THE EFFECT OF SCHOOL CLIMATE (STUDENT AND TEACHER ENGAGEMENT) ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE

Title of Dissertation: THE EFFECT OF SCHOOL CLIMATE (STUDENT AND TEACHER ENGAGEMENT) ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE Kenneth L. Marcus, Doctor of Education, 2016 Directed By: Dr. Thomas Davis, Assistant Professor, Education Policy and Leadership, Department of Teaching and Learning, Policy and Leadership This quantitative research study was designed to compute correlations/relationships of student engagement and student achievement of fifth grade students. Secondary information was collected on the relationship of FARMS, type of school, hope, and well-being on student achievement. School leaders are charged with ensuring that students achieve academically and demonstrate their ability by meeting identified targets on state and district mandated assessments. Due to increased pressure to meet targets, principals implement academic interventions to improve student learning and overlook the benefits of a positive school climate. This study has provided information on the impact of school climate on student achievement. To conduct this study, the researcher collected two sets of public fifth grade data (Gallup Survey student engagement scores and DSA reading, mathematics, and science scores) to determine the relationship of student performance and school climate. Secondary data were also collected on teacher engagement and the percentage of students receiving FARMS to determine the effect on students. The findings from this study reinforced the belief that school climate can have a positive effect on student achievement. This study contributed quantitative data about the relationship between school climate and school achievement.

Exploring the potential of Mask-Ed™ (KRS simulation) to teach both the art and science of nursing : a discussion paper

Teaching about terrorism in the United Kingdom: How it is done and what problems it causes

This article presents some of the findings of research on issues surrounding teaching terrorism and political violence at UK higher education institutions. It reports the results of a survey of UK institutions of higher education on their responses to government and other pressures in relation to terrorism. The data show a minority of universities have developed systems, policies or procedures for ‘preventing violent extremism’, while a significant number have developed close cooperation and collaboration with state counterterrorism policies raising potential issues of academic freedom. This article then examines three high-profile cases – incidents where universities, lecturers and students have come under political and legal pressures over the content of terrorism courses or accusations of ‘radicalisation’ on campus. It suggests that these pressures can be and sometimes are resisted, but that they have on occasion effectively narrowed the scope of academic freedom in practise with the danger that a further chilling effect follows in their wake.

Young people's well-being and the economic crisis: How does parental unemployment and family wealth affect the downturn experience?

Background: Portugal is among the European countriesmost severely hit by the economic recession and the fifth with the highest unemployment rate. Given that adolescents' development is highly influenced by their living contexts, monitoring the repercussions of the economic recession is essential for the evaluation and improvement of their current and future public health. Objective: To investigate youth perceived repercussions of the economic recession, its association with life satisfaction, as well as to assess differences across parental employment status and family perceived wealth. Methods: Data were drawn from the Portuguese 2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged children survey, aWHO collaborative cross-national study, with a nationally representative sample of 2748 students (Mage = 14.7 years ± 1.2; 48% boys). Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were performed. Results: Levels of life satisfaction are lower when young people perceive that the economic recession generated negative lifestyle changes. Having unemployed parents was found to be significantly associated with perceiving such repercussions and family wealth to decrease the perception of repercussions of the recession. Conclusions: Findings enhance our understanding of how Portuguese youth are being affected by the socioeconomic conditions surrounding them. Such information contributes to improve future research and also allow some considerations about the policies aimed at protecting young people'swellbeing during a period of high unemployment and socioeconomic downturn.

How do medium naturalness and personality traits shape academic achievement and perceived learning? An experimental study of face-to-face and synchronous e-learning

This controlled experiment examined how academic achievement and cognitive, emotional and social aspects of perceived learning are affected by the level of medium naturalness (face-to-face, one-way and two-way videoconferencing) and by learners’ personality traits (extroversion–introversion and emotional stability–neuroticism). The Media Naturalness Theory explains the degree of medium naturalness by comparing its characteristics to face-to-face communication, considered to be the most natural form of communication. A total of 76 participants were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: face-to-face, one-way and two-way videoconferencing. E-learning conditions were conducted through Zoom videoconferencing, which enables natural and spontaneous communication. Findings shed light on the trade-off involved in media naturalness: one-way videoconferencing, the less natural learning condition, enhanced the cognitive aspect of perceived learning but compromised the emotional and social aspects. Regarding the impact of personality, neurotic students tended to enjoy and succeed more in face-to-face learning, whereas emotionally stable students enjoyed and succeeded in all of the learning conditions. Extroverts tended to enjoy more natural learning environments but had lower achievements in these conditions. In accordance with the ‘poor get richer’ principle, introverts enjoyed environments with a low level of medium naturalness. However, they remained focused and had higher achievements in the face-to-face learning.

Perceptions of online tutorials for distance learning in mathematics and computing

We report on student and staff perceptions of synchronous online teaching and learning sessions in mathematics and computing. The study is based on two surveys of students and tutors conducted 5 years apart, and focusses on the educational experience as well as societal and accessibility dimensions. Key conclusions are that both staff and students value online sessions, to supplement face-to-face sessions, mainly for their convenience, but interaction within the sessions is limited. Students find the recording of sessions particularly helpful in their studies.

A Matemática do Pré-Escolar: o exemplo de Singapura

Singapura é uma Cidade-Estado localizada na ponta sul da Península Malaia, no Sudeste Asiático. Trata-se de um país insular constituído por 63 ilhas, que está separado da Malásia pelo Estreito de Johor, a norte, e das Ilhas Riau (Indonésia) pelo Estreito de Singapura, a sul. (...) No âmbito deste artigo, interessa-nos falar um pouco sobre o sistema de ensino deste país. A verdade é que os alunos de Singapura têm geralmente as notas mais altas nos exames internacionais de Matemática. Veja-se, por exemplo, o caso do TIMS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) (...) O sucesso deste método também passa por uma forte aposta no Pré-Escolar, seguindo a máxima “É de pequenino que se torce o pepino!” Desde logo, há que desconstruir a ideia bastante comum em Portugal de que, no Jardim de Infância, os temas matemáticos são trabalhados nas rotinas diárias e que esse trabalho informal é mais do que suficiente para cumprir os objetivos relativos ao ensino da Matemática nos primeiros anos. Tal como acontece com as outras áreas e domínios, também a Matemática deve ter um espaço de trabalho próprio (em termos da calendarização semanal das atividades como também na organização do espaço físico da sala do Jardim de Infância). Esse espaço deve ser ocupado com atividades desafiadoras que, num tom lúdico e com apelo à utilização de muitos materiais (estruturados e não estruturados), estimulem o desenvolvimento de competências matemáticas. (...) O processo de aprendizagem deve processar-se em três etapas: Concreto (os alunos participam em atividades usando objetos concretos, quer sejam materiais estruturados ou não estruturados); Pictórico (os alunos trabalham representações pictóricas de conceitos matemáticos – por exemplo, utilizam tracinhos ou pontinhos); Abstrato (os alunos resolvem problemas matemáticos de forma abstrata, usando numerais e outros símbolos). Há também um extremo cuidado em não saltar etapas. Os novos conceitos matemáticos são introduzidos, partindo de conceitos que já foram trabalhados à exaustão e que a criança domina. Esta progressão em espiral permite também uma revisão de conceitos matemáticos importantes, enquanto se promove a expansão dessas bases. Outro aspeto crucial passa por estimular a prática da oralidade. As crianças são chamadas a verbalizar o seu raciocínio, a usar frases completas, com sujeito e predicado, e a alargar o vocabulário que têm à sua disposição. Uma última palavra para o treino motor (a criança é convidada a traçar no ar, a contornar objetos com o indicador e, posteriormente, com um lápis) e para um convite à capacidade de a criança monitorizar o seu próprio pensamento, a ter consciência das estratégias que pode usar e a repensar sobre os processos de pensamento individual, num claro convite ao desenvolvimento da metacognição. (...)

Dr. Joffre Mercier

Department of Biological Sciences. Acting Dean of Faculty of Mathematics and Science.

Una secuencia didáctica para un concepto unificador en un curso de álgebra lineal de un programa de formación a la ingeniería

L’introduction aux concepts unificateurs dans l’enseignement des mathématiques privilégie typiquement l’approche axiomatique. Il n’est pas surprenant de constater qu’une telle approche tend à une algorithmisation des tâches pour augmenter l’efficacité de leur résolution et favoriser la transparence du nouveau concept enseigné (Chevallard, 1991). Cette réponse classique fait néanmoins oublier le rôle unificateur du concept et n’encourage pas à l’utilisation de sa puissance. Afin d’améliorer l’apprentissage d’un concept unificateur, ce travail de thèse étudie la pertinence d’une séquence didactique dans la formation d’ingénieurs centrée sur un concept unificateur de l’algèbre linéaire: la transformation linéaire (TL). La notion d’unification et la question du sens de la linéarité sont abordées à travers l’acquisition de compétences en résolution de problèmes. La séquence des problèmes à résoudre a pour objet le processus de construction d’un concept abstrait (la TL) sur un domaine déjà mathématisé, avec l’intention de dégager l’aspect unificateur de la notion formelle (Astolfi y Drouin, 1992). À partir de résultats de travaux en didactique des sciences et des mathématiques (Dupin 1995; Sfard 1991), nous élaborons des situations didactiques sur la base d’éléments de modélisation, en cherchant à articuler deux façons de concevoir l’objet (« procédurale » et « structurale ») de façon à trouver une stratégie de résolution plus sûre, plus économique et réutilisable. En particulier, nous avons cherché à situer la notion dans différents domaines mathématiques où elle est applicable : arithmétique, géométrique, algébrique et analytique. La séquence vise à développer des liens entre différents cadres mathématiques, et entre différentes représentations de la TL dans les différents registres mathématiques, en s’inspirant notamment dans cette démarche du développement historique de la notion. De plus, la séquence didactique vise à maintenir un équilibre entre le côté applicable des tâches à la pratique professionnelle visée, et le côté théorique propice à la structuration des concepts. L’étude a été conduite avec des étudiants chiliens en formation au génie, dans le premier cours d’algèbre linéaire. Nous avons mené une analyse a priori détaillée afin de renforcer la robustesse de la séquence et de préparer à l’analyse des données. Par l’analyse des réponses au questionnaire d’entrée, des productions des équipes et des commentaires reçus en entrevus, nous avons pu identifier les compétences mathématiques et les niveaux d’explicitation (Caron, 2004) mis à contribution dans l’utilisation de la TL. Les résultats obtenus montrent l’émergence du rôle unificateur de la TL, même chez ceux dont les habitudes en résolution de problèmes mathématiques sont marquées par une orientation procédurale, tant dans l’apprentissage que dans l’enseignement. La séquence didactique a montré son efficacité pour la construction progressive chez les étudiants de la notion de transformation linéaire (TL), avec le sens et les propriétés qui lui sont propres : la TL apparaît ainsi comme un moyen économique de résoudre des problèmes extérieurs à l’algèbre linéaire, ce qui permet aux étudiants d’en abstraire les propriétés sous-jacentes. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu observer que certains concepts enseignés auparavant peuvent agir comme obstacles à l’unification visée. Cela peut ramener les étudiants à leur point de départ, et le rôle de la TL se résume dans ces conditions à révéler des connaissances partielles, plutôt qu’à guider la résolution.

Elterliche Geschlechtsstereotype und deren Einfluss auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept von Grundschulkindern

Ausgangspunkt dieser Dissertation ist die Überlegung, warum Mädchen und Frauen in mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern und Berufen unterrepräsentiert sind. Irrtümlicherweise werden als Erklärung hierfür häufig Geschlechterdifferenzen in der Mathematikleistung herangezogen. Diese bieten jedoch aufgrund nicht einheitlicher Forschungsbefunde keinen zufriedenstellenden Erklärungsansatz. Naheliegender ist es, das mangelnde Selbstvertrauen von Mädchen in Mathematik (als mathematisches Selbstkonzept bezeichnet) als Ursache heranzuziehen, denn verschiedene Studien kamen zu dem Ergebnis, dass Mädchen, auch bei vergleichbarer Leistung, ein geringeres mathematisches Selbstkonzept aufweisen als Jungen (Dickhäuser & Stiensmeier-Pelster, 2003; Frome & Eccles, 1998; Rustemeyer & Jubel, 1996; Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2004). Die Rolle der Eltern als primäre Sozialisationsinstanz wird als bedeutsamer Einflussfaktor auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept von Kindern beschrieben. Besonders für den Bereich Mathematik besteht die Gefahr, dass Eltern durch geschlechtsstereotype Einstellungen und Erwartungen ihre Tochter ungünstig beeinflussen (Jacobs, 1991; Tiedemann, 2000). In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, inwiefern Eltern Geschlechtsstereotype zuungunsten der Mädchen in Mathematik äußern und inwiefern sich diese – schon zur Grundschulzeit – in den elterlichen Einschätzungen (elterliche Leistungs- und Fähigkeitseinschätzungen sowie elterliche Ursachenerklärungen) des eigenen Kindes widerspiegeln. Es wird angenommen, dass Mädchen entsprechend dem klassischen Geschlechtsstereotyp weniger talentiert und weniger leistungsstark in Mathematik eingeschätzt werden als Jungen. Für die Einschätzungen des eigenen Kindes wird erwartet, dass diese geschlechtsspezifische Verzerrungen zuungunsten der Mädchen aufweisen. Anhand von Pfadmodellen wird in dieser Arbeit der Einfluss elterlicher Geschlechtsstereotype und Einschätzungen, unter Kontrolle der vorangegangenen Mathematikleistung und des vorangegangenen mathematischen Selbstkonzeptes des Kindes, auf das aktuelle mathematische Selbstkonzept des Kindes am Ende des dritten Schuljahres analysiert. Als Grundlage dienen Daten von circa 900 Schülern und 400 Eltern aus dem Projekt Persönlichkeits- und Lernentwicklung von Grundschulkindern (PERLE). Die Befunde der vorliegenden Arbeit können bisherige Forschungsbefunde aus dem Sekundarbereich für den Grundschulbereich replizieren und weitere erstmalige Befunde ergänzen. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass knapp zwei Drittel der Eltern Geschlechtsstereotype zuungunsten der Mädchen in Mathematik äußern. Die Pfadanalysen ergeben, dass nicht das Geschlecht des Kindes, sondern Wechselwirkungen zwischen Geschlecht und elterlichen Geschlechtsstereotypen die elterlichen Einschätzungen des eigenen Kindes beeinflussen. Wenn Eltern Geschlechtsstereotype vertreten, schätzen sie eine Tochter ungünstiger ein als einen Sohn (unabhängig von der tatsächlichen Mathematikleistung des Kindes). Die elterlichen Einschätzungen haben wiederum einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept des Kindes. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit werden abschließend diskutiert und Ansätze für Interventionen aufgezeigt.

PISA 2003 : lecciones de un informe.

Se analizan los resultados del Informe PISA 2003 (Programa para la Evaluación Internacional de Alumnos) sobre los niveles de preparación de los alumnos de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) y de otros países no miembros de esta organización. Para el análisis se usan dos informes más: el Informe Third Internacional Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 1995; y el Informe PISA 2000. El Informe PISA 2003 se basa en las matemáticas, y analiza la capacidad de resolución de problemas matemáticos en contextos reales. La muestra está formada por alumnos de 15 años, cuarto de ESO, de 41 países. Se examinan dos fuentes de diferencias, en primer lugar las territoriales en forma de diferencias entre países, que en el caso concreto de España es por medio de la variable de Comunidad Autónoma; y en segundo lugar, la fuente de diferenciación está en el sexo o género. Se recogen los datos estudiados en varias tablas.

Los estudios internacionales del rendimiento y los países en vías de desarrollo : participación, resultados y relevancia.

Número extraordinario 2006, con el título: PISA. Programa para la Evaluación Internacional de Alumnos. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Aprendizagens não formais em ciências: contributos das actividades de um museu para a literacia científica

A análise dos relatórios do Programa Internacional de Avaliação dos Estudantes (PISA, 2006) da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE) e do Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS, 1995) revelam que os jovens portugueses apresentam baixos níveis de literacia científica. Estes estudos avaliam se os estudantes desenvolveram algumas capacidades e competências que são consideradas essenciais para que participem plenamente na sociedade. As áreas de estudo avaliadas nestes estudos são a leitura, matemática e ciências, sendo a literacia científica aquela em que nos centramos, neste trabalho. Como os museus têm por objectivo facilitarem o acesso a conhecimentos científicos aos visitantes e têm, ainda, preocupações com as questões de literacia científica, nomeadamente por parte das crianças e jovens, têm vindo a desenvolver espólios, actividades e programas de férias que contemplem estas vertentes (Gil, 2003; Wertsch, 2002). Nesta investigação pretendem-se estudar as actividades lúdico-científicas desenvolvidas nos períodos de férias escolares no Museu de Ciência e no Museu Nacional de História Natural. Estes programas de férias decorrem em ambiente informal e consistem em actividades nas diversas áreas científicas contempladas nestes dois museus: matemática, física, química, astronomia, geologia, biologia, botânica e zoologia. Destinam-se a crianças dos 4 aos 13 anos de idade. Nesta investigação assumimos uma abordagem interpretativa (Denzin, 2002; Denzin & Lincoln, 1998) e desenvolveu-se um estudo de caso intrínseco (Stake, 1995). Como participantes seleccionámos crianças dos três grupos etários considerados, bem como os respectivos monitores, encarregados de educação e investigadora. Os instrumentos de recolha de dados foram a observação, as entrevistas, conversas informais, tarefas de inspiração projectiva e os protocolos das crianças e jovens. O tratamento de dados é baseado numa análise narrativa de conteúdo (Clandinin & Connelly, 1998), da qual emergem categorias indutivas (Hamido & César, 2009).