Quantitative Determination of Dimethylaminoethanol in Cosmetic Formulations by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic method was validated for the quantitative determination of dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) in cosmetic formulations. The linearity in the range from 0.5000 to 1.5000 g (DMAE salt/mass maleic acid) presents a correlation coefficient > 0.99 for all DMAE salts. The repeatability (intraday), expressed as relative standard deviation, ranged from 1.08 to 1.44% for samples and 1.31 to 1.88% for raw materials. The detection limit and quantitation limit were 0.0017 and 0.0051 g for DMAE, 0.0018 and 0.0054 g for DMAE bitartrate, and 0.0023 and 0.0071 g for DMAE acetamidobenzoate, respectively. The proposed method is simple, precise, and accurate and can be used in the quality control of raw materials and cosmetic gels containing these compounds as active substances.

Mercury speciation in seafood samples by LC-ICP-MS with a rapid ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure: Application to the determination of mercury in Brazilian seafood samples

This paper describes a simple method for mercury speciation in seafood samples by LC-ICP-MS with a fast sample preparation procedure. Prior to analysis, mercury species were extracted from food samples with a solution containing mercaptoethanol, L-cysteine and HCl and sonication for 15 min. Separation of mercury species was accomplished in less than 5 min on a C8 reverse phase column with a mobile phase containing 0.05%-v/v mercaptoethanol, 0.4% m/v L-cysteine and 0.06 mol L(-1) ammonium acetate. The method detection limits were found to be 0.25, 0.20 and 0.1 ng g(-1) for inorganic mercury, ethylmercury and methylmercury, respectively. Method accuracy is traceable to Certified Reference Materials (DOLT-3 and DORM-3) from the National Research Council Canada (NRCC). With the proposed method there is a considerable reduction of the time of sample preparation. Finally, the method was applied for the speciation of mercury in seafood samples purchased from the Brazilian market. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Endemic and opportunistic infections in Brazilian solid organ transplant recipients

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequency and clinical features of endemic and other opportunistic infections in liver or kidney transplant recipients in four transplant centres in different geographical areas of Brazil. METHODS Retrospective analysis of medical and laboratory records of four transplant centres on endemic and other opportunistic infections in liver or kidney transplant recipients. Analyses were performed with spss statistical software. RESULTS From 2001 to 2006, 1046 kidney and 708 liver transplants were registered in all centres. The average age was 42 years. Among 82 (4.7%) cases with infections, the most frequent was tuberculosis (2.0%), followed by systemic protozoal infections (0.7%), toxoplasmosis (0.4%) and visceral leishmaniasis (0.3%). Systemic fungal infections occurred in 0.6%, of which 0.4% were cryptococcosis and 0.2% were histoplasmosis. Dengue was the only systemic viral infection and was registered in two cases (0.1%), of which one was classified as the classic form and the other as dengue haemorrhagic fever. Nocardiosis was described in one case (0.05%). The infectious agents most frequently associated with diarrhoea were Blastocystis sp., Schistosoma mansoni and Strongyloides stercoralis. CONCLUSIONS Opportunistic Infections in transplant patients have a wide spectrum and may vary from asymptomatic to severe infections with high mortality. A better understanding of the epidemiology of endemic pathogens and clinical manifestations can contribute to the establishment of an early diagnosis as well as correct treatment aimed at decreasing morbidity and mortality.

The Bone Histology Spectrum in Experimental Renal Failure: Adverse Effects of Phosphate and Parathyroid Hormone Disturbances

Bone disease is a common disorder of bone remodeling and mineral metabolism, which affects patients with chronic kidney disease. Minor changes in the serum level of a given mineral can trigger compensatory mechanisms, making it difficult to evaluate the role of mineral disturbances in isolation. The objective of this study was to determine the isolated effects that phosphate and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on bone tissue in rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to parathyroidectomy and 5/6 nephrectomy or were sham-operated. Rats were fed diets in which the phosphate content was low, normal, or high. Some rats received infusion of PTH at a physiological rate, some received infusion of PTH at a supraphysiological rate, and some received infusion of vehicle only. All nephrectomized rats developed moderate renal failure. High phosphate intake decreased bone volume, and this effect was more pronounced in animals with dietary phosphate overload that received PTH infusion at a physiological rate. Phosphate overload induced hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and changes in bone microarchitecture. PTH at a supraphysiological rate minimized the phosphate-induced osteopenia. These data indicate that the management of uremia requires proper control of dietary phosphate, together with PTH adjustment, in order to ensure adequate bone remodeling.

Comparison of pelvic floor muscle strength between women undergoing vaginal delivery, cesarean section, and nulliparae using a perineometer and digital palpation

Objectives. To compare pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength between women undergoing vaginal delivery, cesarean section, and nulliparae, investigating the factors associated with PFM strength, and observing the correlation between vaginal digital palpation and use of a perineometer. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 31 women following vaginal delivery, 30 women following cesarean section, and 30 nulliparous women. PFM strength was measured by vaginal digital palpation and use of a perineometer. Multiple linear regression analysis with adjustment for covariables was used to compare the mean PFM strength and identify its associated factors. Results. The mean PFM strength of women undergoing vaginal delivery and cesarean section was 25.6 +/- 14.5 cmH(2)O and 39.6 +/- 22.0 cmH(2)O (p < 0.01, adjusted for covariables), respectively. A correlation was observed between measurements of PFM strength obtained by vaginal digital palpation and use of a perineometer (tau = 0.82; p < 0.01). The non-white race/ethnicity was negatively associated with PFM strength (coefficient: -10.2424; p = 0.02). Conclusions. A lower PFM strength was observed in women with a history of vaginal delivery compared to those undergoing cesarean section. Non-white race/ethnicity negatively affected PFM strength. Our data suggest that vaginal digital palpation may be used in clinical practice because of its expressive correlation with use of a perineometer.

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the salivary glands of the tick Amblyomma cajennense (Acari : Ixodidae)

The neotropical tick Amblyomma cajennense is a significant pest to domestic animals, the most frequently human-biting tick in South America and the main vector of Brazilian spotted fever (caused by Rickettsia rickettsii), a deadly human disease. The purpose of this study is to characterize the adult A. cajennense salivary gland transcriptome by expressed sequence tags (ESTs). We report the analysis of 1754 clones obtained from a cDNA library, which reveal mainly transcripts related to proteins involved in the hemostatic processes, especially proteases and their inhibitors. Remarkably, five types of possible serine protease inhibitors were found, including a molecule with a distinguished structure that contains repeats of the active motif of hirudin inhibitors. Besides, other components that may be active over the host immune system or acting as defensins against infecting microorganisms were also described, including a molecule similar to insect venom allergens. The conjunction of components from this transcriptome suggests a diverse strategy of A. cajennense tick during feeding, but emphasized in the coagulation system. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Progressive recovery of osseoperception as a function of the combination of implant-supported prostheses

The extraction of teeth involves the elimination of extremely sensitive periodontal mechanoreceptors, which play an important role in oral sensory perception. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery of interocclusal sensory perception for micro-thickness in individuals with different types of implant-supported prostheses. Materials and Methods: Wearers of complete dentures (CDs) comprised the negative control group (group A, n=17). The experimental group consisted of wearers of prostheses supported by osseointegrated implants (Group B, n=29), which was subsequently divided into 4 subgroups: B(1) (n=5) - implant supported overdentures (ISO) occluding with CD; B(2) (n=6) - implant-supported fixed prostheses (ISFP) occluding with CD; B3 (n=8) - wearers of maxillary and mandibular ISFP, and B(4) (n=10) - ISFP occluding with natural dentition (ND). Individuals with ND represented the positive control group (Group C, n=24). Aluminum foils measuring 10 mu m, 24 mu m, 30 mu m, 50 mu m, 80 mu m, and 104 mu m thickness were placed within the premolar area, adding up to 120 tests for each individual. Results: The mean tactile thresholds of groups A, B(1), B(2), B(3), B(4), and C were 92 mu m, 27 mu m, 27 mu m, 14 mu m, 10 mu m, and 10 mu m, respectively. [Correction added after publication online 18 April 2008: in the preceding sentence 92 mu m, 27 mu m, 14 mu m, 10 mu m and 10 mu m, was corrected to 92 mu m, 27 mu m, 27 mu m, 14 mu m, 10 mu m and 10 mu m.] The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant difference among groups (P < 0.05). The Dunn test revealed that group A was statistically different from groups C, B(3), and B(4), and that B(1) and B(2) were statistically different from group C. Conclusion: Progressive recovery of osseoperception as a function of the combination of implant-supported prostheses could be observed. Moreover, ISO and/or ISFP combinations may similarly maximize the recovery of osseoperception.

Estudo Químico-Biológico de Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers (Bignoniaceae)

Este trabalho descreve a investigação química e biológica do extrato bruto e das partições hexano e acetato de etila, das folhas de Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers, popularmente conhecida como “cipó de São João”. P. venusta é classificada botanicamente como uma liana de porte mediano, tendo como característica uma exuberante floração vermelha, e por isso, sendo utilizada como planta ornamental. Essa planta possui uma larga utilização na medicina popular, sendo utilizada no tratamento de vitiligo, diarreia, bronquite, resfriado, icterícia e infecções. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar as classes de metabólitos secundários presentes, avaliar o potencial antioxidante das amostras de P. vesnuta (extrato bruto, frações acetato de etila e hexano), quantificar o teor de flavonoides no extrato bruto, verificar a segurança do uso dessa planta, em termos de viabilidade celular (VC) frente à macrófagos murinos (RAW 264.7) (ensaio de imunotoxicidade). Adicionalmente os resultados de viabilidade celular foram comparados com quatro compostos anti-inflamatórios comerciais (ácido acetilsalicílico, indometacina, betametasona e piroxicam), e testar o extrato bruto quanto à inibição de catepsinas K e V. Os testes de identificação fitoquímica confirmaram a presença de flavonoides, cumarinas e esteroides nas amostras. A metodologia cromatográfica associada à análises por espectrometria de massas, levou a identificação dos compostos: fitol (1), sitosterol (2), estigmasterol (3) e campesterol (4). O extrato bruto demonstrou ter atividade inibitória frente as duas catepsinas testadas (K e V). A fração acetato de etila foi a que apresentou maior atividade antioxidante nas metodologias de inibição do radical DPPH (IC50 38,62 μg/mL) e radical ABTS (IC50 27,58 μg/mL). O teor de flavonoides total para o extrato bruto foi de 148,5±7,65 μg/mg (14,85 % (m/m)), o que justifica a observada atividade antioxidante, já que estes possuem atividade antioxidante. As amostras de P. venusta obtiveram valores de VC maiores do que os anti-inflamatórios comerciais, estes apresentaram VC abaixo do controle negativo, assim como o extrato bruto e a fração acetato de etila, a fração hexano obteve valores acima do controle negativo, sendo estes os maiores resultados de VC entre as amostras de P. venusta.

Nitrogen fertilization of coffee: organic compost and Crotalaria juncea L.

Information concerning the response of coffee to organic fertilizers is scarce. This study evaluates the effect of different doses of compost and Crotalaria juncea L. on growth, production and nitrogen nutrition of coffee trees. The treatments consisted of compost at rates of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended fertilization, with or without the aerial part of C. juncea. C. juncea was grown with NH4-N (2% 15N) and applied to coffee. The use of C. juncea increased growth in height and diameter of the coffee canopy. In the first year, the percentage of N derived from C. juncea reached 8.5% at seven months and 4.1% at fifteen months after fertilization. In the second year, the percentage of N derived from C. juncea reached 17.9% N at the early harvest, five months after fertilization. Increased rates of compost increased pH , P , K , Ca , Mg , sum of bases , effective CEC, base saturation and organic matter and reduced potential acidity. 15N allowed the identification of the N contribution from C. juncea with percentage of leaf N derived from Crotalaria juncea from 9.2 to 17.9%.

Eficiência dos gastos municipais em saúde e educação: uma investigação através da análise envoltória no estado do Rio de Janeiro

Este artigo analisa a eficiência dos gastos públicos nos municípios fluminenses no período 1999/2000, por meio da aplicação da análise envoltória de dados. O estudo adota os indicadores sociais e de gastos municipais das seguintes áreas temáticas da realidade social: educação e cultura; saúde e saneamento. O artigo apresenta uma revisão de várias aplicações de DEA no campo das políticas públicas e, em seguida, os indicadores e modelos propostos para análise da eficiência dos gastos sociais. Aplicou-se o modelo BCC da DEA, com orientação output, isto é, visando maximizar os outputs sem diminuir os inputs. Foram selecionados indicadores de despesas per capita com educação e cultura e com saúde e saneamento como inputs do modelo em questão. Já as variáveis "candidatas" a outputs foram definidas como: taxa de alfabetização de 10 a 14 anos; proporção de domicílios particulares permanentes com esgotamento sanitário adequado; proporção de domicílios particulares permanentes com saneamento adequado; o inverso da taxa de mortalidade por causas hídricas; a proporção de crianças de dois a cinco anos matriculadas em creches ou escolas de educação infantil. O artigo destaca como "boas práticas", no que se refere à eficiência das políticas públicas, pelos resultados que alcançam em termos do que alocam como recursos ou pelas condições de renda média, os municípios de São Gonçalo, Japeri, Queimados, Cantagalo, São João de Meriti e Resende.

Uniformidade de massa no fraccionamento de comprimidos de varfarina

Apesar da importância reconhecida da dispensa de medicamentos em unidose a nível hospitalar, em determinadas situações as apresentações comerciais disponíveis não oferecem alternativa à terapêutica desejada. Deste modo, surge por parte dos Serviços Farmacêuticos Hospitalares a necessidade de proceder à manipulação de alguns medicamentos. Uma dessas situações prende-se com a necessidade de fraccionamento de algumas formas orais sólidas. Todavia, embora o fraccionamento de comprimidos seja uma prática frequente, não só para obter doses não comercializadas como também para permitir titular o regime posológico ou facilitar a deglutição, este nem sempre é recomendável. Um dos problemas associados ao fraccionamento de comprimidos prende-se com as perdas com possam ocorrer durante o processo, levando a que a dosagem efectivamente dispensada não seja coincidente com a efectivamente esperada. Segundo a Farmacopeia Portuguesa (FP VIII), em comprimidos com massa até 80 mg, após pesagem de 20 unidades e determinação do seu peso médio, não mais de 2 unidades podem afastar-se 10% do peso médio e nenhuma unidade se pode afastar mais de 20%. Assim sendo, tal condição assume particular importância quando se procede ao fraccionamento de medicamentos contendo fármacos com margem terapêutica estreita. Um desses casos associa-se à varfarina. Usada como anticoagulante oral, a varfarina é comercializada em comprimidos com uma dosagem de 5 mg. A sua dose inicial em adultos é habitualmente de 10 mg diários durante dois dias, sendo a dose de manutenção dependente do tempo de protrombina. Deste modo, a dose de manutenção pode alcançar dosagens não comercializadas, tais como 1,25 mg e 2,5 mg. No Centro Hospitalar de São João, EPE, o fraccionamento de comprimidos de varfarina 5 mg tem constituído uma prática frequente, com cerca de 132 unidades fraccionadas a 2,5 mg e 20 unidades fraccionadas a 1,25 mg, durante o ano de 2010. Todavia, a falta de estudos publicados que comprovem a segurança da uniformidade de massa após o fraccionamento deste medicamento colocam ainda algumas questões. Este trabalho pretende assim avaliar a uniformidade das fracções obtidas após fraccionamento dos comprimidos de varfarina, com o intuito de conhecer se estes se encontram dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela FP VIII.

Avaliação da satisfação e a importância atribuída pelos utentes aos serviços prestados na área de colheitas de sangue

Com o objectivo de avaliar a satisfação e importância atribuída pelos utentes aos serviços prestados no Serviço de Colheitas, realizou-se um estudo observacional descritivo transversal. A amostra foi constituída pelos 107 utentes deste Serviço do Hospital de São João, que aceitaram voluntariamente participar no estudo através do preenchimento do QSUSC. Da análise conjugada das variáveis satisfação e importância concluiu-se que o tempo de espera para a colheita de sangue é uma área que requer acções de melhoria de grande prioridade. Na análise bivariada entre a satisfação e variáveis independentes os resultados apontam que existe associação apenas com o estado civil.