Techos de cristal y suelos pegajosos en la vida laboral de la mujer

Español: La diferencia salarial y las dificultades que sufre la mujer para ascender en el mercado laboral nos ayudan a comprobar que existe algo invisible que separa las oportunidades de mujeres con respecto a la de los hombres. Con ganas de entender cuál es la situación de la mujer trabajadora en España, primero realizaremos un análisis en base a su formación y conciliación familiar, observando lo bien formadas e involucradas que están en sus responsabilidades familiares. Posteriormente, basándonos en estudios científicos, analizando el comportamiento de la brecha salarial a lo largo de los cuantiles de la distribución salarial, observamos que existe un suelo pegajoso entre los menos formados y un techo de cristal entre los más formados en España. Port otro lado, vemos como la brecha salarial varía según el sector de trabajo (público y privado) y según el país europeo. Ante estas diferencias, no justificadas por diferencias en productividad, las mujeres necesitan políticas efectivas que mejoren esta situación y aseguren igual salario por igual trabajo.

Realidad y retos de la protección social en Euskadi

El nº 81 de Ecomiaz lleva el título de: Estado de bienestar y gobierno multinivel

Inserción laboral de los jóvenes de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca

[ES]El presente informe consiste en un análisis descriptivo sobre la inserción laboral de los jóvenes en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca, enfocándose en los cambios sucedidos durante la reciente crisis económica de 2008. A lo largo del trabajo, se muestran los datos más recientes, ofrecidos por las fuentes oficiales, sobre los principales indicadores de inserción laboral, como por ejemplo, las tasas de actividad, ocupación y paro. Para analizar estos datos, se diferencia entre la población joven y la adulta y se comparan los datos del País vasco a nivel nacional y europeo, con el fin de obtener una visión clara de la situación de los jóvenes vascos en el mercado laboral. Asimismo, se profundiza en el estudio de las últimas promociones de titulados universitarios y de formación profesional, analizando los principales indicadores de empleo de estos colectivos, así como las características de los empleos y del proceso de inserción.

Formação profissional no Brasil: o SENAI e os jovens no mercado de trabalho

O tema central da dissertação é a formação profissional no Brasil. Para enfrentar tão extensa área de investigação, dois objetivos foram tratados: traçar a trajetória de uma das instituições mais identificadas, no Brasil e na América Latina, com a formação profissional Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI) e analisar o perfil dos jovens que fazem os cursos profissionalizantes no SENAI. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto neste estudo, foi realizada uma análise histórica do processo de instauração das iniciativas voltadas para a formação profissional no Brasil, para, em seguida, retratar a instituição pesquisada. Com base nesta análise, destacou-se o posicionamento do SENAI desde sua criação, em 1942, até os dias atuais frente às mudanças ocorridas no mercado de trabalho. Face a essas considerações, no último capítulo é apresentada uma breve discussão sobre o contexto atual com o qual os jovens se deparam, ou seja, a questão do desemprego juvenil.

Juventude brasileira e inserção no trabalho: as políticas do governo Lula

O estudo analisa as políticas de inserção dos jovens no mundo do trabalho no Brasil durante os anos de 2003-2010. A principal questão deste trabalho é o desvendamento dos fundamentos que sustentam estas políticas, sublinhando a historicidade que as envolve. A pesquisa deu, então, especial relevância à apreensão das categorias explicativas de uma forma histórica, e dentro das complexas relações, contraditórias e mediadas entre os processos de produção da vida material pelo trabalho e os processos formativos educacionais. Essa foi à perspectiva que orientou a metodologia e a revisão bibliográfica e documental, a fim de construir um instrumento de análise capaz de dar conta das especificidades dos programas. A exposição do estudo está dividida em três partes. Na primeira, apresentaremos o processo de construção do mercado de trabalho assalariado livre no Brasil, a partir de 1850, assim como o modelo teórico de análise plasmado nas categorias que se trabalham em toda a pesquisa. Isso nos ajuda a compreender o processo de transformação que aconteceu ao longo dos anos. Em uma segunda parte focalizamos os fundamentos das políticas de inserção no mundo do trabalho para os jovens, de que maneira estão organizadas, como foram produzidas, divulgadas e executadas. Na terceira parte refletimos a partir do concreto revelado em peculiaridades nos programas do PNPE e Pro Jovem na modalidade Pro Jovem Trabalhador. Nas considerações finais é reconstruído o caminho inverso que vai desde o particular às relações mais gerais, de modo a sustentar a ideia de que apesar dos esforços de reduzir os impactos do desemprego para os jovens, os argumentos de apoio das políticas dirigidas a tal fim não são sustentáveis desde o planejamento na medida em que estão sustentadas como políticas de assistência, focalistas e emergenciais.

Desenvolvimento regional e mercado de trabalho em perspectiva compara-da: Vale do Paraíba Fluminense e Camaçari (BA)

Este trabalho analisa os diferentes rumos do desenvolvimento em duas regiões brasileiras: a me-sorregião do Vale do Paraíba Fluminense e o município de Camaçari, na Bahia. Ao longo dos anos 1990, o Brasil recebeu uma onda de investimentos estrangeiros, com foco especial para as indústrias automobilísticas. Estados e municípios deflagraram disputas pela atração das mesmas, entre eles, o estado do Rio de Janeiro e o estado da Bahia. Em duas regiões de tradição industrial em outras matrizes, observou-se o aporte de indústrias multinacionais automotivas. No entanto, os resultados em termos de desenvolvimento regional foram diferentes. Este estudo buscou estu-dar o desenvolvimento em cada região, cujo ponto de contato se dá na conjuntura da luta pela atração industrial na segunda metade da década de 1990. Entende-se que o contexto inicial de cada região foi fundamental para os diferenciais de desenvolvimento observados. Ao mesmo tempo, destacamos os resultados gerados pela vinda das montadoras automotivas em termos do mercado de trabalho e seus transbordamentos.

The long road to freedom: the end of apartheid has signalled a new beginning for women in South Africa’s fisheries but real equality is still a far-off dream

Women in fishing communities are increasingly moving from traditional, community based occupations to seeking employment in the labour market. While this is an opportunity for women, their employment is also largely in the male dominated fishing industry, where job segregation into ‘less skilled and low paid’ jobs for women define employment opportunities. However, engagement as members in local non-government networks help women to challenge these stereotypes. In South Africa, for instance, the recent legislation promoting opportunity for women in male dominated sectors of employment is an opportunity for women to earn wages equal to those of men.

Public service employment and the public-private wage differential in British regions

Thomas, Dennis, Henley, Andrew, 'Public service employment and the public-private wage differential in British regions', Regional Studies (2001) 35(3) pp.229-240 RAE2008

Ambitious mothers – successful daughters: Mothers’ early expectations for children’s education and children’s earnings and sense of control in adult life

Background. Mothers' expectations for their children's educational attainment are related to children's educational and occupational attainment. Studies have yet to establish, however, the long-term links between maternal expectations and offspring earnings, which are not always related to occupational attainment especially in women, or between maternal expectations and offspring sense of control and self-efficacy, which are pivotal factors in career choice and development. Aims. To explore the role of mothers' expectations for their children's educational attainment in children's earnings attainment and sense of control later in life. Method. Data from sweeps of the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) were used. The study sample was those cohort members with complete information on all the variables of interest. The study sample (N = 3,285) was more educated and less disadvantaged than the whole sample. If cohort members of this type are more likely to have a mother who has high expectations, then our results are biased downwards, which suggests that we underestimate the effect of expectations on our two outcome variables. Results. Mothers' expectations at the age of 10 were positively related to daughters' sense of control at the age of 30 even after controlling for ethnicity, educational attainment, and concurrent partner, parent, and labour market participation status, as well as the following confounding variables (measured at the ages of 0–10): general ability and general ability squared, locus of control, emotional and behavioural problems and emotional and behavioural problems squared, socio-economic disadvantage, parental social class, parental family structure, and mothers' education, child-rearing attitudes, and mental health. Mothers' expectations had no effect on sons' adult outcomes. Conclusions. Given that women are particularly at risk for poor psychological and economic outcomes in adulthood, and that this study likely underestimated the effect of expectations on these two outcomes, this is an important conclusion.

Children's Views on Children's Right to Work:Reflections from Belfast

The purpose of this article is to examine children’s attitudes regarding the right to work. The article is based on comments made by 245 15-year-old children on child employment and is supported by focus group interviews with 56 boys and 38 girls and tape-recorded interviews with 15 working pupils. One of most dominant themes to emerge from the data is children’s perception that they have a right to work. The article examines the legislation regarding child employment in Northern Ireland and the role of the state in determining the legislation. The author suggests that within this legislation, children are seen as vulnerable and in need of protection. Traditionally the protection of children in the workforce has been achieved by limiting the hours they can work and the occupations they can enter. Yet when children’s own views are taken into account, they move beyond the limits of protecting them through exclusion to suggesting frameworks whereby their protection may be achieved by empowering them within the labour market.

The trade unions membership dynamics and union members’ trajectories

This text presents an analysis of aggregated membership’s dynamics for Spanish trade unions, using ECVT data, as well as union memberships’ trajectories, or members’ decisions about joining the organization, permanency and responsibilities, and subsequent attrition. For the analysis of trajectories we make use of information of the records of actual memberships and the record of quitting of CCOO, and of a survey-questionnaire to a sample of leavers of the same union. This study allows us to confirm a linkage between the decision and motivations to become union member, to participate in union activities, the time of permanency, and the motives to quit the organization. We also identify five types of union members’ trajectories, indicating that, far from views that assert a monolithic structure, unions are complex organizations.

Discourses on Modernization in the Employment Public Services: Towards a New Form of Governance?

The “crisis of the social issue” in the EU has led to a certain consensus in the need to renew the organizational and institutional model of public administration. The core of the reform implies important administrative changes in most of the European welfare states. Those changes are inspired on theories such as the new public management, management by objectives or partnership. Such changes involve both semantic (“sharing responsibilities”, “effective costs”, or the substitution of “citizen under an administration” by “consumer”) and political (predominance of scattered forms of power and the individualization of responsibilities) transformations which operate in the framework of individuals and State relations. The paradigms of activation and flexicurity have been central in this public administration modernization project. This commitment with new forms of governance of social issues has important consequences for the political and moral foundations of social cohesion, and the Spanish case is not an exception. This paper aims at looking at those representations of “modernization” (as they appear in debates about the employment services restructuring policies) in detail as well as providing references to the trajectory of such reforms of public services since the early eighties to the beginning of the crisis.

Dynamic analysis of employment trajectories through the concept of fl exicurity

The paper presents a dynamic study of the Spanish labour market which tries to determine if it matches the characteristics of transitional labour markets from a fl exicurity approach. Employment trajectories of Spanish workers during the years 2007-2010 are studied using the Continuous Sample of Working Lives. This period covers the end of the expansion of the Spanish economy and the beginning of the current employment crisis. From the combination of the chosen topic, the approach, and the database used, this is a novel perspective in our country. The article shows evidence of the evolution of the employment and unemployment spells, the Spanish labour market turnover degree, and the diffi culties of some groups for carrying out transition between employment and unemployment. The results obtained show a labour market in which a) transitions have come to a halt, and b) there is high job insecurity.