ONGs no Brasil: um estudo sobre suas características e fatores que têm induzido seu crescimento

Esse trabalho busca identificar as principais características assumidas pelas organizações não-governamentais (ONGs) brasileiras e os fatores que têm contribuído para o expressivo crescimento dessas organizações observado nas duas últimas décadas. A tese aqui defendida é de que elas foram legitimadas pela sociedade, à despeito da nebulosidade que envolve suas práticas. Partindo da constatação de que o termo é polissêmico e de que não há um marco legal consolidado para delimitar claramente o que é uma ONG, a pesquisa adotou um universo bem específico: as ONGs filiadas à Associação Brasileira de Organizações Não-Governamentais (ABONG), sediadas no município do Rio de Janeiro. As características assumidas pelas organizações pesquisadas foram levantadas em entrevistas com seus dirigentes, visitas às suas sedes e nos documentos institucionais disponibilizados. Também foram entrevistados formadores de opinião da sociedade carioca. O levantamento de dados contou ainda com uma revisão da literatura disponível. Foi utilizada a Teoria das Representações Sociais para um melhor entendimento da relação que a sociedade estabeleceu com as ONGs. A tese revela que as características assumidas pelas ONGs são bastante diferenciadas. Sobre os fatores que têm induzido o crescimento dessas organizações, verifica-se uma significativa relação com a redução da atuação do Estado. São também apontados a existência de uma legislação inadequada, as facilidades oferecidas pelas parcerias estabelecidas, a imagem predominantemente positiva na sociedade, a falta de fiscalização e as crescentes demandas sociais do país destacam-se como possíveis indutores da expansão dessas organizações.

Uma análise dos efeitos da regulação do setor de microfinanças brasileiro: o caso das Sociedades de Crédito ao Microempreendedor

The purpose of this work is to analyze the process of regulation of the sector of microfinance in Brazil, based on the regulation of the Societies of Credit to Microentrepreneurs - SCMs, the only specialized institucional form in microfinance in the National Financial System, and that, in sight of this, has its performance regulated and supervised by the Brazilian Central Bank. The regulation of the SCMs has been one of the strategies adopted by the Federal Government in our country to stimulate the generation of job and income for the population that usually is excluded from the traditional financial system, for the microentrepreneurs, who have difficulties in getting financing for its productive activities at the traditional financial institutions. However, despite the governmental measures that have been taken in the direction to try to stimulate the sector of microfinance in our country, it is considered that the current model of regulation based on the regulation of the SCMs presents obstacles that must be surpassed in order to reach the objective to facilitate the access of the formal credit to the microentrepreneurs.

O impacto de reestruturação e privatização na gestão integrada do setor de energia elétrica: análise do setor a partir da abordagem de redes

The Brazilian energetic sector is passing through deep transformations. The restructure is mainly characterized by the passage from a vertical and centrally coordinated system, in hands of the State, to a more horizontal one, with characteristics of a network, in which organizations, such as the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), the new regulator entity, the Wholesaler Market of Electric Energy (MAE), the National Operator of Electric System (ONS), Eletrobrás and the National Bank of Economic and Social Development (BNDES) are designated as the principals integrators of the system. The objective of the present work was to analyze the influence of the privatization and restructuring processes in the integration of the Brazilian system of electric energy. The analysis was based on the instruments offered by the network approach. The results of the research show that the Brazilian sector of electric energy cannot be considered as a highly integrated network. In this new horizontal configuration, the social actors are affirming its roles, functions and objectives, while the key-organization like ANEEL, ONS, MAE, Eletrobrás, and BNDES are being structured to strengthen its integrative role.

A reforma do estado e a crise no setor de energia elétrica: uma visão crítica do caso brasileiro

This study tried to describe the State reform in the Brazilian energetic sector and how the energetic crises of 2001 influenced this process. With this purpose, two kinds of research were done: a bibliographic and some interviews. Many authors were studied to find out the construction of the State role in the Brazilian energetic sector. The interviews were done with nine specialists trying to confirm some positive and negative characteristics of the two models (1998 and 2004) and the causes of the crises studied in the bibliographic research. In addition, the specialists were consulted to tell their opinion about the State role in the sector. Then this study found out that the State must find an optimal size: not too small like in the first model (1998) that lacked a planning agent for the sector; nor too large as the State doesn't have enough money for the required investments of this sector.

Obtenção de crescente eficiência e eficácia no fluxo de informações entre a Caixa e os órgãos governamentais na área de fomento - habitação e saneamento - do setor público e com aplicação de recursos do FGTS

o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o Fluxo de Informações entre a CAIXA e os outros órgãos do Governo, na área de Fomento - Habitação e Saneamento, do Setor Público e com aplicação dos recursos do FGTS, e propor soluções que visem melhorar sua eficiência e eficácia, procurando dar maior transparência ao processo. Na realização do trabalho, foram selecionadas para análise as seguintes categorias: Capacidade de Pessoal, Sistema de Informação, Estrutura Organizacional e a questão Habitacional. A análise dos dados tomou possível propor o desenvolvimento de um sistema, que através de um modelo descentralizado, permita o tratamento das informações de forma mais eficiente e eficaz.

Desafios que enfrenta a ANP para regular a indústria de petróleo no Brasil depois da quebra do monopólio em 1997 ate o ano de 2005

This work is analyzing the challenges which the National Petrol Agency is facing to regulate the Petrol industry in Brazil after the Monopoly crash in the period between 1997 until 2005. Due to the necessities of adaptation of its political strategies to the rules which determine the international economic flows, Brazil was forced to use the Economic Regulation in order to control the market. The regulation established in Brazil is not indifferent to imperfect markets. Thus can be find a conflict of interests among companies, the government and consumers within this process of regulation. The established agency does not have enough autonomy for administrating a regulation. The State with its paternalism power does not allow the agency to fulfill its function for which it was established, even though its function was established by law. A regulating policy which is clearly defined will establish a strong and independent agency with a clear limitation of its competences, avoiding divergent interpretation which prioritizes investments and promotes economic development. The agency will have the challenge to regulate the companies that enter the sector, allowing the opening of the market for new initiatives of investments which contribute to the welfare of the country and breaking at the same time the monopoly that is lead by Petrobras since 1953. Combining a stable set of rules with agility in order to adapt to changes will provide the regulator with a great decision-making power. The flexibility in the regulation will improve the correcting of the rules that were set in the beginning, being more efficient, which are based on acquired experience and achieved results. The structure of the agency and the flexibility of the regulation should be orientated on the promotion of competition in order to achieve economic and social development.

O planejamento estratégico na Marinha do Brasil: o caso das organizações militares prestadoras de serviços

Public Management has been faced with a challenge in improving quality of its services to atendent a citizen each day more concerned and self-conscient of his rights. One of major tools used abroad is strategic planning, although its has been designed for a private sector where the focus is profit its been used in the public sector for improving efficiency. Our focus was the Brazilian Navy, especially the Service-Deliver Military Organization (OMPS),who has been using strategic planning searching for continous improving of internal practices. Strategic planning, originated in Military field, has improved its use in the private sector, especially in United States, after the Second World War when it reached 85% of all american private industry. Some of the concepts and models of strategic planning are reviewed, including some criticism and questioning of its aplicability in the public sector, who, by the way, have serious limitations, like: 1) legal matters (separation of powers); 2) citizen dependency - actions are taken in a vote-profits bases; and 3) burocratic culture, including resistency for changes. Our primary target was to investigated the validity of the strategic planning tool in the Brazilian Navy, searching for define the profile and the comittment of all actors involved in the process, comparing teory and practice. The survey used in the search was individual and anonimous using Likert scale of four options, where each respondent shown his percepetion of the strategic planning used in each of the two investigated organizations All data are shown in the appendices and the results pointed for a non-coerency of the speech and pratice of strategic planning and its models in the analised organizations.

Políticas públicas de segurança do Brasil e da Argentina: uma abordagem sobre os acordos de integração policial entre as unidades federativas do Codesul e da Crecenea-Litoral

Essa dissertação objetiva identificar até que ponto o acordo firmado entre o Codesul e a Crecenea-Litoral para integração do Sistema de Segurança Pública foi executado. A obra apresenta teorias sobre a origem do Estado e da Sociedade e procura relacionar esse assunto, em linhas gerais, com as problemáticas da Segurança Pública. Aborda questões relacionadas aos direitos e garantias individuais dos cidadãos. Mostra a estrutura da organização da Segurança Pública no Brasil e na Argentina e também faz considerações sobre a integração policial entre o Codesul e a Crecenea-Litoral. A metodologia utilizada privilegiou a pesquisa de campo. O estudo concluiu que a integração do Sistema de Segurança Pública entre o Codesul e a Crecenea-Litoral se encontra em uma fase embrionária. A vivência social, a praxe operacional e administrativa nos trabalhos policiais, das duas regiões, revelam que as políticas públicas no setor de segurança pública e principalmente no que se refere a integração policial são insignificantes.

Evolução setorial e trajetórias tecnológicas em nível de empresas na indústria de celulose e papel no Brasil (1970 - 2004): contexto da política de substituição de importações à competição globalizada

Accordingly, a variety of firms's technological capabilities studies, the literature recently is still lacking about the dynamic of sector evolution and technological development in inter-firm and their implication for technical and economical financial performance. More lacking is the research catching up the evolution of industrial sectors after the institutional reforms in the 90. For that, the focus of the dissertation is to analyze the main of the evolution of the pulp and paper industry from 1970 to 2004, using as reference points the import-substitution policy and the economic deregulation of the 1990s. Futhermore, the work tries to evaluate how such changes at industry level have been perceived from a firm point of view in terms of accumulation of technological capabilities and improvement of economic financial performance. This linkage is tested and examined in the following firms: Aracruz (Barra do Riacho establishment ), Klabin (Monte Alegre establishment) e Votorantim Celulose e Papel ¿ VCP (Jacareí establishment), defining the same time period of sectoral level. As far as the industry level study is concerned, it is based on the average rate of annual growth of some selected variables, given that the technological capabilities test is performed according to the methodology already existing in the literature, but properly adapted to the pulp and paper case. Similarly, the analysis regarding the improvement of the economic financial performance is based on a set of industry specific indicators. Hence, the work is built upon multiple case studies, taking into account both the qualitative and quantitative evidence, i.e. interviews, direct observations, as well as firm reports. Finally, it is worth emphasizing as the analysis of the changes in the sector, in conjunction with the above mentioned methodology used to measure the technological capabilities in the context of an evolving industrial regime, is still lacking in emerging economies as well as in Brazil. According to the empirical evidence, the reforms of the 1990s had a positive impact on the industrial development, from both the national and international viewpoint. Such a transformation was evident at firm level in terms of accumulation of technological capabilities and improvement of economic financial indicators. Indeed, the results show that the speed of accumulation of technological capabilities within the firms influences positively the performance indicators. On the other hand, these are also related to external factors, such as the macroeconomic conditions, which as such have not been considered in details.

Políticas públicas no setor de turismo: utopia ou realidade?

Este trabalho pretende mostrar que a implementação de políticas públicas no setor de turismo não é utopia, e sim um instrumento essencial à dinamização deste segmento tão promissor e rentável, que no mundo todo vem apresentando resultados surpreendentes, e que pode contribuir de forma significativa para o desenvolvimento de uma região. Para auferir os dividendos da indústria do turismo é primordial que sejam realizados investimentos no setor, de modo a oferecer as condições básicas para que o mesmo possa se expandir. Estas condições vão desde a infra-estrutura básica até a capacitação da mão-de-obra local. Cabe aqui destacar que é fundamental também que se dê incentivos fiscais e monetários para atrair investidores. E, estas, são ações que cabem, fundamentalmente, à iniciativa governamental. Uma análise comparativa entre o desempenho da indústria do turismo no mundo, no Brasil e na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, pretendeu-se provar que nas circunstâncias atuais, a elaboração e a implementação de políticas públicas são essenciais para a expansão do setor de turismo, e que este é certamente um próspero caminho a ser trilhado pelo nosso país e pela nossa cidade, considerando o enorme potencial turístico de ambos, rumo ao desenvolvimento econômico-social.

Investimento na Preservação do Meio Ambiente no Setor de Cosméticos: Relevância Atribuída pelos clientes de o Boticário e sua percepção quanto à conduta da Empresa

In spite of the environmental consumerism in Brazil not to meet in levels as advanced as in Europe and in the United States, some sectors are emerging as precursors of environmental relationships with their markets. Cosmetic's sector is one of them. This study discusses the subject of the ethical consumerism, especially the environmental one. It is focused in the consumer-citizen's context, more specifically in the consumer of a company of cosmetic's sector in Rio de Janeiro. To carry out this study, we chose a company that clearly assumed its commitment with the investment in the preservation of the environment: O Boticário. Initially, we investigated the relevance attributed by the customers of O Boticário to the investment accomplished in the search by the preservation of the environment by companies of this sector, comparing these results with the importance that has been imputed by the customers to traditional attributes of the Marketing. Later, we have analyzed these customers' perception in respect of the investment accomplished by the company in the search for the preservation of the environment. In the preliminary phase of the research, fourteen customers of O Boticário were interviewed. A structured questionnaire was applied to 90 respondents that have declared themselves customers of the mentioned company. The information were treated with descriptive statistics. The software employed has been the SPSS 10.0. Although the field research has indicated the characteristics of the product as priority for the consumer, the relevance attributed to the investment of the company in the search for the preservation of the environment was considered significant, with more prominence than some attributes traditionally judged as attributes-key of the Marketing. However, this apparent sensibility for the environmental subject doesn't seem to influence in search of information on environmental conduct of cosmetics' companies. In fact, a great deal of customers of O Boticário has declared that they have been unknowing about the conduct in favor of the environment on the part of the company, and a number, even larger, was not aware of the existence of the Fundação O Boticário de Proteção à Natureza.

Políticas públicas para radiodifusão e imprensa: ação e omissão do estado no Brasil pós-1964

The press and the State had developed, in Brazil, a relation of interdependence. Press and broadcasting corporations depend on state money for its survival and politicians depend on the press and the exposition in the media to communicate with their electorate. This relation of proximity affects the elaboration of public policies for the sector. This study analyzes public policies for broadcasting and the press since 1964, when it was established in the country the military regimen, a mark of a deep reform in the Communications. Public policies are debated in line with two dimensions - one relative to the infrastructure needed by the Communications, and another referring to the content of information. Our conclusion clarifies the urgency of a revision in the laws that regulate the media, many of which are not applicable anymore, and questions the independence of Brazilian parliamentarians to proceed with the necessary reforms and to the discussion about new public policies for the sector.

Comércio internacional, politica comercial brasileira e a atuação da Câmara de Comércio Exterior (CAMEX) na condução das políticas para o setor

The proposal of this study is to present an assessment of the performance of the Brazilian Government Chamber of Foreign Trade (Camex), which is a board of the Council of Government responsible for the formulation, implementation and coordination of the Brazilian trade policy. The study begins with a historical approach to the international trade and the Brazilian foreign trade, mentioning its origins, features and interfaces with the economic development of the country. Based on the approach aforementioned, several interviews were made with authorities, who have remarkable knowledge about the subject, in order to obtain their views, experiences and suggestions concerning the performance of Camex since its creation in 1995. The list of interviewees includes authorities that are currently responsibles for the conduct of the policy on foreign trade, representatives of the organized society, and authorities who were in important positions in this segment of the federal public administration, regarding both the Minister of State, as Director of Cacex and the Executive Secretary of Camex. The conclusions of the study indicate that the Camex has not been succeeding in fully exercise its mandate of formulate, implement and coordinate the foreign trade policy of Brazil. A combination of factors contributes to this situation, especially its small strutcure, the fact that some ministries compete in the segment of foreign trade ¿don't understand¿ Chamber¿s real purpose, and, at last, the absence of a political mandate"(words taken from Motta Veiga) that would fortify its existing legal mandate. Finally, the study suggests some changes in the current organizational modeling of Camex, especially in its hierarchical position in the federal public administration."

Planejando o país do futuro à luz da cidadania: planejamento participativo no setor elétrico brasileiro

Este trabalho investiga o planejamento participativo como resultado da confluência de valores contemporâneos ligados aos conceitos de democracia e cidadania, que, ao mesmo tempo, atendem a exigências de sobrevivência e competitividade empresarial em um setor essencial de alto impacto ambiental, como o setor elétrico. Partindo de uma leitura relacional de poder na sociedade, o texto busca tecer o cenário que condicionou a aparente unanimidade do discurso participativo. Descreve o setor elétrico brasileiro e seus primeiros passos no sentido de se adequar às demandas democráticas e ambientais pela via do planejamento.

Avaliação do estágio de desenvolvimento da responsabilidade social no Banco Central do Brasil

This study examines the corporate social responsibility (CSR) theme in Central Bank of Brazil (Bacen). The CSR movement is growing worldwide and it is related to values such as sustainability, ethics and transparency to the stakeholders. The study was performed in two parts. The first part consists of a bibliography research on the origins, the concept and the practice relating to CSR in the contemporary organizational environment. In the second part - field research - the Central Bank's Board of Directors and representatives of Ibase and Ethos Institute were interviewed and the content analysis method - a qualitative research method - was used in the interpretation of information obtained. The analysis of the interviews shows that the Board is receptive to the CSR development and that they consider the accomplishment of Central Bank's institutional mission fundamental in this process. The participation of the Bank's personnel and the incorporation of the CSR principles into the day-to-day practice are also considered necessary. Finally, one hundred indicators - based on the Ethos CSR Indicators - are proposed to evaluate the stage of development of social responsibility in Bacen on the following subjects: Values, Transparency and Governance; Internal Public; Natural Environment, Suppliers and Society. In summary, this study aims to contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of corporate social responsibility and the best practices in the public sector, particularly in Central Bank of Brazil.