del 64% de ficocianina pura.
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En la presente investigaci?n se estudi? la din?mica de la generaci?n y captura de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en un humedal natural eutrofizado bajo condiciones tropicales denominado El Madrigal, ubicado en la vereda El Madrigal, del municipio de Riofr?o, Valle del Cauca. Con tal prop?sito se evalu? la variaci?n espacial de las emisiones de los GEI tales como metano (CH4), di?xido de carbono (CO2) y ?xido nitroso (N2O) y se estableci? su posible correlaci?n con par?metros de calidad de agua como pH, ox?geno disuelto, potencial de ?xido reducci?n, alcalinidad, fosfatos, nitratos entre otros y a su vez con el contenido de materia org?nica y nutrientes presente en los sedimentos. En este sentido, se determinaron y compararon las emisiones en cuatro puntos de muestreo establecidos en el humedal con caracter?sticas diferentes: P1 (Zona de intercambio de agua y sedimentos con R?o Cauca), P2 (Zona influenciada por actividades pisc?colas), P3 (Zona influenciada por vertimientos de aguas residuales y presencia de vegetaci?n) y P3A (Zona sin cobertura vegetal). En cada punto se realizaron mediciones de gases de efecto invernadero, par?metros in situ, calidad de agua y, sedimentos. Los valores de flux obtenidos evidenciaron que el humedal El Madrigal actu? como fuente y sumidero de gases de efecto invernadero durante todo el per?odo de muestreo. El punto P1 present? flux promedios de -1,96 ? 3,10 g.CH4.m-2 d-1; -0,12 ? 7,63 g.CO2.m-2 d-1 y 1,73 ? 5,75 mg.N2O.m-2 d-1. Para el caso del punto P2 se obtuvieron flux promedios de 0,898 ? 1,27 g.CH4.m-2 d-1; 1,03 ? 9,31 g.CO2.m-2 d-1 y -1,19 ? 5,08 mg.N2O.m-2 d-1. Por su parte el punto P3 evidenci? flux promedios de 3,08 ? 3,99 g.CH4.m-2 d-1; -2,74 ? 9,83 g.CO2.m-2 d-1 y 2,06 ? 5,20 mg.N2O.m-2 d-1. Por ?ltimo los flux promedios obtenidos para el punto P3A fueron 1,80 ? 6,89 g.CH4.m-2 d-1; 1,40 ? 8,40 g.CO2.m-2 d-1 y -1,24 ? 6,43 mg.N2O.m-2 d-1. Las pruebas estad?sticas indicaron que los flux de los gases de efecto invernadero estudiados presentaron una variaci?n espacial significativa entre los puntos muestreados. CH4 present? variaci?n entre los puntos P1, P2 y P3 (p<0.001 Mann-Whitney) y evidenci? similitudes entre los puntos P3A-P3 y P3A-P2 (p>0.05 Mann-Whitney). Para CO2 se evidenci? similitud para los flux obtenidos en los cuatro puntos (p>0.05 Mann-Whitney). Por su parte, para el ?xido nitroso tambi?n se present? un comportamiento similar en los cuatro puntos sin variaci?n significativa (p>0.05 Mann-Whitney). Con respecto a las relaciones entre los par?metros de calidad de agua, sedimentos y los flux de gases de efecto invernadero, se determin? que los par?metros con mayor influencia sobre la producci?n y consumo de CH4 CO2 y N2O fueron hierro f?rrico (Fe+3) Coeficiente Spearman = -73%), nitratos (NO3) (Coeficiente Spearman = -65%) y los nitritos (NO2) en sedimentos Coeficiente Spearman = 86%), respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio evidenciaron que la intervenci?n antr?pica contribuye al estado eutr?fico del ecosistema y este a su vez influencia la din?mica de producci?n y consumo de GEI favoreciendo el incremento en la generaci?n de estos, demandando medidas de manejo y control que permitan mitigar el impacto frente al cambio clim?tico
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Tese de doutoramento em Farmácia (Toxicologia), apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 2009.
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The increased longevity of humans and the demand for a better quality of life have led to a continuous search for new implant materials. Scientific development coupled with a growing multidisciplinarity between materials science and life sciences has given rise to new approaches such as regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The search for a material with mechanical properties close to those of human bone produced a new family of hybrid materials that take advantage of the synergy between inorganic silica (SiO4) domains, based on sol-gel bioactive glass compositions, and organic polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS ((CH3)2.SiO2)n, domains. Several studies have shown that hybrid materials based on the system PDMS-SiO2 constitute a promising group of biomaterials with several potential applications from bone tissue regeneration to brain tissue recovery, passing by bioactive coatings and drug delivery systems. The objective of the present work was to prepare hybrid materials for biomedical applications based on the PDMS-SiO2 system and to achieve a better understanding of the relationship among the sol-gel processing conditions, the chemical structures, the microstructure and the macroscopic properties. For that, different characterization techniques were used: Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, liquid and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, smallangle neutron scattering, surface area analysis by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Surface roughness and wettability were analyzed by 3D optical profilometry and by contact angle measurements respectively. Bioactivity was evaluated in vitro by immersion of the materials in Kokubos’s simulated body fluid and posterior surface analysis by different techniques as well as supernatant liquid analysis by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Biocompatibility was assessed using MG63 osteoblastic cells. PDMS-SiO2-CaO materials were first prepared using nitrate as a calcium source. To avoid the presence of nitrate residues in the final product due to its potential toxicity, a heat-treatment step (above 400 °C) is required. In order to enhance the thermal stability of the materials subjected to high temperatures titanium was added to the hybrid system, and a material containing calcium, with no traces of nitrate and the preservation of a significant amount of methyl groups was successfully obtained. The difficulty in eliminating all nitrates from bulk PDMS-SiO2-CaO samples obtained by sol-gel synthesis and subsequent heat-treatment created a new goal which was the search for alternative sources of calcium. New calcium sources were evaluated in order to substitute the nitrate and calcium acetate was chosen due to its good solubility in water. Preparation solgel protocols were tested and homogeneous monolithic samples were obtained. Besides their ability to improve the bioactivity, titanium and zirconium influence the structural and microstructural features of the SiO2-TiO2 and SiO2-ZrO2 binary systems, and also of the PDMS-TiO2 and PDMS-ZrO2 systems. Detailed studies with different sol-gel conditions allowed the understanding of the roles of titanium and zirconium as additives in the PDMS-SiO2 system. It was concluded that titanium and zirconium influence the kinetics of the sol-gel process due to their different alkoxide reactivity leading to hybrid xerogels with dissimilar characteristics and morphologies. Titanium isopropoxide, less reactive than zirconium propoxide, was chosen as source of titanium, used as an additive to the system PDMS-SiO2-CaO. Two different sol-gel preparation routes were followed, using the same base composition and calcium acetate as calcium source. Different microstructures with high hydrophobicit were obtained and both proved to be biocompatible after tested with MG63 osteoblastic cells. Finally, the role of strontium (typically known in bioglasses to promote bone formation and reduce bone resorption) was studied in the PDMS-SiO2-CaOTiO2 hybrid system. A biocompatible material, tested with MG63 osteoblastic cells, was obtained with the ability to release strontium within the values reported as suitable for bone tissue regeneration.
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The chemical changes in clay minerals has been widely studied in order to improve its properties for use in various applications. However kaolinite has strong hydrogen bonds between their adjacent layers hindering the process changes in its structure. With the objective to facilitate the process of intercalation monobasic potassium phosphate, bibasic potassium phosphate and potassium acetate we was performed on kaolinite heat treatment at 600 °C and activated acidic with phosphoric acid and 5 to 10 mol L-1. The samples they were characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTG) and the superficial and textural changes the samples with heat treatment and acid activation they were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Textural Analysis of Adsorption/desorption N2. With the help of the techniques found that, the heat treatment becomes more susceptible to acid activation kaolinite making the samples with two treatments show larger amounts of phosphorus. It was also found that bibasic potassium phosphate binds more strongly the structure of kaolinite by having a structure with two-coordinating oxygens and intercalation with potassium acetate in acid-activated kaolin increases the interlayer distance of the kaolinite and the intercalation occurs with higher response index (RI) for samples with acid activation to 5 mol /L.
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Marine Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) produce great volume of wastewater, which may be reutilized/recirculated or reutilized after undergoing different treatment/remediation methods, or partly discharged into neighbour water-bodies (DWW). Phosphates, in particular, are usually accumulated at high concentrations in DWW, both because its monitoring is not compulsory for fish production since it is not a limiting parameter, and also because there is no specific treatment so far developed to remove them, especially in what concerns saltwater effluents. As such, this work addresses two main scientific questions. One of them regards the understanding of the actual (bio)remediation methods applied to effluents produced in marine RAS, by identifying their advantages, drawbacks and gaps concerning their exploitation in saltwater effluents. The second one is the development of a new, innovative and efficient method for the treatment of saltwater effluents that potentially fulfil the gaps identified in the conventional treatments. Thereby, the aims of this thesis are: (i) to revise the conventional treatments targeting major contaminants in marine RAS effluents, with a particular focus on the bioremediation approaches already conducted for phosphates; (ii) to characterize and evaluate the potential of oyster-shell waste collected in Ria de Aveiro as a bioremediation agent of phosphates spiked into artificial saltwater, over different influencing factors (e.g., oyster-shell pre-treatment through calcination, particle size, adsorbent concentration). Despite the use of oyster-shells for phosphorous (P) removal has already been applied in freshwater, its biosorptive potential for P in saltwater was never evaluated, as far as I am aware. The results herein generated showed that NOS is mainly composed by carbonates, which are almost completely converted into lime (CaO) after calcination (COS). Such pre-treatment allowed obtaining a more reactive material for P removal, since higher removal percentages and adsorption capacity was observed for COS. Smaller particle size fractions for both NOS and COS samples also increased P removal. Kinetic models showed that NOS adsorption followed, simultaneously, Elovich and Intraparticle Difusion kinetic models, suggesting that P removal is both a diffusional and chemically rate-controlled process. The percentage of P removal by COS was not controlled by Intraparticle Diffusion and the Elovich model was the kinetic model that best fitted phosphate removal. This work demonstrated that waste oyster-shells, either NOS or COS, could be used as an effective biosorbent for P removal from seawater. Thereby, this biomaterial can sustain a cost-effective and eco-friendly bioremediation strategy with potential application in marine RAS.
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Starch has properties that make it one of the most studied biopolymers today. It is biodegradable, biocompatible, stable and non-toxic. This work has synthesis of starch and tapioca microparticles, through chemical modification by crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate agent in concentrations 7.5 and 15% (m / m). The amylose content was measured for starch and commercial cassava starch at 21.8% and 28.6%, respectively. According to the solubility index, processing in basic medium does not change the solubility of the material, but the addition of crosslinking agent increases this index, which changed from 12.8% for the control unprocessed, to 22.4% for the A5R15 sample. Soluble starch-based materials had a significant increase in the crosslinking density by increasing the concentration of crosslinker, from 1.4 in A5R7,5 sample, to 1.9 in A5R15. The cassava starch-based materials exhibited an opposite behavior: to increase the concentration of crosslinker crosslinking density decreased significantly in F5R7.5 from 2.9, to 1.9 in F5R15 sample. The point of zero charge (PZC) shows that below pH 4 the surface is positively charged. The surface area data is between 3,04 and 1,15 m2.g-1. The pore volume between 2.94 and 1.33 cm3.g-1 and pore size around 1.5 nm. The SEM indicates uneven distribution of microparticles, which are smooth, with no ridges. The maximum adsorption capacity of the materials were tested at pH 7.7 and for A5R15 and CA sample, at pH 2, 5, 6 and 9. It is noted that the processing in basic medium reduces the adsorption capacity of CA and CF in respect fo A and F. The adsorption in A5R15 sample has great dependency on the pH, reaching a value of 587 μg.g-1 in pH 7.7. The samples A5R15 and F5R7,5 adsorbed similar amounts, according to the statistical analysis, and significantly higher than their respective controls and showed lower desorption, indicating that the modification process was effective to control the release of methylene blue. The infrared spectra not show the characteristic bands of the phosphate bonds to the material formed, however, developments in hydroxyl characteristic band suggest modification in the way this group was linked after the reaction. After adsorption, the infrared spectra show different format in the band of hydroxyl. PCA analysis shows that the greatest changes observed in the IR spectra are observed in the region of 3500 cm-1. Thermal analysis showed three thermal events related to dehydration and material degradation. It is observed that the processing increases the temperature to the first mass loss, fixed at 12%, but not observed increased stability due to the presence of crosslinker or process.
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The system in-Ceram Alumina, produced by VITA, consists in a technique of prepare of a substructure of ceramics to dental crowns. First burning is made in the alumina decanted by slip casting process under a stone die that reproduces the tooth prepared to receive a crown. In a second burning, alumina is infiltrated by vitreous system, giving to this set a high mechanic resistance. In this work, it s made a study of the composition of a new infiltrating material more used nowadays, giving to alumina desirable mechanics proprieties to its using like substructure of support to ceramic s crown used in the market today. The addition of Lanthanum oxide (frit A) and calcium oxide (frit B) was made in attempt to increase the viscosity of LZSA and to reduce fusion temperature. The frits were put over samples of alumina and took to the tubular oven to 1400ºC under vacuum for two groups (groups 1 and 2). For another two groups (groups 3 and 4) it was made a second infiltration, following the same parameters of the first. A fifth group was utilized like group of control where the samples of pure alumina were not submitted to any infiltrating process. Glasses manifested efficient both in quality and results of analysis of mechanic resistance, being perfectly compatible with oral environment in this technical requisite. The groups that made a second infiltration had he best results of fracture toughness, qualify the use in the oral cavity in this technical question. The average of results achieved for mechanic resistance to groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were respectively 98 MPa, 90 MPa, 144 MPa, 236 MPa and 23 MPa
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Energias Renováveis e Gestão de Energia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014
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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Hortofruticultura e Viticultura - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Qualidade e Segurança Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL
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The technique of surface coating using magnetron sputtering is one of the most widely used in the surface engineering, for its versatility in obtaining different films as well as in the micro / nanometric thickness control. Among the various process parameters, those related to the active species of the plasma are of the most fundamental importance in the mechanism and kinetics of deposition. In order to identify the active species of the plasma, parameters such as gas flow, pressure and density of electric power were varied during titanium coating on glass substrate. By flowing argon gas of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 sccm (cubic centimeters per minute) for each gas flow a sequential scan of the electric current of 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 , 0.50 A. The maximum value of 0.50 A was chosen based both on literature data and on limitations of the equipment. The monitoring of plasma species present during the deposition was carried out in situ by the technique of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) through the spectrometer Ocean Optics USB2000 Series. For this purpose, an apparatus was developed to adapt the OES inside the plasma reactor to stay positioned closest to the target. The radiations emitted by the species were detected by an optical fiber placed behind the glass substrate and their intensities as a function of wavelength were, displayed on a monitor screen. The acquisition time for each condition of the plain parameters was related to the minima of spectral lines intensities due to the film formed on the substrate. The intensities of different emission lines of argon and titanium were then analyzed as a function of time, to determine the active species and estimate the thickness of the deposited films. After the deposition, the coated glasses thin films were characterized by optical transmittance through an infrared laser. It was found that the thickness and deposition rate determined by in situ analysis were consistent with the results obtained by laser transmittance