El conocimiento del profesorado para ense??ar probabilidad : un an??lisis global desde el modelo del Conocimiento Did??ctico-Matem??tico

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Cooperar para ense??ar, aprender cooperativamente

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Carbon (C-13) and nitrogen (N-15) translocation in a maize-Striga hermonthica association

The translocation of C and N in a maize-Striga hermonthica association was investigated at three rates of nitrogen application in a glasshouse experiment. The objectives were to measure the transfer of C and N from maize to S. hermonthica and to determine whether the amount of N in the growing medium affected the proportions of C and N transferred. Young plants of maize were labelled in a (CO2)-C-13 atmosphere and leaf tips were immersed in ((NH4)-N-15)(2)SO4 Solution. The Striga x N interaction was not significant for any of the responses measured. Total dry matter for infected maize was significantly smaller than for uninfected maize from 43 to 99 days after planting, but N application increased total dry matter at all sampling times. Infected maize plants partitioned 39-45 % of their total dry matter to the roots compared with 28-31 % for Uninfected maize. Dry matter of S. hermonthica was not affected by the rate of N applied. S. hermonthica derived 100 % of its carbon from maize before emergence, decreasing to 22-59 % thereafter; the corresponding values for nitrogen were up to 59 % pre-emergence and Lip to 100 % after emergence. The relative proportions of nitrogen depleted from the host (up to 10 %) were greater than those of carbon (maximum 1.2 %) at all times of sampling after emergence of the parasite. The results show that the parasite was more dependent on the host for nitrogen than for carbon.

Carbon (C-13) and nitrogen (N-15) translocation in a maize-Striga hermonthica association

The translocation of C and N in a maize-Striga hermonthica association was investigated at three rates of nitrogen application in a glasshouse experiment. The objectives were to measure the transfer of C and N from maize to S. hermonthica and to determine whether the amount of N in the growing medium affected the proportions of C and N transferred. Young plants of maize were labelled in a (CO2)-C-13 atmosphere and leaf tips were immersed in ((NH4)-N-15)(2)SO4 Solution. The Striga x N interaction was not significant for any of the responses measured. Total dry matter for infected maize was significantly smaller than for uninfected maize from 43 to 99 days after planting, but N application increased total dry matter at all sampling times. Infected maize plants partitioned 39-45 % of their total dry matter to the roots compared with 28-31 % for Uninfected maize. Dry matter of S. hermonthica was not affected by the rate of N applied. S. hermonthica derived 100 % of its carbon from maize before emergence, decreasing to 22-59 % thereafter; the corresponding values for nitrogen were up to 59 % pre-emergence and Lip to 100 % after emergence. The relative proportions of nitrogen depleted from the host (up to 10 %) were greater than those of carbon (maximum 1.2 %) at all times of sampling after emergence of the parasite. The results show that the parasite was more dependent on the host for nitrogen than for carbon.

Carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15 N) translocation in a maize-striga hermonthica association

The translocation of C and N in a maize-Striga hermonthica association was investigated at three rates of nitrogen application in a glasshouse experiment. The objectives were to measure the transfer of C and N from maize to S. hermonthica and to determine whether the amount of N in the growing medium affected the proportions of C and N transferred. Young plants of maize were labelled in a (CO2)-C-13 atmosphere and leaf tips were immersed in ((NH4)-N-15)(2)SO4 Solution. The Striga x N interaction was not significant for any of the responses measured. Total dry matter for infected maize was significantly smaller than for uninfected maize from 43 to 99 days after planting, but N application increased total dry matter at all sampling times. Infected maize plants partitioned 39-45 % of their total dry matter to the roots compared with 28-31 % for Uninfected maize. Dry matter of S. hermonthica was not affected by the rate of N applied. S. hermonthica derived 100 % of its carbon from maize before emergence, decreasing to 22-59 % thereafter; the corresponding values for nitrogen were up to 59 % pre-emergence and Lip to 100 % after emergence. The relative proportions of nitrogen depleted from the host (up to 10 %) were greater than those of carbon (maximum 1.2 %) at all times of sampling after emergence of the parasite. The results show that the parasite was more dependent on the host for nitrogen than for carbon.

Spectroscopic properties and electronic structures of 17-electron half-sandwich ruthenium acetylide complexes, [Ru(CCAr)(L2)Cp′]+ (Ar=phenyl, p-tolyl, 1-naphthyl, 9-anthryl; L2=(PPh3)2, Cp′=Cp; L2=dppe; Cp′=Cp∗)

A series of half-sandwich bis(phosphine) ruthenium acetylide complexes [Ru(C CAr)(L-2)Cp'] (Ar = phenyl, p-tolyl, 1-naphthyl, 9-anthryl; L2 = (PPh3)(2), Cp' = Cp; L-2 = dppe; Cp' = Cp*) have been examined using electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods. One-electron oxidation of these complexes gave the corresponding radical cations [Ru(C CAr)(L2)Cp'](+). Those cations based on Ru(dppe)Cp*, or which feature a para-tolyl acetylide substituent, are more chemically robust than examples featuring the Ru(PPh3)(2)Cp moiety, permitting good quality UV-Vis-NIR and IR spectroscopic data to be obtained using spectroelectrochemical methods. On the basis of TD DFT calculations, the low energy (NIR) absorption bands in the experimental electronic spectra for most of these radical cations are assigned to transitions between the beta-HOSO and beta-LUSO, both of which have appreciable metal d and ethynyl pi character. However, the large contribution from the anthryl moiety to the frontier orbitals of [Ru(C CC14H9)(L2)CP'](+) suggests compounds containing this moiety should be described as metal-stabilised anthryl radical cations.

Can carbon surface oxidation shift the pore size distribution curve calculated from Ar, N(2) and CO(2) adsorption isotherms? Simulation results for a realistic carbon model

Using the virtual porous carbon model proposed by Harris et al, we study the effect of carbon surface oxidation on the pore size distribution (PSD) curve determined from simulated Ar, N(2) and CO(2) isotherms. It is assumed that surface oxidation is not destructive for the carbon skeleton, and that all pores are accessible for studied molecules (i.e., only the effect of the change of surface chemical composition is studied). The results obtained show two important things, i.e., oxidation of the carbon surface very slightly changes the absolute porosity (calculated from the geometric method of Bhattacharya and Gubbins (BG)); however, PSD curves calculated from simulated isotherms are to a greater or lesser extent affected by the presence of surface oxides. The most reliable results are obtained from Ar adsorption data. Not only is adsorption of this adsorbate practically independent from the presence of surface oxides, but, more importantly, for this molecule one can apply the slit-like model of pores as the first approach to recover the average pore diameter of a real carbon structure. For nitrogen, the effect of carbon surface chemical composition is observed due to the quadrupole moment of this molecule, and this effect shifts the PSD curves compared to Ar. The largest differences are seen for CO2, and it is clearly demonstrated that the PSD curves obtained from adsorption isotherms of this molecule contain artificial peaks and the average pore diameter is strongly influenced by the presence of electrostatic adsorbate-adsorbate as well as adsorbate-adsorbent interactions.

Tobaksbruk och tandvårdsvanor bland 15-70 åringar ur ett 20-års perspektiv (1983 - 2003)

Det tobakspreventiva arbetet är en av samhällets största utmaningar.Syftet med studien var att beskriva tobaksbruket och dess förändring över tid (1983-2003) iett slumpmässigt urval av individer 15-70 år i Jönköpings kommun. Den specifikamålsättningen var att analysera tobaksvanorna i relation till socioekonomiska förhållanden,personlighet, tandvård och tandvårdsvanor. Studien utgjordes av tre epidemiologiskatvärsnittsstudier utförda åren 1983, 1993 och 2003. En klinisk och röntgenologiskundersökning utfördes av mun och tänder. Individerna fick även besvara ett frågeformulär.Resultaten visade en statistiskt signifikant minskning av tobaksbruket från 31 %tobaksbrukare 1983 till 24 % såväl 1993 som 2003. Detta gällde samtliga åldersgrupper utomåldersgruppen 40-åringar. I första hand minskade andelen rökare. Samtidigt ökade snusarna isamtliga åldersgrupper 20-60 år innebärande ett i stort sett oförändrat tobaksbruk 1993 och2003. Det förelåg ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad vid de tre undersökningsåren mellantobaksbrukare och icke/brukare med avseende på inkomst-, utbildningsnivå, civilstånd, ochKASAM poäng. År 2003 förelåg en statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan brukare och ickebrukare med avseende på frekvens av tandvårdsbesök, där tobaksbrukarna i störreutsträckning än icke brukaren, inte besökte tandvården eller besökte tandvården oregelbundet.Icke brukarna borstade tänderna statistiskt signifikant oftare än tobaksbrukarna år 1993 ochicke brukarna använde tandstickor statistiskt signifikant oftare än tobaksbrukarna år 1983 och2003.

Construção e validação de uma bancada para calibração de sensores para determinação da umidade relativa do ar

O presente trabalho destina-se a apresentar a experiência de montagem e de validação de uma Bancada de Calibração de sensores para determinação da umidade relativa do ar com base nas teorias e normas existentes de psicrometria. A Bancada foi construída com base em normas internacionais, onde salienta-se a ASHRAE 41.1-1974, sendo uma evolução de trabalhos anteriormente desenvolvidos. A validação da bancada passa por uma verificação do funcionamento do sistema montado, buscando garantir que o mesmo é eficaz no que se propõe. Para isso, curvas de estabilidade em temperatura e umidade relativa do ar em função do tempo foram levantadas e analisadas dentro de uma certa faixa de operação, entre 30,50 e 44,50 ºC e para temperatura de bulbo úmido, entre 25,00 e 31,10 ºC. Para a estabilidade em umidade relativa do ar testada, a faixa varia de 57,20 a 74,46 %. Também foi verificado experimentalmente o comportamento da temperatura de bulbo úmido em função da velocidade do ar no escoamento, entre 1,25 e 5,00m/s. Para a comprovação desta verificação experimental, os dados coletados nos sensores e termômetros foram corrigidos através das equações de calibração e depois os mesmos foram comparados e estudados mediante uma análise de variância (ANOVA). Os resultados dos testes revelaram que a velocidade na faixa experimentada (1,25 a 5,00) m/s não gera uma diferença significativa na leitura dos sensores Um outro teste experimental foi elaborado para verificar o comportamento da temperatura de bulbo úmido em função da umidade relativa do ar para diversos elementos sensores de temperatura. (termômetros de Hg, sensores PT100, AD592 e termopar tipo K). Para esta verificação, os elementos sensores foram submetidos a uma velocidade de 5,00 m/s. Para cada nível de temperatura, três níveis de umidade relativa do ar foram analisadas. Os resultados mostram que a Bancada de calibração é um ambiente controlado dentro de uma faixa de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, sendo um recurso a mais que pode ser usado no vasto campo da psicrometria.

Sinalização com dividendos em um ambiente sem impostos : evidências do Brasil

Este trabalho analisa a ocorrência de efeitos de sinalização através dos anúncios de pagamentos de proventos pelas empresas brasileiras negociadas em bolsa, testando as teorias de Bhattacharya (1979) e John e Williams (1985). São analisados 203 anúncios de proventos de 1996 a 2003, período em que os dividendos não foram tributados no Brasil e juros sobre o capital próprio sofreram tributação a alíquota de 15%. Os resultados para a amostra completa indicam que não há retorno anormal significativo no dia do evento e também em janelas de 3 dias e 21 dias centradas no evento. A sub-amostra de dividendos, que são isentos de tributação, não apresentou sinalização, com AR[0] de 0,29%, CAR[-1,+1] de 0,15% e CAR[-10,+10] de 0,08%, todos sem significância estatística ao nível de 10%. Anúncios de juros sobre o capital próprio apresentaram reação negativa, um resultado inesperado, já que estes proventos são tributados e deveriam sinalizar positivamente. Foram obtidos AR[0] de -0,77% (significativo ao nível de 5%), CAR[-1,+1] de -0,30% e CAR[-10,+10] de -1,31% (ambos sem significância estatística ao nível de 10%). Anúncios de dividendos no Brasil se comportam como prevê a teoria de sinalização e aumentam as evidências ao seu favor. Anúncios de juros sobre o capital próprio contradizem a teoria de sinalização, e trazem a tona a necessidade de novas explicações para o comportamento dos anúncios destes proventos típicos do Brasil.

Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas pela Mineração

O vídeo aborda conceitos básicos sobre a recuperação de áreas degradadas pela mineração. Os principais impactos causados pela mineração, dentre eles de poluição da água e do ar e visual, foram ressaltados para melhor compreensão do aluno. O objetivo da aula é apresentar algumas das causas da degradação de uma área por mineração e possibilidades de recuperá-la

Detecção de bactérias no ar em ambiente hospitalar com recurso a técnicas moleculares

A Qualidade do Ar Interior (QAI) revela-se de grande importância no ambiente hospitalar devido à disseminação aérea de bactérias potenciar as infecções nosocomiais. Os estudos nesta temática são raros em Portugal e inexistentes na Madeira. Este trabalho tem como objectivos identificar com elevada precisão a flora bacteriana aerosolizada no Hospital Dr. João de Almada (HJA) utilizando técnicas moleculares, determinar a sua origem, disseminação e especificidades e analisar globalmente a QAI. O ar exterior e de 15 locais no interior do HJA foi amostrado em Abril de 2009. Foram medidas a temperatura, humidade e concentração de CO2 e NO2 e quantificadas as bactérias e fungos no ar. Utilizaram-se testes bioquímicos e técnicas moleculares para caracterização e identificação de bactérias e foram comparadas comunidades bacterianas. A biodiversidade bacteriana no ar interior do HJA é dominada pelo género Staphylococcus (68%), sendo as espécies mais frequentes S. cohnii urealyticus, S. haemolyticus, S. capitis ou S. caprae e Micrococcus luteus. A maioria das espécies encontradas é comum em ambiente hospitalar e na flora comensal humana. As Staphylococcus spp. detectadas são consideradas patogénicas oportunistas envolvidas em infecções nosocomiais. A QAI é conforme com a legislação na maioria dos locais, havendo microorganismos em excesso em 12 das 72 amostras. O excesso de fungos relacionou-se com eventos de bruma no exterior e o excesso de bactérias correlacionou-se com a actividade humana e foi potenciado pela fraca ventilação e a presença ou manipulação de materiais contaminados. O ar exterior tem boa qualidade para ventilação do HJA, excepto durante eventos de bruma. As comunidades bacterianas aerosolizadas têm maior similaridade entre locais do mesmo tipo, sendo os ocupantes o principal foco de contaminação. São propostas medidas correctivas como o aumento da ventilação dos locais com elevada actividade humana e cuidados na manipulação de roupa suja e resíduos.

Preferência alimentar e identificação das principais fontes de repasto sanguíneo de fêmeas Lutzomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae) em áreas endêmicas para leishmaniose visceral na grande Natal

Leishmaniasis are endemic diseases wild spread in the New and Old World, caused by the flagelated protozoan Leishmania. In the New World, the distribution of different forms of leishmaniasis is mostly in tropical regions. In the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil, 85% of the captured sand flies fauna is Lutzomyia longipalpis. The distribution of the sand fly vector in the state overlaps with the disease distribution, where the presence of sand flies is associated with presence of animals shelters. The aim of this study was to analyse the blood meal preference of sand flies vector from the genus Lutzomyia spp. in laboratory conditions, to verify the vector life cicle at different temperatures sets and to identify the main blood meal source in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) at peri-urban regions of Natal. Sand flies samples were collected from the municipalities of São Gonçalo do Amarante and Nísia Floresta where female sand flies were grouped for the colony maintenance in the laboratory and for the analysis of the preferred source of sand fly blood meal in natural environment. The prevalence of blood meal preference and oviposition for the females sand flies was 97% for Cavia porcellus with oviposition of 19 eggs/female; 97% for Eqqus caballus with 19 eggs/female; 98% for human blood with 14 eggs/female; 71.3% for Didelphis albiventris with 8.4 eggs/female; 73% for Gallus gallus with 14 eggs/female; 86% for Canis familiaris with 10.3 eggs/female; 81.4% for Galea spixii with 26 eggs/female; 36% for Callithrix jachus with 15 eggs/female; 42.8% for Monodelphis domestica with 0% of oviposition. Female sand flies did not take a blood meal from Felis catus. Sand flies life cycle ranged from 32-40 days, with 21-50 oviposition rates approximately. This study also showed that at 32°C the life cycle had 31 days, at 28° C it had 50 days and at 22°C it increased to 79 days. Adjusting the temperature to 35°C the eggs did not hatch, thus blocking the life cycle. A total of 1540 sand flies were captured, among them, 1.310 were male and 230 were female. Whereas 86% of the sand flies captured were Lu. longipalpis as compared to 10.5% for Lu. evandroi and, 3.2% for L. lenti and 0.3% for Lu whitmani. The ratio between female and male sandfly was approximately 6 males to 1 female. In Nísia Floresta, 50.7% of the collected females took their blood meal from armadillo, 12.8% from human. Among the female sand flies captured in São Gonçalo do Amarante, 80 of them were tested for the Leishmania KDNA infectivity where 5% of them were infected with Leishmania chagasi. Female Lutzomyia spp. showed to have an opportunistic blood meal characteristic. The behavioral parameters seem to have a higher influence in the oviposition when compared to the level of total proteins detected in the host s bloodstream. A higher Lu. longipalpis life cycle viability was observed at 28°C. The increase of temperature dropped the life cycle time, which means that the life cycle is modified by temperature range, source of blood meal and humidity. Lu longipalpis was the most specie found in the inner and peridomiciliar environment. In Nísia Floresta, armadillos were the main source of blood meal for Lutzomyia spp. At São Gonçalo do Amarante, humans were the main source of blood meal due to CDC nets placed inside their houses

Avaliação demográfica, clinico-laboratorial e genética de indivíduos com lupus eritematoso sistêmico e artrite reumatóide residentes em região tropical

The aetiology of autoimmunes disease is multifactorial and involves interactions among environmental, hormonal and genetic factors. Many different genes may contribute to autoimmunes disease susceptibility. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been extensively studied, however many non-polymorphic MHC genes have also been reported to contribute to autoimmune diseases susceptibility. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of SLC11A1 gene in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Ninety-six patients with SLE, 37 with RA and 202 controls enrolled in this case-control study, were evaluated with regard to demographic, genetic, laboratorial and clinical data. SLE mainly affects females in the ratio of 18 women for each man, 88,3% of the patients aged from 15 to 45 years old and it occurs with similar frequency in whites and mulattos. The rate of RA between women and men was 11:1, with 77,1% of the cases occurring from 31 to 60 years. The genetic analysis of the point mutation -236 of the SLC11A1 gene by SSCP did not show significant differences between alleles/genotypes in patients with SLE or RA when compared to controls. The most frequent clinical manifestations in patients with SLE were cutaneous (87%) and joint (84.9%). In patients with RA, the most frequent out-joint clinical manifestation were rheumatoid nodules (13,5%). Antinuclear antibodies were present in 100% of the patients with SLE. There was no significant relation between activity of disease and presence of rheumatoid factor in patients with RA, however 55,6% of patients with active disease presented positive rheumatoid factor. Significant association between alleles/genotypes of point mutation -236 and clinical manifestations was not found